Franklin  Institute  Library 

PHILdbELPHId 

ClassSi)  2.v£>  Book  7 "f”  Accession  ^<5  09  ^ 


QUANTITY  SUBVEYING 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 

SURVEYORS,  ARCHITECTS,  ENGINEERS 
AND  BUILDERS 

By  J.  LEANING 


AUTHOR  OF  ‘THE  DUTIES  OF  A CLERK  OF  WORKS:  A COMPLETE  SET  OF  CONTRACT 
DOCUMENTS,  SPECIFICATIONS,  ETC.’ 


THIRD  EDITION \ REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


FIFTH  THOUSAND 


Uontion : 

E.  & F.  N.  SPON,  Limited,  125  STRAND 
fit  to  3Jorfe: 

SPON  & CHAMBERLAIN,  12  CORTLANDT  STREET 


1897 


S?rC^  fcf 


P RE  FACE 


TO 

THE  THIED  EDITION. 

Although  an  effort  has  been  made  to  exclude  information 
extraneous  to  the  subject,  this  edition  will  be  found  more 
voluminous  than  the  last.  This  increase  is  to  some  extent 
referable  to  the  introduction  after  each  direction  for  measure- 
ment, of  the  item  as  it  would  appear  in  a bill  of  quantities. 
These  items  make  the  directions  clearer,  and  show  more 
completely  the  distinctions  which  should  be  observed. 

Specifications  having  been  dealt  with  in  a separate  book, 
the  chapter  relating  to  them  has  been  altered  but  little.  It 
should,  however,  be  noticed  that  many  of  the  bill  items  before 
referred  to  may,  with  very  little  alteration  of  phraseology,  be 
used  in  specifications. 

The  lists  of  items  of  taking  off  in  the  several  orders  fur- 
nished will  assist  the  student  to  broad  views  of  the  subject; 
if  he  should  desire  to  see  examples  of  the  office  work  of  the 
quantity  surveyor,  “A  complete  set  of  contract  documents,” 
referred  to  on  the  title-page,  presents  such  examples  in  fac- 
simile; for  this  reason  it  has  been  considered  inexpedient  to 
repeat  such  a work  in  this  book. 

Some  recent  important  decisions  have  been  added  to  the 
chapter  on  law.  Their  finality  is  questionable,  and  there  are 


VI 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


still  many  doubtful  points  as  to  the  legal  relations  of  the 
quantity  surveyor. 

The  chapter  on  cubing  and  approximate  estimates  has 
been  extended.  For  this  the  importance  of  the  subject  to 
the  quantity  surveyor  is,  perhaps,  a reasonable  excuse. 

Reference  to  the  index  will  show  that  this  edition  com- 
prises a great  number  of  small  items  of  advice  and  information 
which  have  not  appeared  in  the  former  ones. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


The  nucleus  of  the  following  pages  appeared  in  the  ‘British 
Architect’  in  the  years  1878  and  1879.  These  papers  have  since 
that  publication  been  revised  and  much  increased  in  volume. 

The  change  of  practice  which  has  been  in  course  of  development 
for  some  years,  and  the  gradual  settlement  of  a methodical  and 
reasonable  system  which  is  not  completely  explained  in  any  book 
hitherto  published,  would  seem  to  warrant  the  assumption  that 
this  manual  will  not  be  unwelcome. 

The  value  of  ordinary  procedure  cannot  easily  be  overrated, 
and  the  writer  has  endeavoured  to  indicate  various  ways  by  which 
this  can  be  ensured.  The  sections  on  the  Order  of  Taking  Off  on 
various  principles,  Office  Practice,  the  Settlement  of  Variations, 
the  Treatment  of  Works  of  Alteration  and  Restoration,  the  Law, 
the  Forms  of  Bills  and  Schedules  of  Prices  and  the  Examples  of 
Collections  and  Taking  Off  will,  the  writer  trusts,  prove  useful  to 
the  student,  and  tend  to  increase  the  number  of  those  men  (daily 
becoming  more  numerous)  who,  in  the  face  of  adverse  opinion  and 
opposing  ignorance,  hold  to  the  belief  that  a thing  worth  doing  at 
all  is  worth  doing  well. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 

The  system  of  measuring  suggested  in  this  book  is  for  the  greater 
part  that  adopted  by  Mr.  Thomas  M.  Rickman,  and  consequently 
needs  no  further  recommendation. 

The  Order  of  Taking  Off,  the  Preambles  of  Bills,  the  Form 
of  Schedule  of  Prices,  and  various  minor  matters,  are  derived  from 
his  practice,  and  I take  the  opportunity  this  second  edition  affords 
to  express  my  very  grateful  acknowledgment  of  the  obligation. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I. 

GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


Diversity  of  usage — Tables  and  formulae  purposely  excluded — Supply  of  quantities 
just — Quantities  essential  if  work  is  to  be  well  done — Builders  of  position 
refuse  to  tender  without  quantities — Question  able,  honesty  to  dispense  with 
quantities — Disadvantages  incident  thereto — Charge  when  tendering  without 
quantities — Quantities  should  form  part  of  the  contract— Deposit  of  priced 
bill — Examine  bill  before  sealing — Function  of  a bill  of  quantities — Prejudice 
against  elaborate  quantities — Detail  regulated  by  quality  of  work — Rough 
methods — One  system  for  the  whole  kingdom  desirable — Qualifications  of  an 
efficient  surveyor — General  course  of  procedure — Definition  of  taking  off, 
squaring  the  dimensions,  abstracting,  billing,  examples  of  paper  used — An 
unvarying  system  should  be  adopted  by  the  surveyor — Dimensions  on  plan  to 
be  preferred — In  collecting  always  begin  at  one  point — Largest  dimensions  to 
be  taken — Distinguish  between  voids  and  wants — Definition  of  wants — Keep 
dimensions  clear — Clearly  describe  position  of  work  — Rules  with  various 
scales  thereon — Example  of  “ on  waste  ” — Inquire  as  to  details  before  com- 
mencing to  take  off — Examine  drawings  and  specification — Find  out  points 
of  compass — Figure  the  drawings — Number  the  rooms — Make  notes  of  altera- 
tions— Parts  of  buildings  which  repeat — Make  plan  of  each  course  of  oriels, 
&c. — Dimensions  of  certain  parts  to  be  kept  separate— Collection  advised — 
Measuring  finishings  a check  upon  deductions  of  openings — Alterations  of 
dimensions  to  be  made  with  care — Marks  recommended  to  show  that  openings 
have  been  dealt  with — Title  of  work — Numbering  columns  of  dimensions — 
Index — Order  of  binding  papers — Separate  dimensions  into  small  volumes — 
Checking  taking  off — The  two  leading  methods  of  taking  off — Respective 
merits  of  the  two  methods — Dotting  on — Timesing — Precaution  necessary — 
Quantities  supplied  by  inexperienced  surveyor,  short — One  collection  avail- 
able for  several  items — Averaging  a saving  of  labour — Correcting  specification 
— Quantity  surveyor  to  write  specification — Methods  of  writing  dimensions,  of 
various  surfaces  and  solidities,  Examples — Length  of  hip  rafter,  Example 
Repetition  avoided,  Example — Say  if  dimensions  are  in  clear — Preambles  and 
headings  to  bills — Cubic  contents  of  building — “ a.  b.”  and  “ as  last  Refer- 
ence to  previous  items — Queries — Memory  not  to  be  trusted  Specification 
to  be  read  through  after  taking  off — Sets  of  tracings  facilitate  work  Methods 


X 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


of  reproducing  drawings — One  man  to  take  responsibility — Supervisor  to  take 
off  painting  as  a check— Taking  off  for  a large  building  divided  among  a 
number  of  men — Acceleration  of  taking  off — Facilitating  settlement  of  varia- 
tions— Assisting  valuation  of  work  for  certificates — Work  in  corridors — Notes 
in  dimensions,  how  written — Reference  and  indexing  facilitated  by  headings 
— Writing  to  dictation — Emphasise  changes  in  thickness — Use  of  the  words 
“ elsewhere  taken  ” — Work  in  “ narrow  widths,”  “ small  quantities,”  &c. — 
“ Deduct  and  add  ” — “ Extra  for  ” and  “ Extra  only  ” — Articles  from  special 
manufacturers — Insurance  of  drawings — Preparation  of  quantities  from  draw- 
ings in  pencil — Exact  quantity  of  work — Excess  in  bill  of  quantities — 
Rickman  on  ‘ Building  Risks  ’ — Extract  from  ‘ Quantities  and  Quantity 
Practice  ’ — ‘ Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor.’  Pages  1 to  22 


CHAPTER  II. 

ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 

Advantages  of  the  system  proposed — Care  to  be  observed  in  alteration  of  dimen- 
sions— Arrangements  suggested  not  always  expedient — Special  objects  to 
remark  on  visiting  site  of  proposed  work — Opportunity  for  settling  queries 
afforded  by  deferring  visit  until  after  taking  off — Observe  condition  of  work 
in  carcase — Application  to  freeholder,  district  surveyor,  &c. — Order  of  items 
— Alternative  order  of  taking  off.  Pages  23  to  41 


CHAPTER  III. 

MODES  OF  MEASUREMENT— CREDITS. 

Attendances — District  Surveyor’s  fees — Provisions  to  be  made  for  works  of 
uncertain  quantity — Works  at  the  building — Surveyor  should  make  details. 

Excavator. — Dredging  and  removing  — Piling — Driving  piles — Waling 
pieces — Bolts  and  straps — Coffer  dams — Digging  and  concrete — Rubbish  from 
pulling  down — Surface  digging — Digging  to  trenches — Examples  of  collections 
of  walls — Strutting  and  planking — Clay  puddling — Concrete — Expansion 
boards — Rubbish — Levelling  ground — Post  holes— Digging  to  cesspools — 
Drains — Channel  pipes. 

Bricklayer. — Dividing  work  into  sections — Measure  each  wall  to  its  ex- 
tremity —Compare  the  drawings  of  the  various  floors — Count  fireplaces — 
Figured  diagram  of  chimney  stacks — Extra  thickness  of  certain  walls — Arches 
over  passages — Work  in  cement — Brickwork,  how  measured — Cube  brickwork 
— Brickwork  above  certain  height— In  small  quantities — In  backing — In 
raising — “ Built  overhand  ” — Work  to  old  w alls — Underpinning — Bricks  of 
larger  size  than  ordinary — Allowance  for  wall  plates — Deductions  of  stone- 
work—Deductions  for  flues — Soot  doors — Semicircular  and  circular  deductions 


CONTENTS. 


xi 


— Deductions  for  Gothic  arches — Deductions  of  openings — Order  of  measuring 
— Averaging  footings,  Example— London  Building  Act  regulating  footings— 
Walls  fair  both  sides— Half-brick  partitions— Sleeper  walls— Circular  brick- 
work—Battering  brickwork— Hollow  walls— Vaulting— Brick  sewers— Bill- 
Work  measured  by  superficial  yard— By  superficial  foot— By  foot  run— By  yard 
run— Works  numbered— Facings— Terra-cotta— Faience— Concrete  buildings. 

Mason. — Usual  practice — Another  method — Hoisting — Order  of  dimensions 
important — Allowance  for  plastering— Cube  stone— Stone  must  accord  with 

extra  size  of  bricks — Number  stones — Taking  off  long  lengths  of  stone 

Measuring  the  cube  stone — Waste  in  conversion — Half  sawing  — Stopped 
work  — Preparatory  faces— Sawing— Rough  sunk  face— Plain  face  — Beds 
and  joints  — Plain  work — Sunk  work  — Circular  work  — Circular  circular 
work — Moulded  work — Work  measured  by  foot  run — Items  numbered — Stone 
and  labour — Yorkshire  stone— Granite — Processes  of  working  stones— Rubble 
walling — Artificial  stone. 

Slater. — Work  measured  by  square  and  foot  superficial — By  foot  run— New 
trade  rules  for  measuring  slating. 

Slate  Mason. — Slabs — Work  measured  per  foot  run — Works  numbered. 

Tiler. — Works  measured  by  square  and  foot  superficial — By  the  foot  run — 
New  trade  rules  for  measuring  tiling — Pantiling. 

Carpenter. — Distinction  between  Carpentry  and  Joinery — Scales  and  tables 
for  timbers — Allowance  for  tenons — Wrought  timbers  — Specified  sizes  — 
Finished  sizes — Work  kept  separate — Work  measured  by  the  foot  cube — By 
the  square — Centering — Fences — Sound  boarding — Wall  battening — Weather 
boarding — Work  measured  by  foot  superficial — By  foot  run — By  numbers. 

Joiner  and  Ironmonger. — Different  woods — Cross-tongued — Work  kept 
separate — Circular  work — Radius  described — Work  screwed,  nailed,  &c. — 
Sketch  any  unusual  construction — Collecting  dimensions — Backings — Plug- 
ging— Notching — Scribing — Misapplied  terms — “ Splayed  edge  ” and  “ Cham- 
fered edge  ” — Finished  sizes — The  words  “ labour  to  ” — “ Square  framed  ” — 
Framings — Work  described  as  “ dwarf  ” — Work  with  various  labours  on  it — 
When  to  take  ironmongery — French  polishing — Mouldings — Averaging  doors 
and  windows — Pieces  of  joinery  of  small  size — “ Cross-grain  ” — Judgment  as 
to  whether  the  measurement  of  work  shall  be  lineal  or  superficial — Floors — 
Mat  sinkings — Wood  block  floors — Skirtings — Dados — Grounds — Pipe  casing 
— Skylights — Sashes  and  frames — Shop  sashes — Window  linings — Boards  and 
bearers — Nosings — Architraves — Solid  frames  and  casements — Window  backs 
and  elbows — Shutters — Doors— Gates — Door  frames — Jamb  linings — Fram- 
ings— W.c.  fittings — Bath  fittings — Cisterns  and  sinks — Shelf  for  gas  meter 
— .Ladder  to  traps — Plate  racks — Dressers — Copper  lids — Pilasters — Columns 
of  wood — Staircases,  &c. — Attendances — Deal  cornices — Church  and  other 
fittings — Ironmongery. 

Plumber. — Size  of  sheets  of  lead  and  how  cut — Internal  and  external 
plumbing  sometimes  kept  separate — Other  distinctions — External  plumbing 
— Internal  plumbing — Hot-water  system. 

Zincworker. — How  measured. 

Plasterer. — Separate  external  and  internal  work — Narrow  widths — Plaster- 
ing on  old  walls — Dubbing — Plastering  of  extra  thickness— Circular  plastering 
— Plastering  in  small  quantities — In  gauged  stuff — Deductions,  how  treated — 


xii  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

Plastering  to  specially  high  stories — Modes  of  measurement — Various  cements 
— Fibrous  plaster. 

Founder  and  Smith. — Wrought  and  cast  work  to  be  kept  separate — Patterns 
and  alterations — Artistic  ironwork — Work  “ in  position  ” — Modes  of  measure- 
ment. 

Gasfitter. — Work  frequently  treated  as  provision — The  description  of  pipes 
— Attendance — Mode  of  measurement. 

Bellhanger. — Mode  of  measurement — Attendance — Speaking  tubes. 

Glazier. — Defective  lighting — Mode  of  measurement — Keep  separate  the 
different  kinds  of  glass. 

Paperhanger. — Dimensions  may  be  obtained  from  plasterer — Mode  of 
measurement—  French  papers — Ornamental  papering — Canvas  and  battens. 

Painter. — Ironwork  painted  before  supplied — Opportunity  of  checking 
taking  off  of  other  trades — Various  methods  of  measurement — Oiling  and 
rubbing — Staining,  &c. — Polishing — Writing — Graining — Flatting  — Treat- 
ment of  ironmongery  when  decoration  is  a separate  contract — Bill. 

Use  and  waste — Ventilation  and  warming — Credits — Various  methods  of 
dealing  with  an  old  building — Surveyor  should  be  a judge  of  materials— Sub- 
contracts— Abbreviations  in  general  use.  Pages  42  to  237. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

SQUARING  THE  DIMENSIONS— ABSTRACTING 
AND  BILLING. 

Squaring  and  checking  the  dimensions,  suggestions — Areas  of  circles — Short 
ways  of  squaring — Varying  order  of  factors — Clerk  squaring  should  look  to 
errors — Carry  all  the  results  into  squaring  column — Unchanging  order  of  ab- 
stracting desirable — Safety  suggestions — Ticking  bottom  of  columns — Check- 
ing abstracts — Plenty  of  paper  to  be  used — Writing  number  of  column 
opposite  each  dimension — Averaging — Suitable  items  for  averaging — Order 
of  the  bills — General  rules  for  abstracting  and  for  order  of  items — Examples 
to  illustrate  abstracting  and  reducing — General  order  of  billing — Disposal  of 
fractional  parts  of  totals — Orders  of  the  figures  of  scantlings — Judicious 
headings — Small  metal  articles — Writing  short — Examples — Dividing  items 
between  two  pages — Articles  to  be  supplied  by  special  persons — The  words 
“ cube  ” and  “ superficial  ” — “ and  including  ” — “ as  pattern  ” — “ to  detail  ” 
— “provide”  and  “allow” — Billing  direct — Separate  or  continuous  bills — 
Sketches  in  bills — Forms  of  preambles  to  bills — Separate  estimate — Form  of 
a bill  of  alternative  estimate — Form  of  a schedule  of  prices  for  labour — Form 
of  summary — Form  of  tender — Remarks  on  credits  bills — Form  of  credits  bill 
— Pull  down  and  credit — Billing  works  wdiich  involve  the  labour  of  more  than 
one  trade — Tick  the  bottom  of  each  column  of  abstract — Reading  draft  bill — 
Examining  transfers — Addenda  bill — Function  of  a bill  of  quantities — Com- 
bining the  quantities  and  specification — Tenders  advertised  for  without 
quantities— Selection  of  builders  to  tender — Form  of  a bill  of  quantities. 

Pages  238  to  304. 


CONTENTS. 


xm 


CHAPTER  Y. 

RESTORATIONS. 


Generally  apply  to  churches — Cost  of  work  dependent  upon  architect— Surveyor 
to  take  no  more  than  his  share  of  responsibility — Materials  removed — New 
work  measured  in  usual  way— Description  of  the  stonework  - Cutting  new  open- 
ings—Work  to  facing— Repairs  to  stonework— Separation  of  parts— Alterna- 
tive estimates — Provisions  in  certain  cases  advisable— Examples  of  items  of 
frequent  occurrence — List  of  clauses  required  in  bill— Works  of  general 
alteration — Examples  of  items— Openings  cut,  Example — Adapting  old 
joinery,  Example — Various  methods  of  reducing  amounts  of  tenders— Report 
thereon — Example  of  omissions  of  dimensions — Treatment  of  omissions  and 
additions  on  abstract — Pricing  items  of  variation.  Pages  305  to  311 


CHAPTER  YI. 

ERRORS , ETC.  IN  ESTIMATES— SCHEDULE  OF  PRICES— 
ADJUSTMENT  OF  ACCOUNTS. 


Errors  in  builder’s  estimate,  how  to  treat — Signing  form  of  tender  a legal  contract 
— Checking  priced  estimate — Deduction  of  percentage — Enumeration  of 
common  errors. 

Schedule  of  prices,  when  expedient — Published  schedules — Mode  of  pre- 
paration — Method  of  analysis  — Report  thereon  — Forms  of  schedules  of 
prices — Modes  of  measurement  prescribed  for  the  New  Houses  of  Parliament, 
Westminster — Preamble  of  a masonry  schedule  of  the  War  Department. 

Adjustment  of  accounts — Favourable  conditions — Extra  works  and  their 
measurement — Course  to  be  adopted — Separate  measuring  books — List  of 
. incomplete  works  to  be  made — Progress  drawings — Not  always  advisable  to 
measure  an  omission — Clerk  to  book  the  dimensions — Words  “omit”  and 
“ deduct  ” — Certain  items  not  to  be  billed — Abstracting  and  billing — Two 
forms  of  a bill  of  variations— Pricing — Disputed  prices — Precautions — 
Liberality  of  surveyor  to  builder — Day  accounts — When  proper  to  allow  day 
accounts — Quantity  surveyor  to  take  charge  of  day  accounts — Credit  for  old 
materials — Items  which  should  not  be  charged — Measuring  complex  joinery 
— Alterations — Foreman’s  time — Treatment  of  preliminary  items — Provisions 
— P.  C. — Carriage — Exorbitant  discounts — Claim  for  profit  on  omitted  work — 
Charges  for  water,  tackle,  plant,  &c. — Charge  for  lodgings — Claim  for  stop- 
page of  works — Unjust  claims — Claims  for  liquidated  damages — Reference — 
Witnesses — Abstracting  day  accounts — Form  of  a bill  of  variations — Form  of 
statement  of  account — Mode  of  dealing  with  disputed  account — Precis  of 
correspondence.  Pages  312  to  351 


XIV 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SPECIFIC  A TIONS. 

Frequently  written  by  surveyor — Best  written  by  man  who  takes  off  quantities — 
Better  completed  before  lithographing  quantities— Addenda  to  quantities 
objectionable — Convenient  method  of  preparation  of  specification — Same  order 
to  be  maintained  throughout — Describe  joinery  floor  by  floor — Commence 
trades  with  description  of  material — List  of  items  to  be  observed — Specifica- 
tion more  easily  written  if  dimensions  are  properly  noted — Correction  of 
architect’s  specification — Clauses  which  neutralise  each  other. 

Pages  352  to  356 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

PRICES. 

Valuing  requires  judgment — Surveyor  should  watch  changes  of  market  prices — 
Collection  of  trade  circulars  advisable — Deposited  priced  bills  of  quantities — 
Young  surveyor  should  be  familiar  with  prices  of  leading  items — Usual  profit 
— Profit  least  on  open  tenders — Large  contracts  confined  to  few  competitors — 
Mr.  Lucas  on  profits — Surveyor  can  estimate  cost  from  cubic  content — 
Dimensions  should  commence  with  cubic  content — Received  method  of  cubing 
— Boundary  walls,  &c. — Elements  of  modification  of  price  per  foot  cube — 
Professor  Kerr  on  cost  of  buildings — Cost  of  various  classes  of  building  per 
foot  cube,  per  square,  &c. — London  County  Council  list  of  wages,  &c. — Cost  of 
work  in  the  country — Constants  of  labour — Approximate  estimates — Drawings 
should  be  examined  before  pricing  an  estimate — Work  in  small  or  large 
quantities — Specially  low  prices  may  sometimes  be  obtained  from  manu- 
facturers— Surveyor  should  observe  how  quantities  have  been  prepared — 
Price  books  not  to  be  relied  on — Calculation  of  value  of  small  quantities  from 
larger — Disregard  of  nice  distinctions — Preliminary  and  incidental  charges — 
Fees  for  the  parochial  surveyor — Water — Water  Company’s  charges — Pro- 
visions— Valuing  excavation — Sand  on  site — Carting — Example  of  valuing 
concrete — Trade  discounts  on  drain  pipes  and  pottery — Strutting  and  planking 
— Example  of  valuing  brickwork — Cost  of  a rod  of  brickwork,  how  obtained 
— Expedients  for  keeping  down  cost — Value  of  facings  dependent  upon  the 
kind  of  bond — Cost  of  facing,  how  obtained — Trade  discounts — ‘Laxton's 
Bricklayers’  Tables  ’ — Valuation  of  masonry — Quarry-worked  stone — Special 
estimates  from  quarries — Percentage  for  waste — Sectional  area  a basis  of  value 
— Trade  terms — Price  the  labours — Valuation  of  slating — Allowance  for 
breakage — How  cost  is  reduced — Trade  terms — Example  of  valuation — 
Quality  and  value  of  timbers  not  well  known — Saving  by  use  of  deals — 
Example  of  valuation  of  timber — Small  scantlings  of  greater  value  than  large 
— Points  to  be  observed  in  the  valuation  of  joinery — Analogy  in  prices — Dis- 
regarding labours — Example  of  valuation  of  deal — Allowance  for  waste — 
Table  of  thicknesses  advisable — Ironmongery  trade  discount — Surveyor  should 
observe  how  plumbing  is  measured — Various  weights  of  lead — Lead  pipe  often 


CONTENTS. 


xv 


inferior— Trade  discount— Allowance  on  old  lead— Points  to  observe  in 
valuing  plastering— Example  of  valuation  of  plastering— Points  to  observe  in 
valuing  ironwork— Trade  discount  on  stoves,  &c.— Weight  the  basis  of  all  iron 
prices — Trade  discounts  on  gas  pipes  and  fittings — Points  to  observe  in  the 
valuation  of  gas  fittings — Points  to  observe  in  the  valuation  of  glass — Trade 
discounts — How  low  prices  are  accounted  for — How  cost  of  painting  is  reduced 
— Trade  discount  on  wall  papers — Pricing  of  day  accounts — Retail  prices. 

Pages  357  to  385 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  LAW  AS  IT  AFFECTS  QUANTITY  SURVEYORS. 

Average  solicitor  not  familiar  with  building  cases — Quantity  surveyors  should 
know  the  law — Special  court  for  building  cases — Trade  custom  an  important 
factor — Quantities  a part  of  the  contract — Sir  Edmund  Beckett  on  quantities 
— Preparing  quantities  and  disclaiming  responsibility  by  architect  anomalous 
— Elimination  of  “ sporting  items” — Clauses  in  contract  of  National  Associa- 
tion of  Master  Builders — Mr.  Hudson’s  remark  to  builders — Priestley  v.  Stone 
— Appeal  of  plaintiffs — Rights  of  quantity  surveyor — Moon  v.  Guardians  of 
Witney  Union — Rule  nisi  obtained — New  decision — Gwyther  v.  Gaze — 
Waghorn  v.  Wimbledon  Local  Board  of  Health — Taylor  v.  Hall — Builder’s 
liability  in  measuring  extras  and  omissions — Architect’s  personal  liability — 
Burnell  v.  Ellis — Richardson  and  Waghorn  v.  Beales  and  others — Scrivener 
and  another  v.  Pask — Quantity  surveyor  to  furnish  copy  of  dimensions — 
Surveyor’s  liability  to  building  owner — Surveyor  acting  as  appraiser — 
Mr.  Cates  on  quantities  and  quantity  practice — Readiness  of  surveyors  to  pay 
for  deficiencies — Suggestions  of  Mr.  Hudson — Opinion  of  Mr.  Studwick— 
Architect’s  quantities — Stevenson  v.  Watson — Leave  given  to  amend  claim — 
Bankruptcy  of  builder— Young  v.  Blake— Legality  of  customs  questioned. 

Pages  386  to  419 


CHAPTER  X. 

ORDER  OF  TASTING  OFF  IF  THE  OLD  METHOD  BE 
ADOPTED. 

Trades  separate  in  dimensions — Saving  of  labour  in  squaring  and  abstracting — 
Expedients  adopted  by  some — Modifications — List  of  items  in  their  order — 
Reid’s  * Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor.’  Pages  420  to  422 


CHAPTER  XI. 

NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 

Probable  reason  for  the  [practice  of  obtaining  tenders  from  separate  trades 
Statement  of  methods  recommended  by  the  Manchester  Society  of  Architects 
— Comparison  of  items  with  London  practice — Examples  of  items. 

Pages  423  to  442 


XVI 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

EXAMPLES  OF  COLLECTIONS . 

Stoves  and  chimneypieces — Damp  proof  courses — Joists — Fir  in  quarter  partitions 
— Skirtings — Doors  and  linings — Plastering  and  papering — Plastering  of  re- 
curring heights— Cornices — Flashings — Labour  and  materials  connected  with 
chimney-gutters,  flashings,  &c. — Rain-water  pipes — Bells.  Pages  443  to  451 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 

Excavation  and  brickwork — External  walls— Internal  walls — Deduction  of 
openings — Deduction  of  window  opening  in  hollow  wall — Facings  to  a 
window  opening  with  brick  dressings — Facings  to  a brick  chimney  stack — 
Alternative  method — Inspection  pit — A stone  pier  cap — An  apex  stone — A 
stone  string  course  in  brick  wall — Stone  quoins  in  brick  wall — Alternative 
treatment — A stone  balustrade  and  entablature — A stone  arch — A stone 
column — A stone  traceried  window — A quarter  partition — A circular  rib  to  a 
roof  truss — Doors — Staircases — Square-headed  sashes  and  frames — A gutter — 
Alternative  for  cesspool — A balustrade  and  cornice  in  Portland  cement  and 
brick — An  archway  in  Keene’s  cement — A cast-iron  column  and  its  base — A 
wrought-iron  box  girder — Painting.  Pages  452  to  509 


CHAPTER  XIY. 

THE  PRESENT  SYSTEM  OF  ESTIMATING. 

Development  of  existing  system — Sources  of  information  on  estimating — Medieval 
work — Contracts  by  separate  trades — Division  of  responsibility — Measure  and 
value — Cause  of  its  disuse — Mode  adopted  at  Worsley  Hall — Rise  of  the 
practice  of  tenders  from  one  contractor  for  all  trades — Builders  appointing 
quantity  surveyor — Present  system  of  appointment  of  quantity  surveyor  — 
Schedules  of  prices — Modern  French  practice — The  Glasgow  practice — The 
Edinburgh  practice — Tenders  without  quantities — Duties,  &c.,  of  quantity 
surveyor  should  be  formulated  by  authority — Questions  circulated  by  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects — “ Employment  of  Surveyors  ” — “ Report 
of  Special  Committee  on  Employment  of  Surveyors” — Discussion  on  Mr. 
Saunders’  paper — Shall  the  architect  take  out  his  own  quantities? — Points 
for  consideration  thereon — Clauses  which  should  not  be  introduced  in  a bill  of 
quantities.  Pages  510  to  522 

APPENDIX Page  523 

Pages  525  to  547 


INDEX 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  I. 

GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 

The  diversity  of  usage  in  the  profession  of  quantity  surveying 
(see  page  12),  and  the  existence  of  a number  of  manuals  on  the 
subject,  none  of  which  can  claim  to  be  complete  or  entirely 
reliable,*  have  led  the  writer  to  the  conclusion  that  a treatise 
which  should  present  the  most  generally  recognised  modes  of 
measurement  and  office  practice,  and  furnish  good  reasons  for  the 
rejection  of  vicious  methods,  would  prove  acceptable  to  the  pro- 
fession generally,  tend  to  a settlement  of  disputed  modes,  and  help 
the  establishment  of  a system  which  should  be  generally  adopted. 

Tables  and  formulae  have  been  purposely  excluded  from  this 
book.  The  student  will  find  all  he  may  require  in  Hurst’s 
‘Architectural  Surveyor’s  Handbook.’ 

The  feeling  which  has  been  entertained  by  some  architects, 
that  the  supplying  of  quantities  for  works  adds  to  their  cost,  is,  it 
is  believed,  giving  place  to  the  impression  that,  whatever  may  be 
the  result  in  that  respect,  their  supply  is  just  and  correct  in 
principle. 

If  work  is  to  be  well  done  the  quantities  are  absolutely  essen- 
tial ; there  is  no  more  fruitful  source  of  bad  work  than  is  found 

* These  for  the  most  part  are  wanting  in  system  (a  very  important  element  in 
the  consideration  of  the  subject),  and  the  information  they  afford  is  mixed  with 
facts  relating  to  construction  with  which  every  person  who  professes  to  take  out 
quantities  should  be  familiar,  and  which  are  more  properly  taught  in  books 
which  specially  treat  of  practical  architecture. 

B 


2 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


in  the  attempts  of  builders  to  recoup  themselves  for  losses  from 
error  in  their  original  estimates. 

It  has,  moreover,  become  the  practice  with  the  majority  of 
builders  of  good  position  to  refuse  to  tender  unless  quantities  are 
supplied. 

The  honesty  of  the  parties  who  dispense  with  quantities  in 
order  to  keep  down  the  cost  of  a building  may  be  fairly  questioned. 
The  liability  to  error  in  pricing  an  estimate  is  considerable,  and 
in  the  cases  where  quantities  are  not  supplied  there  is  added  the 
further  risk  of  the  production  of  a bill  of  quantities  by  persons 
who,  in  the  majority  of  cases,  have  had  hardly  any  special  training 
for  the  work. 

It  is  also  most  unfair  to  give  a number  of  builders  (sometimes 
twelve  or  more)  the  trouble  of  preparing  estimates  when  only  one 
tender  can  be  accepted. 

It  is  a disadvantage  incident  to  the  attempt  to  dispense  with 
quantities  that  they  are  under  such  circumstances  liable  to  be 
prepared  by  a surveyor  as  a speculation,  and  builders  are  ready 
enough  to  save  themselves  trouble  by  accepting  them.  Some  of 
the  evils  of  such  a condition  of  things  are  as  follows  : the  sur- 
veyor is  not  usually  the  kind  of  person  whom  the  architect  would 
select ; the  commission  charged  is  generally  larger,  and  the  sur- 
veyor not  having  been  nominated  by  the  architect,  neither  he  nor 
his  charges  are  under  the  architect’s  control. 

A builder  ostensibly  tendering  without  quantities,  not  un- 
frequently  includes  a charge  in  the  amount  of  his  tender,  as  he 
commonly  employs  a surveyor  to  make  his  estimate. 

The  employer  should  obtain  neither  more  nor  less  work  than  is 
included  in  the  estimate,  consequently  the  quantities  should  form 
a part  of  the  contract ; and  if  a stipulation  is  made  in  the  bill  that 
a priced  copy  of  it  shall  be  deposited  with  the  architect,  the  prices 
of  which  shall  form  the  bases  of  the  rates  of  any  variations,  the 
advantage  to  the  proprietor  is  usually  great.  Sometimes  it  is  pro- 
vided that  the  deposited  bill  shall  remain  sealed,  as  in  some  cases 
in  which  this  has  not  been  done  the  architect  has  omitted  from  the 
executed  work  many  of  the  things  on  which  the  contractor  would 
have  obtained  the  largest  profit.  It  will  be  necessary  to  examine 
the  bill  before  sealing,  to  see  that  all  the  prices  have  been  extended, 
the  casts  correct,  &c. 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


3 


The  object  to  be  attained  is  the  production  of  a bill  of  quantities 
which  shall  afford  a uniform  basis  for  competition,  give  the  builder 
all  the  information  that  he  may  require  to  make  his  estimate,  and 
be  sufficiently  clear  for  any  surveyor  (not  necessarily  the  one  who 
produced  it)  to  readily  adjust  variations  therefrom.  As  a contractor 
prices  many  estimates  before  he  obtains  a contract,  the  bill  should 
be  as  short  as  is  consistent  with  clearness  and  facility  of  reference 
during  the  progress  of  the  building. 

A prejudice  exists  in  some  minds  against  the  elaboration  which 
the  more  accomplished  quantity  surveyors  affect.  This  can  only 
reasonably  be  objected  to  when  the  items  are  of  no  value.  Every 
item,  however  small,  which  has  a value  should  be  presented  in 
the  bills.  The  builder  may  then  price  them  or  not,  as  he  may 
prefer.  Often,  as  in  the  case  of  labours  on  stonework  and  extra 
labours  on  joinery,  he  does  not  price  them,  and  suffers  in  con- 
sequence. 

The  experienced  surveyor  will,  however,  to  some  extent  regu- 
late the  amount  of  detail  in  his  bills  by  the  quality  of  the 
work. 

It  may  be  admitted  that  with  inexperienced  builders  the 
increase  in  the  number  of  items  will  produce  a corresponding 
increase  in  the  amount  of  the  tenders,  but  the  unworkmanlike 
results  which  many  sets  of  quantities  present  are  quite  as  likely 
to  do  so.  The  adoption  of  rough  methods  such  as  low  class 
builders  favour  is  akin  to  the  complaisance  of  those  persons  who 
when  in  vulgar  company  imitate  its  vulgarities,  and  is  surely 
unworthy  of  building  experts,  who  should  rather  be  arbiters  than 
mere  followers  of  a fashion. 

. The  systems  of  measurement  in  various  parts  of  the  country 
are  very  different.  The  adoption  of  a code  of  rules  by  the  Man- 
chester Society  of  Architects,  which  differs  in  many  respects  from 
the  best  London  practice,  is  to  be  deplored,  for  though  some  differ- 
ences are  at  present  unavoidable  (local  customs  being  difficult  to 
change),  yet  united  action  on  the  part  of  that  and  other  societies 
would  have  resulted  in  the  removal  of  some  of  the  divergencies  if 
they  had  thought  it  advisable,  which  it  is  presumed  they  did  not. 
One  recognised  system  of  measurement  throughout  the  kingdom 
should  certainly  be  the  object  which  the  profession  should  strive 
to  realise. 

b 2 


4 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Provisions. 


Estimate,  Woodcote. 

Excavator. 

Supl. 


Burke’s  mosaic 
paving  as  dead. 


Wilkinson  s 

1 

3 

ct.  paving. 

7 

4 

11 

5 

80  9 

4 

2 

169  0 

6 

2 

435  11 

95 

4 

125 

8 

685  8 

76  yds.  2 ft. 

14  yds. 

Excavation  9 in.  deep 
to  general  surface, 
sepg.  vegetable  soil,  and 

wheeling  and  depg. 
where  directed  at  an 

Run  trench 

average  distance  of 

for  pipe. 

2 runs. 

20  0 

4376  8 

25  0 

486  yds.  3 ft. 

45  0 

15  yds. 


Cube. 


Cube. 


Provide  for 
carving  two 
stone  tablets, 
£15. 


Provide  for 
carving  corbels 
at  10/  each. 


2 

14 

5 


Excavation  to 

Concrete  as 

basement  trenches, 

described  in 

and  wheel  a.  b. 

trenches. 

17  6 

587  6 

78  0 

565  11 

272  6 

15  0 

54  2 

1168  5 

422  2 

43  yds.  7 ft. 

15  yds.  17  ft. 

21 


Cube. 


Provide  for 
two  W.  I.  finials 
and  fixing  £8. 


Excavation  to 
surface  trenches, 
and  wheel  a.  b. 


587 

6 

v Do.  P.  F. 

565 

11 

and 

R. 

Supl. 

15 

0 

— 

22 

0 

587 

6 

Concrete  9 in. 

5 

8 

56  5 

11 

thick,  levelled  to 

16 

6 

15 

0 

falls  to  receive 

22 

0 

paving. 

1212 

7 

5 

8 

16 

6 

455  6 

44  yds. 

25  ft. 

— 

190  4 

1212 

7 

645  10 

44  yds.  25  ft. 


71  yds.  7 ft. 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


Bricklayer. 

Reduced  Brickwork  in  mortar. 


January  1886. 


l B. 


H B. 


Deduct 


78 

4 

39 

2 

792 

2 

87 

1 

87 

1 

493 

4 

1259 

6 

1210 

9 

2 

0 

204 

7 

50 

0 

1 

0 

2269 

1 

2035 

11 

421 

7 

75 

0 

1847 

6 

1960 

11 

615 

10 

1231 

8 

1231 

8 

3192 

7 

11  rods  201  ft. 


1 B. 

H B. 

43 

0 

12 

0 

114 

10 

7 

6 

93 

3 

13 

6 

70 

9 

6 

0 

39 

11 

36 

0 

59 

10 

421 

7 

H 

0 

*B. 
partn. 
in  ct. 

54  9 
96  3 
56  11 
133  3 


253  10 


J&. 

walls 

built 

honey- 

comb. 

260  4 
108  6 


Deduct 


7 

11 

10 


Brick 
vaulting 
in  two 
£B. 
rings 
in  ct. 


73 

42 


368  10  115  9 


Ro. 

cutting 
on  B. 


29  6 
43  9 
33  6 

106  9 


Damp- 
proof 
course 
l in. 
thick  of 
.Seyssell 
asphalte. 

761  9 
6 0 
48  11 
5 11 

822  7 


h B. 

trimmer 
arch  in 
ct.  and 
levelling 
up  w. 
concrete. 

12  3 
7 0 

13  2 


Fair 
struck 
joint  and 
2ce  L.W. 


804 

0 

61 

8 

865 

8 

96  yds.  2 ft. 


32  5 


6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


To  take  off  quantities  with  facility,  the  surveyor  should  have  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  construction,  of  mensuration  of  superficies 
and  solids  and  of  their  development,  a knowledge  of  the  archi- 
tectural styles,  their  characteristic  differences,  and  the  technical 
names  of  their  parts.  He  should  be  well  acquainted  with  the 
provisions  of  the  Building  Act  and  bye-laws  of  the  Metropolis, 
or  of  the  locality  in  which  the  work  is  to  be  done.  He  will  be 
practically  the  technical  adviser  of  the  architect  upon  all  matters 
of  construction  and  detail.  A knowledge  of  book-keeping  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  the  methodical  adjustment  of  the  accounts  of  a 
building. 

The  general  course  of  procedure  in  the  preparation  of  a set  of 
quantities  is  the  following  : — 

Talcing  off,  i.e.  measuring  drawings  to  scale  and  making  notes 
of  the  dimensions  on  paper  ruled  as  below. 


(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

17  4 

Excavn.  to  surface 

3 3 

trenches  and  re- 

2  0 

112  8 

moving  a.  b. 

N wall  servants’ 

hall 

17  4 

3 3 

42  3 

Do.  P.  F.  & R. 

i 

9 

N.  of  coals  10  9 
E.  of  do.  . . 23  3 
S.  of  do.  . . 6 4 

W.  of  do.  ..  5 2 

S.  of  do.  ..27  4 
E.  of  S.  hall  16  0 


88  10 
6 


41  5 


1|  B. 


88  10 

foots  1 B. 
walls 


Column  1 is  usually  described  as  the  timesing  column ; 2,  the 
dimension  column  ; 3,  the  squaring  column  ; 4,  the  description 
column. 

Some  surveyors  write  dimensions  from  drawings  in  measuring 
books,  but  it  is  not  advisable  to  use  measuring  books,  except  for 
work  at  a building. 

Squaring  the  dimensions , i.e.  calculating  the  products  of  the 
dimensions  and  writing  the  results  with  ink  in  the  squaring 
column.  Squarer  also  checks  the  “ wastes.”  These  calculations 
should  be  afterwards  checked  by  another  person,  ticked  in  red  if 
correct,  or  altered  in  red  if  wrong. 

Abstracting , i.e.  transferring  the  results  and  descriptions  from 
the  dimension  sheets  to  the  abstract  as  on  pp.  4 and  5 in  the  order 
of  the  proposed  bill. 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


7 


The  vertical  lines  are  frequently  disregarded  in  practice  so  far 
as  the  writing  of  headings  is  concerned,  but  their  adoption  is  essen- 
tial to  the  columns  of  figures. 

Reducing  the  abstracts , i.e.  casting  the  columns  of  figures  and 
reducing  them  to  the  denominations  in  common  use  as  yards, 
squares,  &c. 

Billing , i.e.  transferring  in  the  customary  order  to  paper  ruled 
as  below,  which,  if  abstracting  is  properly  done,  will  be  the  order 
of  the  abstract,  the  items  therein. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

Continued. 

335 

supl. 

Excavate  to  general  surface , 
about  12  in.  deep,  (averaged)  1 
wheel  and  deposit  within  an  1 1 
average  distance  of  5 runs.  ' 

153 

cube 

Ditto  to  surface  trenches  andb 
wheel  and  deposit  as  before.  Jj 

Taking  off  is  seldom  checked,  but  should  be. 

Abstracting  is  checked  by  a clerk,  who  ticks  in  red  every  item 
from  the  dimensions.  Billing  is  checked  in  the  same  manner. 

There  are  a few  general  rules  which  it  will  be  advantageous 
to  remember  in  the  preparation  of  quantities. 

The  adoption  of  one  unvarying  system  facilitates  the  identifi- 
cation of  dimensions,  when  the  whole  of  the  collateral  circumstances 
are  forgotten.  Take  off  the  dimensions  always  in  the  same  order. 
This  is  the  surest  protection  from  error. 

When  dimensions  in  different  drawings  do  not  agree,  those  of 
the  plan  should  always  be  preferred. 

Take  always  first,  the  length ; second,  the  breadth ; third, 
the  depth.  In  collecting  dimensions  begin  at  one  particular  angle 
of  the  building,  and  proceed  always  in  the  same  direction  from 
that  point  in  succeeding  collections. 

Prefer  always  to  take  the  largest  dimensions  you  can  find,  and 
make  deductions  afterwards  for  voids,  “wants,”  &c.,  to  taking  a 
quantity  piece  by  piece ; the  former  plan  better  preserves  you 
from  the  risk  of  the  quantities  being  short. 

Always  clearly  distinguish  in  your  dimensions  between  voids 
and  wants.  The  latter  are  portions  of  work  measured  in  excess ; 
as  when  one  measures  an  area  square  for  convenience,  and  deducts 


8 quantity  surveying. 

a triangle  from  it,  as  sketch;  spaces  enclosed  by  dotted  lines 
indicate  wants. 

Keep  all  the  dimensions  as  clear  and  distinct  as  possible ; do 
not  squeeze  dimensions  together  in  order  to 
spare  paper ; closeness  of  writing  is  a frequent 
cause  of  error. 

In  all  cases  clearly  describe  the  position 
of  each  item  of  the  work,  keeping  such  de- 
scription well  to  the  right-hand  edge  of  your 
paper,  and  this  is  especially  necessary  when 
the  surveyor  writes  the  specification. 

Do  not  use  a rule  which  has  several  scales  on  it ; if  an  eighth 
scale,  let  it  have  nothing  but  an  eighth  scale  on  both  edges  ; if  a 
quarter,  nothing  but  a quarter.  Errors  have  been  often  made 
by  applying  to  the  drawing  the  wrong  edge  of  a rule  with  various 
scales  on  it. 

When  a dimension  is  made  up  by  the  addition  of  several 
smaller  dimensions,  show  the  addition  on  the  right-hand  side  of 
the  description  column  (on  “ waste,”  as  it  is  called),  or  (though 
this  is  not  so  well)  write  after  the  description  of  the  work,  “ col- 

25  0 East  Wall. 

1£  B.  5 0 South  ditto. 

Still  Koom.  25  0 West  ditto. 

6 0 North  ditto. 

1|B.  61  0 

Still  Koom. 

Collected. 

Before  commencing  your  measurement  inquire  as  to  what 
details  are  to  be  supplied  to  you,  as,  if  you  do  not,  you  will 
possibly  find  when  you  have  well  advanced  with  your  work  on 
the  small-scale  drawings,  that  details  furnished  will  render  parts 
of  it  useless. 

Carefully  examine  the  drawings  and  compare  them  to  see 
whether  the  plans  and  sections  agree  as  to  thickness  of  walls, 
heights,  &c. 

Read  the  specification  through,  making  notes  of  any  descrip- 
tions which  appear  doubtful,  or  of  any  omissions  which  occur  to  you. 

Find  out,  if  possible,  the  points  of  the  compass,  as  walls  are 


Jected.  Thus— 


or, 


61  0 
10  0 


61  0 
10  0 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


9 


more  conveniently  described  as  north,  south,  &c.,  than  in  any 
other  way.  The  writer  prefers,  in  default  of  the  ability  to  discover 
the  real  north  point,  to  treat  the  plan  in  question  like  a map, 
calling  the  top  north,  &c.,  and  though  this  conclusion  may  be 
wrong,  it  is  to  be  looked  upon  as  a mere  expedient  which  facili- 
tates his  work.  A note  on  his  dimensions  stating  that  he  has 
assumed  this  will  insure  him  from  misconstruction  in  the  future. 

If  the  drawings  have  not  been  figured,  the  surveyor  will  save 
himself  much  trouble  if,  before  he  commences  his  dimensions,  ho 
figures  in  pencil  the  lengths  and  breadths  of  rooms,  the  lengths  of 
external  walls,  and  the  heights  of  the  stories ; and  during  the 
process  of  taking-off,  when  calculating  a dimension,  write  it  on  the 
drawing  in  pencil,  as  it  may  be  useful  later. 

If  the  bedrooms  have  not  been  numbered,  or  if  a system  of 
numbering  has  not  been  carried  by  the  architect  through  the  whole 
building,  number  them  in  pencil  consecutively,  1,  2,  3,  4,  &c. ; 
make  a rough  tracing  of  the  arrangement  and  the  numbers  to 
preserve  with  the  dimensions.  This  will  save  labour  in  the 
description  of  the  situation  of  the  rooms.  These  figures  are  simply 
for  the  surveyor’s  own  use.  Their  adoption  may,  however,  be 
suggested  to  the  architect,  as  they  facilitate  the  writing  of  the 
specification.  Avoid  the  use  of  more  than  one  series  of  numbers 
in  the  same  building. 

Make  notes  of  any  alterations  of  arrangement  that  may  be 
adopted  in  the  course  of  taking  off,  and  if  not  easily  described, 
make  tracings  of  them,  or  draw  them  in  pencil  on  the  original 
drawing. 

When  a building  appears  naturally  to  divide  itself  into  two  (or 
more)  separate  blocks,  keep  the  dimensions  of  each  block  distinct, 
following  the  same  order  of  taking  off,  and  the  same  entire  process, 
as.  if. each  were  a separate  building.  The  parts  which  repeat  may 
then  be  simply  doubled,  but  the  figures  used  for  this  purpose  (the 
“twicing”)  should  be  red,  to  show  that  the  doubling  is  not  a part 
of  the  same  block. 

Some  surveyors  use  red  ink  for  the  timesing  of  any  series  of 
dimensions. 

When  taking  off  oriels,  bays,  turrets,  &c.,  in  stone  or  terra- 
cotta, the  work  will  be  easier  if  the  surveyor  makes  a plan  of  each 
course  on  tracing  paper.  When  the  girth  of  mouldings  is  doubtful 


IO 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


draw  them  full  size,  and  a drawing  to  a larger  scale  of  any  part  of 
the  work  obscurely  shown  by  the  general  drawing  will  help  the 
surveyor  to  realise  the  possibilities ; these  details  should  be  care- 
fully preserved  with  the  other  notes. 

Measure  all  detached  buildings,  outbuildings,  or  boundary 
walls  last,  and  keep  the  dimensions  relating  to  them  separate,  as 
the  whole  or  part  of  them  are  not  unfrequently  omitted  in  course 
of  erection,  and  such  alterations  can  be  much  more  easily  adjusted 
if  the  dimensions  be  kept  distinct. 

Do  not  describe  unnecessary  things,  such  as  the  width  of  the 
rails  or  stiles  of  a door,  unless  there  is  something  unusual  about 
them. 

In  taking  off  dimensions,  collect  lengths  as  much  as  possible ; 
time  is  thus  saved  in  the  squaring  and  abstracting.  The  more 
expert  the  measurer  the  fewer  dimensions  does  he  take  off  to 
produce  the  result. 

Collections  are  disliked  by  some  surveyors,  on  the  ground  that 
if  a mistake  is  made  in  calculation  it  is  generally  much  larger 
than  when  the  dimensions  are  more  separated.  The  advantages  of 
collections,  however,  more  than  counterbalance  the  risk. 

Observe  that,  as  a rule,  collections  on  waste  need  only  be  made 
when  their  total  is  required  for  one  of  the  factors  of  a subsequent 
multiplication. 

In  measuring  finishings,  refer  to  the  dimensions  of  the  deduc- 
tions of  openings ; by  this  means  another  check  takes  place,  and 
the  same  order  being  maintained  in  both,  reference  is  easier. 

In  altering  dimensions  after  the  squaring  has  been  done,  take 
the  precaution  of  crossing  out  the  figures  in  the  squaring  column, 
and  besides  this  put  a mark  in  pencil  in  the  margin  to  attract 
attention.  If  an  alteration  is  made  after  the  dimensions  are 
abstracted,  the  whole  process  of  altering  should  be  done  at  once 
by  two  persons,  one  making  the  alteration  and  the  other  check- 
ing it. 

In  “taking  off”  openings  in  a large  building  it  is  absolutely 
necessary,  and  it  is  in  the  case  of  all  buildings  (large  or  small) 
advisable,  to  put  a mark  on  the  drawings  (in  pencil)  showing 
which  openings  have  been  dealt  with ; a good  p]an  is  as  follows 
(Fig.  2) : a line  through  the  opening  signifies  opening  deducted ; 
a shorter  line  across  it  on  outside  of  wall,  facings  deducted  ; line 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


1 1 

on  inside  of  wall  across  first  line,  plastering  deducted ; a line 
between  two  last,  finishings  measured.  By  these  means  any 
doubt  of  the  kind  can  be  readily 
solved.  Some  surveyors  use  a 
small  pencil  tick  instead. 

Some  marks  are  especially 
necessary  when  several  men 
are  engaged  on  the  same  set  of 
drawings. 

Write  the  title  of  the  work  at 
the  top  left-hand  corner  of  every  sheet  of  dimensions  ; the  danger 
of  mixture  with  dimensions  of  other  work  is  thus  avoided. 

Number  every  column  of  dimensions.  This  is  handier  for 
reference  than  numbering  each  page. 

Write  an  index  when  all  is  taken  off,  which  may  be  fastened 
to  the  front  of  the  set  of  dimensions,  thus  : — 


Cube  of  Building 
D.  S.  Fees 
Surface  Digging 


1 

2 

2 


&c. 


If  you  bind  the  papers  when  the  work  is  finished,  the  following 
order  is  a reasonable  one  : Specification,  Dimensions,  Bills,  Varia- 
tions, Memoranda,  Correspondence.  Abstracts  and  Draft  Bills  are 
not  bound,  but  should  be  preserved.  Sometimes  the  papers  are 
bound  before  the  variations  on  the  contract  are  adjusted,  and  it 
is  best,  when  the  work  is  large,  to  separate  the  dimensions  into 
comparatively  small  volumes  of  not  more  than  300  pages,  as  it  is 
frequently  the  case  that  several  assistants  should  be  working  on 
them  at  one  time,  and  this  is  impossible  if  the  dimensions  are  in 
one  volume,  the  reasonable  course  is  then  to  cut  the  volume  into 
sections. 

For  the  same  reasons,  in  the  measurement  of  a building  or  of 
variations  on  a contract,  the  measuring  books  should  not  much 
exceed  fifty  pages. 

The  practice  of  “ taking  off”  by  a surveyor  without  any  check 
is  frequent,  and  objectionable.  The  dimensions  should  always  be 
examined  item  by  item  with  the  drawings  by  another  suiveyor. 
When  circumstances  prevent  this,  the  surveyor  should  himself 
look  through  the  dimensions  after  several  days  have  elapsed  , he 


12 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


will  then  probably  discover  errors  or  inconsistencies  which  will 
more  than  repay  him  for  the  trouble  thus  taken. 

There  are  various  methods  of  “taking  off”  quantities;  all, 
except  for  unimportant  differences,  referable  to  the  three  following 
categories ; — (a)  Taking  off  each  trade  separately,  as  the  whole  of 
the  excavation,  the  whole  of  the  brickwork,  &c.,  keeping  each 
trade  separate  in  the  dimensions.  (6)  Taking  off  the  work  in  two 
divisions — 1st,  the  construction  or  carcase,  comprising  excavator, 
bricklayer,  mason,  slater,  carpenter,  &c. ; 2nd,  the  finishings,  com- 
prising joiner,  ironmonger,  plasterer,  glazier,  painter,  paperhanger, 
&c.  (c)  A modification  of  b,  which  discards  the  division  between 

carcase  and  finishings  to  a great  extent  and  groups  the  dimensions 
as  hereafter  explained. 

The  former  method  (a)  is  now  but  little  used.  Its  advantages 
are  the  comparatively  few  dimensions,  and  the  consequent  saving 
of  labour  in  squaring  and  abstracting  them.  It  is  said  also  that  it 
favours  the  writing  of  the  specification.  Its  disadvantage  is  the 
separation  in  the  dimensions  of  the  items  of  a particular  piece  of 
work  so  completely  that  in  the  adjustment  of  a contract  involving 
omissions  the  work  of  picking  out  each  item  is  often  considerable, 
and  liable  to  be  incomplete. 

The  second  method  (6)  is  the  one  which  has  been  adopted  in 
this  work.  The  labour  is  certainly  greater,  but  the  superior  clear- 
ness obtained  in  the  event  of  variations  much  more  than  compensates 
for  the  additional  labour  at  first. 

Method  (a)  is  sometimes  used  when  it  is  desired  to  write  the 
bills  immediately  after  the  taking  off,  and  before  the  whole  of  the 
dimensions  are  completed. 

It  frequently  happens  that  another  dimension  occurs  exactly 
like  one  which  has  been  previously  taken.  It  is  then  convenient 
either  to  “ dot  it  on,”  as  it  is  called,  or  to  “ times  ” the  first  dimen- 
sion. The  first  dimension  being  2/5  feet,  read  5 feet  twice,  the 
“timesing”  would  be  thus,  2/2/5  feet,  read  5 feet  twice-twice  and 
the  dotting  on  thus,  2-2/5  feet,  read  5 feet  four  times,  in  this  case 
equivalent.  The  process  requires,  in  either  case,  great  care,  as  it  is 
a frequent  cause  of  error.  In  all  cases  where  a dimension  is  dotted 
on,  make  a reference  in  the  dimensions,  where  it  would  properly 
be,  to  the  column  to  which  it  is  added,  and  add  a description  of  its 
position  at  that  part  of  the  dimensions  where  it  is  dotted  on.  It 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


13 


will  sometimes  be  convenient  to  dot  on  J,  or  £ times,  &c.  When 
items  are  likely  to  be  frequently  repeated,  “ dotting  on  ” will  often 
prove  more  convenient  than  timesing. 

A precaution  sometimes  taken,  if  the  surveyor  has  a series  of 
dimensions  which  will  require  “ timesing,”  is  to  put  the  number 
or  some  mark  in  pencil  opposite  the  first  of  the  series,  putting  the 
number  in  ink  to  the  whole  of  the  items  after  they  are  taken  off. 
This  will  be  seen  by  the  abstractor,  if  the  surveyor,  taking  off, 
should  forget  to  attach  the  number,  and  an  error  will  thus  be 
avoided.  Always  finish  a series  before  you  “ times”  it. 

It  is  generally  admitted,  and  well  to  remember,  that  quantities 
prepared  by  inexperienced  surveyors  are  deficient  in  quantity  and 
in  completeness  of  description. 

Keep  in  mind  the  principle  of  making  one  collection  of  dimen- 
sions serve  for  several  kinds  of  work.  In  many  instances  one 
collection  will  be  sufficient  for  excavation,  concrete,  footings  and 
walls ; and,  with  slight  modification,  one  for  skirting,  plastering, 
cornices;  one  for  eaves  fillet,  cutting  to  eaves  or  extra  slating, 
fascia,  and  in  many  more  cases  which  the  student  may,  with  little 
thought,  discover  for  himself. 

Much  labour  may  be  saved  by  averaging.  Care  must  be  taken 
that  the  things  averaged  are  of  the  same  relative  value,  and  that 
the  result  arrived  at  is  truly  an  average.  In  the  case  of  items 
measured  superficially  one  dimension  should  be  constant,  items 
measured  cubically  two.  Always  show  the  process  “on  waste.” 
(See  remarks  on  averaging  in  Chapter  IV.,  section  Abstracting.) 

It  will  not  unfrequently  occur  that  a result  obtained  by  elabo- 
rate labour  will  be  further  from  a correct  one  than  that  produced 
by  averaging ; as  a general  rule,  it  may  be  assumed  that  the  less 
detail  involved  in  the  process  the  less  liability  to  error. 

As. the  surveyor  proceeds,  if  he  is  supplied  with  a specification, 
he  should  run  a vertical  line  in  pencil  through  each  clause  as  it  is 
dealt  with,  and  he  will  save  time  if  he  corrects  each  clause  requir- 
ing correction  as  soon  as  he  has  finished  the  dimensions  relating  to 
it ; but  this  is  not  always  practicable.  Always  take  off  in  your 
own  order,  not  that  of  specification.  But  the  most  convenient 
practice  when  architect  and  quantity  surveyor  know  each  other’s 
ways,  is  for  the  latter  to  write  the  specification  after  the  quan- 
tities have  been  prepared ; the  architect,  before  the  quantities 


14 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


are  begun,  furnishing  notes  of  any  special  arrangements  he  may 
require. 

In  measuring  triangles,  the  dimensions  are  more  easily  identi- 
fied if,  instead  of  halving  the  base  or  perpendicular  dimension  of 
the  triangle,  both  be  entered  in  full,  and  J put  in  front  of  them, 
thus  : — 


If  \ 20  0 

l 10  0 100  0 


in  stead  of 
20  0 

50  100  0 


1 B. 

1 B. 


Gable. 


Gable. 


For  the  method  of  writing  circles  and  semicircles  see  p.  59. 

The  following  are  the  methods  of  writing  dimensions  of 
various  surfaces  and  solidities.  The  circle  is  sufficient  to  identify 
such  as  are  cubic  dimensions  in  abstracting. 

The  solidity  of  a pyramid  5 feet  base,  15  feet  vertical  height : — 


(Base) 

i | /5  0 

3 ! \5  0 

| 15  0 

125  0 

(Perpendicular  height) 

j 

spire 

The  surface  of  a pyramid  is  treated  as  a number  of  triangles. 
The  solidity  of  a cone  5 feet  diameter  at  base,  15  feet  vertical 
height : — 


(Base) 

i 

3 

Q 

(Perpendicular  height) 

15  0 

98  2 

spire 

The  surface  of  a cone  5 feet  diameter  at  base,  15  feet  vertical 
height,  15  feet  10  inches  slant  height: — 


(Circumference)  

(Slant  height) 

h 

15  8 
15  10 

124  0 

spire 

The  solidity  of  a sphere  5 feet  diameter  : — 

(Base  of  circumscribing  cylinder)  .. 

2 

3 

(Height  of  ditto) 

5 0 

65  C 

GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


i5 


The  surface  of  a sphere  5 feet  diameter  : — 

( Circumference ) 

( Height  of  circumscribing  cylinder ) 

The  usual  method  of  measuring  the  length  of  hip  rafter  is 
as  follows : A B C is  a plan  of  the 
hipped  end  of  a roof ; B D is  the 
vertical  height  drawn  at  right  angles 
to  A B ; A D is  the  length  of  hip. 

Observe  that  if  the  roof  plane  is  at 
an  angle  of  45°  with  the  horizon,  E B 
and  B D will  he  equal,  and  you  may 
take  your  dimension  from  the  plan  with- 
out reference  to  the  section. 

To  avoid  repetition,  and  to  show 
that  an  item  is  to  he  abstracted  in  two 
operations,  the  dimensions  are  written 
as  follows : — 

4 0 

3 0 12  0 | B.P.P.  ground  O.  S. 

I in  1 square. 

and 

B.  P.  P.  ground  O.  S.  and  cut  to  shapes. 

in  1 square. 

When  dimensions  are  given  of  a cesspool  or  similar  receptacle, 
say  if  in  clear,  as  “9  inches  by  9 inches  by  12  inches  all  in 
clear.” 

A general  description  of  the  materials,  Ac.  (See  Chapter  IV., 
section  Billing),  to  form  the  preamble  to  each  trade,  may  be 
written  in  the  dimensions,  or  may  be  written  as  a heading  to  the 
bill  direct  from  the  specification ; and  this  latter  course  is  best,  as 
much  writing  in  the  dimensions  is  thus  saved.  For  items 
involving  a long  description  refer  to  specification  thus  : “ No.  1 
Dresser  as  described.  See  p.  30  specification.  ’ The  preliminary 
bill  may  always  be  written  direct  from  the  specification,  or  from 
a former  bill.  Head  the  dimensions  with  a description  of  the 
work,  the  place,  the  name  of  the  proprietor,  the  name  of  the 
architect,  and  the  date  thus  : — 


15  8 
5 0 

78  4 

— 

i6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Estimate  for  the  erection  of  a house  and  offices  at  Godaiming,  in  the  county 

of  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq.  (with  Mr Surveyor). 

William  Brown,  Esq.,  Architect, 

March  1878.  2 Fenchurch  Chambers,  E.C. 


If  the  quantities  are  prepared  jointly  with  another  surveyor, 
insert  the  name  as  shown  in  parentheses. 

Some  surveyors  commence  their  dimensions  with  the  cubic 
content  of  the  building.  A number  of  such  calculations  for 
different  buildings  are  very  useful  data  for  the  comparison  of 
prices.  The  dimensions  should  always  be  taken  on  the  same 
principles. 

The  letters  a.  b.  (as  before)  or  the  words  “ as  last  ” will 
frequently  save  repetitions  of  descriptions,  but  use  these  with 
care. 

Writing  may  often  be  saved  by  marking  a previous  item  with  a 
letter,  thus : — 


3 0 

7 0 

21  0 

2|  in.  door  as  A col.  48  dims. 


Before  beginning  to  “ take  off,”  head  a sheet  of  paper  with  the 
name  of  the  work,  and  the  word  “ Queries  ” ; rule  a vertical  line 
down  the  middle  of  the  sheet,  write  your  queries  on  the  one  side 
of  the  line  as  they  occur  in  the  course  of  your  work,  leaving  the 
other  half  of  your  paper  blank  for  the  answers,  and  write  these 
down  as  you  obtain  them  either  by  further  inspection  of  drawings 
and  specification,  or  inquiry  of  the  architect. 

Do  not  trust  to  your  memory.  If  you  discover  that  you 
have  forgotten  to  take  an  item  in  its  proper  order  do  it  on  the 
first  opportunity ; nothing  contributes  so  much  to  a clear  head 
as  the  avoidance  of  an  accumulation  of  small  items  of  arrears 
of  work. 

All  the  items  which  will  be  found  in  the  different  following 
sections  could  not  apply  to  one  building,  they  are  introduced  for 
the  purpose  of  clearly  showing  the  system. 

After  the  quantities  have  been  taken  off,  read  through  the 
specification,  to  see  if  all  has  been  taken. 

When  the  quantities  are  required  for  a large  building,  and  it 
is  found  necessary  for  a number  of  men  to  take  off  at  one  time,  it 
is  the  usual  practice  to  make  several  sets  of  tracings  (one  for  each 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


i7 


man)  so  that  the  inevitable  interruption  of  each  other’s  work, 
when  several  are  working  on  the  same  set  of  drawings,  may  be 
avoided.  The  expense  thus  incurred  is  amply  repaid. 

There  are  other  well-known  methods  of  reproducing  drawings 
of  the  same  size  as  the  originals,  which  are  generally  cheaper 
than  tracings  if  several  copies  are  required,  such  as  the  ferro- 
prussiate  process,  white  lines  on  a blue  paper;  the  ferro-gallic 
process,  dark  lines  on  white  paper;  the  aniline  process,  which 
reproduces  the  lines  of  the  drawing  on  a special  slightly  tinted 
paper ; and  photo-lithography,  for  which  ordinary  drawing  paper 
may  be  used.  These  two  latter  kinds  of  copy  can  be  coloured  in  the 
ordinary  way. 

When  more  than  one  person  is  engaged  in  taking  off  a set  of 
quantities,  the  liability  to  error  is  much  increased,  as  each  man  is 
apt  to  assume  that  one  or  the  other  has  taken  off  a particular 
section  of  the  work,  and  the  way  to  obviate  the  risk  is  for  one  man 
to  take  the  responsibility,  and  supervise  this.  Supervisor  should 
take  off  the  painting  from  the  dimensions  of  the  whole  work,  when 
they  are  complete,  and  he  will  discover  mistakes  and  discrepancies, 
which  he  can  remedy.  If  the  necessity  of  checking  taking  off 
should  arise,  and  he  cannot  follow  the  dimensions,  let  him  take  it 
off  in  his  own  way  and  compare  the  results. 

Other  considerations  arise  when  the  work  of  taking  off  for  a 
large  building  is  divided  among  a number  of  men. 

The  main  objects  are  such  a classification  of  the  work  in  the 
dimensions  and  allotment  of  it  to  the  workers  as  shall  accelerate 
the  taking  off,  facilitate  the  settlement  of  variations,  and  assist 
the  valuation  of  the  work  for  certificates. 

Surveyors  of  experience  know  that  no  rules  of  practice  can  be 
uniformly  applied,  but  there  are  several  principles  of  action  which 
may  generally  be  adopted  with  advantage. 

First  as  to  acceleration  of  taking  off.  If  we  take  as  an  example 
an  asylum  or  a hospital,  we  shall  have  in  the  one  establishment 
several  distinct  types  of  building — the  wards,  the  offices,  the  corri- 
dors, the  houses  of  the  staff,  the  sanitary  work,  the  drains.  It  will 
generally  be  most  advantageous,  in  the  case  of  the  wards,  to  let  one 
man  do  the  roofs  of  all  the  wards,  another  the  whole  of  the  brick- 
work, another  the  whole  of  the  joinery  and  finishings,  rather  than 
allot  one  ward  in  all  trades  to  each  man,  for  (and  more  especially 

c 


i8 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


when  there  is  no  specification)  it  is  obvious  that,  according  to  the 
first-named  arrangement,  the  minutiae  of  construction  and  finish 
in  one  branch  of  the  work  being  repeated  throughout  the  wards, 
only  one  man  would  spend  the  time  necessary  for  its  investigation, 
instead  of  several,  as  would  be  the  case  if  each  man  dealt  with  a 
complete  ward. 

The  work  of  such  a building  when  divided  among  a number  of 
assistants  is  facilitated  by  having  one  block  taken  off  complete  in 
an  approved  manner  by  one  assistant  and  instructing  the  others  to 
adopt  the  same  order  and  system  with  the  succeeding  blocks. 

Probably  each  of  the  sections  other  than  wards  may  be  most 
conveniently  taken  off  complete  in  all  trades  by  one  man. 

Second.  As  to  facilitating  settlement  of  variations.  The  drains 
are  so  frequently  varied  that  they  should  be  taken  off  in  all  trades 
as  a separate  set  of  dimensions,  and  should  form  a separate  bill. 
The  wards  might  form  a separate  bill. 

Each  of  the  officers’  houses  should  form  a separate  bill ; the 
boundary  walls  and  gates  should  form  a separate  bill. 

In  the  allotment  of  brickwork  to  its  particular  sections,  let  the 
dominant  building  include  the  whole  of  its  necessary  walls. 

If  the  machinery  and  apparatus  of  laundry,  the  sanitary  work, 
the  heating  work,  or  the  ventilation  is  the  subject  of  a provision  or 
a sub-contract,  the  builders’  work  in  connection  with  either  should 
form  a separate  bill. 

The  dimensions  of  the  work  in  all  trades  below  the  damp-proof 
course  should  be  kept  distinct  and  together,  as  foundations  are 
frequently  varied  in  execution. 

Third.  As  to  valuation  for  certificates,  when  a building  is 
large,  the  valuation  for  certificates  is  helped  by  keeping  separate 
the  dimensions  of  the  work  above  and  below  certain  levels,  as 
between  one  floor  and  another,  and  by  abstracting  such  section 
separately,  as,  for  instance,  all  work  below  first  floor  on  one  set  of 
abstracts,  all  work  above  first  floor  on  another,  and  although  the 
work  on  one  abstract  would  probably  be  transferred  to  the  other, 
so  as  to  make  one  bill  of  the  whole,  the  material  for  rapid  separate 
calculations  of  approximate  value  would  be  thus  ready  for  the 
surveyor’s  use  as  soon  as  occasion  arose,  or  abstracts  for  separate 
blocks  may  be  adopted. 

The  recommendation  as  to  separate  bills  before  mentioned, 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


19 


involving,  as  they  do,  separate  abstracts,  will  afford  the  surveyor 
similar  assistance. 

Each  man  engaged  should  make  any  requisite  notes  on  his 
dimensions  for  the  guidance  of  the  others. 

It  will  be  obvious  that  doubts  will  arise  at  those  parts  of  the 
building  where  one  man’s  work  is  divided  from  another’s.  The 
following  is  a specimen  of  such  a note. 

Work  in  Corridors. — In  the  general  store,  coal  store,  visiting 
room  and  medical  assistant  officer’s  quarters,  the  wall  of  building 
is  measured  including  digging  and  deductions,  but  the  plastering 
in  corridors  is  not  measured ; the  lead  gutters  between  these  roofs 
and  corridor  roofs  are  measured,  but  lead  gutters  to  corridor  roofs 
against  walls  are  not  measured.  Facing  is  measured  on  the  walls 
above  roofs  of  corridors. 

Mere  notes  should  be  written  across  both  dimension  and 
description  columns,  not  confined  to  the  description  column. 

Future  reference  to  the  dimensions  will  be  much  easier  if 
headings  are  written  in  the  body  of  the  dimensions  wherever  the 
work  appears  to  naturally  divide  itself,  thus  : “ Main  roof,”  “ Roof 
of  laundry,”  “ Fittings,”  &c. ; the  indexing  will  also  be  facilitated 
by  this  practice. 

Much  time  may  be  saved  by  employing  a careful  clerk  to  write 
the  dimensions  to  your  dictation.  Keep  a watchful  eye  on  the 
page  as  it  is  written.  When  you  desire  to  have  a series  of  dimen- 
sions added  together,  begin  with  the  words  “ on  waste,”  and  when 
the  clerk  has  finished  the  series  use  the  word  “ dimension  ” ; the 
clerk  will  then  add  them  together,  state  the  result  of  the  cast,  and 
write  it  in  the  dimension  column. 

The  received  method  of  dictating  the  following,  2/3/7  M) 
1"  X 1"  deal  fillet  rough,  is  seven  feet  three  times  twice  inch  by 
inch* deal  fillet  rough. 

When  in  taking  off  you  make  a sudden  change  in  the  thickness 
of  work  of  the  same  description,  underline  it  thus  : “ 1^  four  panel 
square  door.” 

Items  should  not  leave  the  reader  in  doubt  as  to  whether  part 
of  the  work  is  included  in  the  prices  or  not.  To  avoid  this,  use 
the  words,  “ elsewhere  taken,”  thus  : “ 1^  inch  Honduras  mahogany 
w.c.  seat  fixed  with  brass  screws  and  cups  elsewhere  taken.”  It  will 
sometimes  happen  that  there  are  certain  things  which  the  surveyor 

c 2 


20 


quantity  surveying. 


is  compelled  by  circumstances  to  take,  but  which  he  knows  must 
of  necessity  be  altered  in  execution.  If  the  surveyor  keeps  a list 
of  these  items  he  will  find  it  an  assistance  when  he  is  required  to 
settle  variations. 

Work  in  narrow  widths,  small  quantities,  or  short  lengths, 
should  be  so  described  and  kept  separate ; but  where  the  quantity 
in  the  bill  is  so  small  as  to  speak  for  itself,  the  specific  words  “ in 
small  quantities  ” need  not  be  used.  Such  work  should  always  be 
billed  in  feet. 

“ Deduct  and  add,”  is  a convenient  form  of  words  when  a 
small  part  of  a large  total  quantity  differs  from  the  remainder, 
moreover,  the  process  saves  dimensions,  and  is  less  liable  to  error 
than  a measurement  of  small  pieces.  Digging  is  often  treated 
thus.  A large  dimension  is  taken  of  “ Dig  fill  and  ram,”  and  a 
small  quantity  of  the  same  is  afterwards  measured  as  “ Ddt.  and 
add  Dig  and  Cart.”  Moulding  on  stone  would  be  first  measured  as 
“ Moulding  ” and  followed  by  an  item  “ Ddt.  and  add  ” “ moulding 
stopped.” 

The  words  “ Extra  for  ” and  “ Extra  only  ” are  useful,  but 
require  judgment  in  their  application.  What  the  extra  is  upon 
should  clearly  appear.  It  is  obvious  that  some  item  has  been 
previously  measured  and  appears  elsewhere  in  the  bill,  or  the 
“ Extra  for  ” may  appear  “ written  short.” 


No. 


10 


Extra  for  bends  in  4"  pipes 


£ 


d. 


Shows  that  a lineal  dimension  of  4"  drain  has  been  measured, 
including  the  length  of  these  bends. 


rods. 

ft.  1 in. 

5 

to 

0 

© 

1 

supl. 

Reduced  brickwork,  extra  only  in  cement 


Shows  that  a larger  quantity  of  brickwork  appears  elsewhere 
in  mortar  in  the  bill,  and  that  this  item  represents  the  difference 
between  cement  and  mortar. 


ft. 

1850 

in. 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  facing  of 
best  red  Fareham  facing  bricks,  and 
raking  out  and  pointing  with  a neatly 
struck  bevelled  joint  in  cement 


s.  d. 


GENERAL  DIRECTIONS. 


21 


Shows  that  the  ordinary  brickwork  appears  elsewhere,  and 
that  this  item  represents  the  extra  value  for  the  better  bricks  and 
the  pointing. 

When  describing  an  article  from  a special  manufacturer,  his 
name  and  address  should  appear  in  the  item  of  the  bill,  but  the 
address  need  not  be  given  in  more  than  one  item — adopt  as  nearly 
as  possible  the  description  in  the  trade  list. 

The  loss  and  inconvenience  which  surveyors  have  sometimes 
suffered  by  injury  to  drawings  by  ink,  fire,  &c.,  have  led  many  to 
insure  them  against  such  damage.  The  practice  is  a good  one, 
and  may  preserve  the  surveyor  from  heavy  loss.  Some  surveyors 
refuse  to  prepare  quantities  from  drawings  in  pencil ; if  he  does  he 
should  retain  tracings  of  them,  or  have  them  finished  by  the  archi- 
tect’s clerk  in  his  own  office;  an  inadvertent  alteration  may  be 
important. 

The  surveyor  will  endeavour  to  measure  the  exact  quantity  of 
work  in  the  building  he  deals  with.  Perhaps  excess  in  a bill  of 
quantities  is  not  so  frequent  as  it  was  a few  years  ago,  but  it  is 
not  rare  even  now  to  see  5 per  cent,  taken  off  at  the  end  of  a bill 
by  the  estimator  for  full  quantities.  No  doubt  the  closeness  of  the 
quantities  will  vary  with  the  temperament  of  the  surveyor  (the 
personal  equation  as  it  has  been  called)  who  prepares  them,  but 
the  general  principle  now  is  to  give  the  exact  quantity  to  the  best 
of  the  surveyor’s  ability.  Mr.  Eickman  said  in  his  paper  on 
4 Building  Kisks,’  read  before  the  Surveyors’  Institution : “ Pro- 
bably it  will  be  near  the  mark  to  state  that  in  very  careful  quan- 
tities taken  from  general  drawings  only,  there  is  an  excess  of  J to  1 
per  cent,  (and  there  ought  not  to  be  more),  and  that  there  are 
various  labours  taken  which  a builder  tendering  will  consider 
either  not  imperative  or  included  in  the  general  description  of  the 
wojrk  to  the  extent  of  possibly  1 per  cent. ; these  points  are  commonly 
discounted  by  the  successful  tenderer.” 

The  following  extract  from  4 Quantities  and  Quantity  Practice,’ 
Transactions  of  Institution  of  Surveyors,  1880,  as  to  the  extent  of 
detail  in  taking  off,  may  be  recommended  to  the  student : — 

“ Ee verting  to  the  subject  of  greater  or  less  minuteness  of 
detail,  it  will  be  obvious  that  in  some  cases  it  would  be  advisable 
to  go  into  very  much  more  detail  than  in  others.  It  occasionally 
happens  that  a long  description,  illustrated  by  a sketch  in  the 


22 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


margin  of  the  bill,  will  best  help  the  builder  in  arriving  at  the 
cost  of  some  feature  or  element  in  the  work.  Sometimes,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  better  way  is  to  measure  the  work  in  considerable 
detail,  so  that,  although  its  individuality  is  lost  in  the  bill  of 
quantities,  its  components  are  added  to  those  of  others  and  priced 
with  them.  Sometimes,  again,  from  the  fact  of  only  one  object  of 
a kind  existing,  it  may,  with  advantage,  be  numbered,  as  a slight 
difference  between  actual  and  estimated  cost  is  not  increased  by 
multiplication  ; whereas,  if  there  were  several  features  of  the  same 
kind,  greater  detail  should  be  observed,  as  a trifling  error  in  the 
price  of  one  would  obviously  become  magnified.  Another  illus- 
tration of  this  principle  is  met  with  in  large  works  like  hospitals, 
workhouses,  &c.,  where  there  is  a large  amount  of  repetition  as 
regards  the  features,  such  as  many  windows  of  the  same  size  and 
kind,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  great  attention  to  minutiae  is 
necessary  where  one  window  only  is  actually  measured  and 
multiplied  many  times,  as  that  which  would  be  inappreciable  in 
the  one,  becomes  serious  in  the  many.” 

The  student  of  quantity  surveying  may  derive  advantage 
from  a familiarity  with  the  literature  of  the  subject.  With  the 
exception  of  a few  references  to  the  measurement  of  builders* 
work  in  Peter  Nicholson’s  ‘ Architectural  Dictionary,’  Reid’s 
‘Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor’  is  the  first  methodical  statement 
of  modern  methods.  It  contains  a complete  set  of  drawings  of 
a house,  specifications,  dimensions,  abstracts  and  bills,  and  although 
much  of  the  practice  there  shown  is  obsolete,  the  book  may  be  read 
with  advantage.  This  was  succeeded  by  Dobson’s  ‘ Students’  Guide 
to  Measuring  and  Valuing.’  In  Mr.  Hurst’s  ‘Architectural  Sur- 
veyor’s Handbook,’  the  section  ‘ The  Measurement  of  Builders’ 
“Work’  was  a considerable  advance  upon  the  published  informa- 
tion on  the  subject.  Since  then  Fletcher’s  ‘ Quantities  ’ and 
Leaning’s  ‘ Quantity  Surveying  ’ have  further  exemplified  the 
practice.  A list  of  modes  of  measurement  is  attached  to  the  speci- 
fication of  the  Houses  of  Parliament  {see  Donaldson’s  ‘ Handbook 
of  Specifications  ’).  In  the  published  official  schedules  of  prices  of 
H.M.  Office  of  Works,  the  War  Office,  the  London  County  Council, 
the  School  Board  for  London,  &c.,  each  trade  commences  with 
directions  for  measurement.  Several  of  the  provincial  professional 
societies  have  also  formulated  systems  of  measurement. 


23 


CHAPTER  II. 

ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 

This  order  is  referred  to  as  ( b ) at  page  12  in  Chapter  I. 

The  items  in  this  section  are  furnished  as  a general  guide, 
and  do  not  profess  to  comprise  everything  which  arises  in  the 
course  of  practice. 

The  principle  to  be  observed  in  “ taking  off”  is  the  avoidance 
of  the  loss  of  time,  liability  to  error,  and  uncertainty  as  to  the 
stage  of  the  work  arrived  at,  which  is  a consequence  of  mixing 
things  up  too  much.  The  arrangement  of  the  following  list  is 
believed  to  meet  some  of  these  objections.  The  similarity  of  its 
order  to  that  adopted  in  the  measurement  of  a building,  for  which 
it  is  well  suited,  may  possibly  be  a recommendation  to  some,  and 
it  certainly  favours  the  division  of  the  taking  off  among  a number 
of  assistants. 

In  looking  through  dimensions  some  time  after  they  have  been 
taken  off,  be  very  careful  to  make  no  alteration  without  mature 
consideration,  for  although  a dimension  may  appear  at  first  sight 
to  be  wrong,  it  will  most  frequently  prove  on  further  thought  to 
be  correct. 

Many  of  the  arrangements  suggested  in  the  following  pages 
are  applicable  only  to  a large  work,  in  a small  one  they  would 
only  produce  confusion  in  the  guise  of  order. 

It  will  generally  be  necessary  for  the  surveyor  to  visit  the  site 
of  the  proposed  work.  In  cases  of  new  buildings,  he  should 
discover  if  possible  whether  sand  or  gravel  suitable  for  the  works 
can  be  obtained  on  the  ground ; should  observe  the  access,  and  if 
exceptionally  difficult,  should  describe  it  in  the  preliminary  bill ; 
should  note  any  flues  of  adjoining  buildings  that  may  require 
raising,  any  parts  of  abutting  property  exposed  by  the  pulling 
down  of  party  walls  or  boundary  walls,  necessitating  inclosure  by 
contractor  or  special  shoring  ; should  measure  the  lengths  of 
frontage  if  paved,  and  describe  as  “ . . . feet  run.  Take  up  street 


24  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

paving  and  deposit  and  relay,  and  make  good  at  completion,  or 
pay  parish  authorities  for  so  doing.”  In  cases  of  alterations  to  old 
buildings,  see  if  temporary  floors  are  required  (sometimes  neces- 
sary when  business  is  carried  on  during  construction  of  a new 
floor) ; temporary  ceilings  or  roofs  (when  new  stories  are  con- 
structed over  occupied  premises) ; temporary  inclosures  (to  separate 
occupied  part  of  building  from  part  to  be  altered).  In  all  cases 
measure  the  quantity  and  describe.  See  what  arrangements  are 
necessary  for  temporary  supply  of  gas  or  water,  where  these  are 
interfered  with.  Note  what  work  requires  casing  and  protecting, 
as  stone  staircases,  chimneypieces,  &c. 

A visit  to  the  building  is  better  deferred  until  the  surveyor 
has  taken  off  all  the  work  which  can  be  measured  from  the 
drawings,  he  can  then  settle  all  the  points  noted,  and  will  better 
know  what  to  look  for. 

Some  surveyors,  however,  visit  the  building  first,  taking  the 
drawings  with  them,  and  making  notes  in  a measuring  book  of 
everything  which  will  be  imitated  or  repeated,  the  actual  taking 
off  being  afterwards  done  at  the  office. 

In  the  preparation  of  quantities  for  the’completion  of  buildings 
in  carcase,  particular  care  must  be  exercised  in  the  observation 
of  the  condition  of  the  work,  much  of  which  is  left  in  various 
stages  of  progress.  The  quantities  should  include  cleaning  down 
all  the  work,  both  new  and  old ; renewing  work  which  has 
possibly  already  failed  ; removal  of  hoarding,  making  good  paving 
up  to  building  frontage,  &c.  If  a hoarding  is  already  fixed,  state 
what  alteration  will  be  required  to  adapt  it  to  contractor’s  purpose. 

When  there  is  a necessity  for  application  to  the  freeholder,  dis- 
trict surveyor,  Ecclesiastical  Commission,  Education  Department, 
or  other  authority,  it  should  be  made  before  the  quantities  are 
commenced, 

CARCASE— 

Cube  of  buildiDg. 

Area  for  district  surveyor’s  fee,  if  in 

Metropolitan  area. 

Any  work  to  party-walls  complete. 

Digging  to  surface. 

Ditto  to  basement. 

Ditto  filled  in  and  rammed. 

Ditto  to  basement  trenches.  Ex- 
ternal walls.  Collect  the  lengths  a. 


Concrete  to  basement  trenches.  Ex- 
ternal walls.  Collection  a. 

Cases  will  sometimes  arise  in  which 
it  will  be  the  simplest  course  to 
measure  one  wall  at  a time,  begin- 
ning with  the  footings  and  complet- 
ing it  to  the  top. 

Footings.  External  walls.  Collection  a. 

External  walls  up  to  a certain  level 
(say  ground  tloor).  Collection  a. 


ORDER  OF  TARING  OFF. 


25 


Digging  concrete  and  brickwork  of 
projections  on  external  walls  up  to 
the  same  level. 

Measure  everything  up  to  one  level  if 
possible,  before  taking  any  work 
above  that  level,  as  to  level  of  damp- 
proof  course  or  ground  floor. 

Incidental  cuttings  are  best  taken  as 
they  occur.  Also  preparation  of  old 
walls  to  receive  new.  Cutting  and 
bonding  new  work  to  old,  &c. 

Digging  to  basement  trenches.  In- 
ternal walls.  Collection  b. 

Concrete  to  trenches.  Internal  walls. 
Collection  b. 

Footings.  Internal  walls.  Collection  b. 

Internal  walls  up  to  a certain  level 
(say  ground  floor).  Collection  b. 

Digging  concrete  and  brickwork  of 
projections  on  internal  walls  up  to 
the  same  level. 

Digging  to  surface  trenches.  External 
walls,  i.  e.  walls  where  there  is  no 
basement.  Collection  c. 

Concrete  to  surface  trenches.  Ex- 
ternal walls.  Collection  c. 

Footings.  External  walls.  Collec- 
tion c. 

Walls,  external,  up  to  a certain  level 
(say  ground  floor).  Collection  c. 

Digging  concrete  and  brickwork  of 
projections  on  external  walls  up  to 
the  same  level. 

Digging  to  surface  trenches.  Internal 
walls.  Collection  d. 

Concrete  to  surface  trenches.  Internal 
walls.  Collection  d. 

Footings.  Internal  walls.  Collection  d. 

Walls,  internal,  up  to  a certain  level 
(say  ground  floor).  Collection  d. 

Digging  concrete  and  brickwork  of 
projections  on  internal  walls  up  to 
the  same  level. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  basement. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  trenches. 
See  collections  of  walls. 

Damp-proof  course.  See  collections  of 
walls.  See  also  example  of  a collection  [ 
of  damp-proof  course. 


External  walls  from  last  level  up  to 
first  floor  level.  See  former  collections. 

Internal  walls  from  last  level  up  to 
first  floor  level.  See  former  collections. 

External  walls,  from  first  floor  level, 
floor  by  floor  to  top. 

Brick  fronts  to  dormers  and  gables. 

Internal  walls,  from  first  floor  level, 
floor  by  floor  to  top. 

Deduct  wants  as  they  occur. 

Projections  of  chimney  breasts,  one  at  a 
timey  commencing  with  concrete  and 
finishing  with  shafts. 

If  surveyor  follows  these  up  from 
the  ground,  tracing  the  flues,  he  is 
sure  to  get  the  breasts  of  the  right 
size. 

When  the  building  is  large,  writing 
will  be  saved  by  making  a sketch  on 
the  dimensions  of  the  disposition  of 
the  chimney  stacks,  and  referring  to 
them  by  letters  thus : — 


CD 

B 


TJi 


CD 

H 


PLAN 


Hoop  iron  bond.  Collect.  See  collec- 
tions of  walls. 

Brickwork  extra  only  in  cement  for  last. 

FIRES— 

Beginning  with  topmost  story.  De- 
duct brickwork  of  opening. 

All  the  openings  on  one  story  of  similar 
width  and  depth  may  be  collected. 

Add  chimney  bars.  Collect. 

Segmental  arches.  „ 

Flues,  parget,  and  core.  Collect. 

Soot  doors  and  sweeping  flues. 

Fender  walls.  Collect. 

Centering  to  trimmers.  Collect. 
Trimmer  arch  and  levelling  up  with 
concrete.  Collect. 

Skewback  cutting.  Collect. 
Feather-edged  springer.  Collect. 
Filleting  soffits  of  trimmers. 

Hearths  and  back-hearths.  Collect. 


26 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Notchings  for  chiraneypieces.  Collect. 
Curbs,  tile  hearths,  cement-floated  face 
concrete. 

Chimney-pots  or  chimney  moulds  or 
bafflers.  Collect. 

Stoves  and  setting. 

Coppers  and  setting. 

Copper-lids. 

Chimneypieces. 

If  a provision  for  stoves  and 
chimneypieces,  make  a collection  as 
shown  in  examples  of  collections. 
Fixing  only  chimneypieces. 

If  setting  stoves  is  not  in  provision 
take  particulars  of  materials  for  setting 
only. 

INTERNAL  OPENINGS— 

To  be  referred  to  when  taking  off  the 
joinery. 

Beginning  with  topmost  story. 

Deduct  brickwork.  Collect  or  average 
the  openings  where  possible. 

Add  lintel.  Collect. 

Relieving  arch  (or  segmental  arch  and 
centering  where  no  lintel). 

Wood  bricks,  pads,  or  fixing  blocks. 
Steps  or  thresholds  (if  any).  Collect 
the  various  widths. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned  or  jointed. 

Frame  bed  and  point  (if  auy). 

Iron  dowels  and  mortises. 

ARCHWAYS  AND 
RECESSES— 

Deduct  brickwork. 

Centering. 

Arch. 

FACINGS—  Collect. 

Facings  to  chimney-stacks,  taking 
stone  dressings,  if  any,  at  same  time, 
also  extra  projecting  brickwork, 
and  extra  only  in  cement. 

Gable  copings  (stone  or  brick),  finials, 
kneelers,  bonders. 

General  facings.  Collect  the  lengths. 
Strings  and  brick  cornices,  and  extra 
brickwork  for  their  projection, 
quoins,  plinths,  tablets,  niches. 


Excavation,  brickwork,  and  facing  for 
extra  thickness  of  walls  to  form 
plinths,  &c. 

Ashlar  facing  and  general  stonework, 
or  external  cement  work,  except  to 
openings. 

Terra-cotta,  if  any,  except  to  openings 
of  doors  and  windows, 

EXTERNAL  OPENINGS— 

Beginning  with  topmost  story  and 
floor  by  floor. 

Deduct  brickwork. 

Deduct  facings. 

Add  jambs,  stone  or  brick,  mullions, 
transoms,  lintels,  centering,  strutting. 

Arches,  cutting  to  facings,  rough 
cutting.  The  openings  may  often  be 
averaged. 

Sill,  fair  ends,  window  sills  made  up 
and  pointed. 

Lintel.  Collect. 

Relieving  arch. 

Frame  bedded  and  pointed  or  screeded. 

Wood  bricks  or  pads. 

Iron  dowels  and  mortises. 

Stone  steps,  including  brickwork  sup- 
porting them,  and  the  landings  and 
railings  to  external  flights  taken  with 
the  doorways  to  which  they  lead. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Areas  complete  in  all  trades,  with  the 
basement  windows.  Collect  the  walls 
of  areas  where  possible. 

Pavings— 

Beginning  with  basement. 

Hard  dry  rubbish. 

Concrete. 

Cement-floated  face. 

Pavings  of  all  kinds. 

Iron  joists  connected  with  vaulting. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Templates. 

Centering  and  horsing  to  vaulting. 

Vaulting. 

Cutting. 

Raking  out  and  pointing  to  soffits. 

Stone  staircases  complete  in  all  trades. 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


27 


Ground  Floors — 

Brickwork  of  oversailing  to  receive 
plates.  Collect. 

Excavation  for  sleeper  walls.  Collec- 
tion e. 

Concrete  for  sleeper  walls.  Collec- 

tion e. 

Footings  for  sleeper  walls.  Collec- 

tion e. 

Remaining  brickwork  for  sleeper  walls. 
Collection  e. 

Extra  thickness  of  walls  to  receive 
plates. 

Excavation,  footings,  remaining  brick- 
work. Collection  /. 

Damp-proof  course. 

Plates.  Collection  f. 

Joists.  Collect. 

Concrete  under  wooden  floors. 

Air  bricks  and  openings  through 
walls. 

Upper  Floors — 

Templates,  felt  or  lead  pads,  girders, 
wood  or  iron. 

Brick  piers,  bases,  and  iron  columns. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Flitches. 

Tension  rods,  &c. 

Bolts. 

Joists.  Collect. 

Trimmers.  Collect. 

Deductions  of  joists  for  voids. 

Strutting.  Collect. 

Sound-boarding  and  pugging. 

Deductions  of  ditto. 

Partiti6ns — 

Floor  by  floor,  beginning  with  top- 
most story. 

Heads  and  sills.  Collect. 

Interties.  Collect. 

Posts.  „ 

Quarters.  „ 

Braces.  „ 

Bridging-pieces.  Collect. 

Ironwork  in  straps  and  bolts. 


Partitions  trussed,  same  order  as  last. 
Brick-nogged  partitions.  Collect. 
Deduct  openings. 

Heads  and  sills.  Collect. 

Quarters. 

Nogging-pieces. 

ROOFS— 

Templates. 

Felt  or  lead  pads. 

Ends  of  timbers  cut  and  pinned. 
Trusses.  Tie  beams. 

Principal  rafters. 

King  or  Queen  posts. 

Struts. 

Collars. 

Circular  ribs. 

Wrought  face. 

Ironwork  and  fixing. 

Straps. 

Bolts. 

Gibs  and  keys. 

King  or  Queen  heads. 

Hoisting  and  fixing  roof  trusses. 
Templates. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Purlins.  Collect. 

Cleats. 

Scarfings  and  bolts. 

Plates.  Collect. 

Ridges.  „ 

Scarfings. 

Tile  or  slate  ridges. 

Ends  fitted. 

Ends  splayed  and  fitted. 

Rough  chamfer  on  fir. 

Ridge  rolls.  Collect. 

Lead  to  ridges. 

Hips.  Collect. 

Hip  rolls.  „ 

Rough  chamfer  on  fir.  Collect. 

Lead  to  hips. 

Bossed  ends  to  rolls. 

Cutting  to  slating  or  tiling. 

Cutting  to  boarding  or  battens. 
Bossing  intersections  of  ridges  and 
hips. 

Hip  tiles. 


28 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Close  cut  and  mitred  hip. 

Valleys.  Collect. 

Valley  boards.  Collection  j. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Valley  fillets. 

Cutting  to  boarding. 

Cutting  to  slating  or  tiling. 

Lead  to  ditto. 

Valley  tiles. 

Dragon  pieces  and  bolts. 

Rafters.  Collect . 

Sprockets.  „ 

Cut  and  shaped  and  wrought  ends  to 
rafters. 

Eaves  boards.  Collect. 

Eaves  fillet.  „ 

Slating  or  tiling  for  eaves. 

Tilting  fillet.  Collect. 

Battens  or  boarding  and  felt. 

Slating  or  tiling. 

Gutter  boards  and  bearers. 

Rebated  drips. 

Short  lengths  of  roll. 

Lead  to  gutters. 

Cesspools.  Collect. 

Lead  to  ditto. 

Extra  labour  and  solder  to  cesspools. 
Socket  pipes  from  ditto. 

Perforations  in  brickwork  for  ditto. 
Copper  wire  or  galvanised  iron  covers 
to  cesspools. 

Flashings  to  gutters.  Collection  g. 
Raking  out,  wedging,  and  pointing. 
Collection  g. 


GENERAL  FLASHINGS  to 

main  roofs — 

Flashings. 

Stepped  flashings. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Raking  out  and  pointing. 

Fillets  to  secret  gutters.  Collection  h. 
Lead  to  ditto.  Collection  h. 

Extra  labour  to  secret  gutters. 
Flashings  to  ditto.  Collection  h. 
Raking  out,  wedging,  and  pointing. 
Collection  h. 


CHEEKS— 

Boarding  and  quarters  and  lead. 
Soldered  dots. 

Flashings. 

Copper  nailing. 

Vertical  tiling. 

Soakers. 

CHIMNEYS— 

Deduct  tiling  or  slating,  and  boarding  of 
battens,  and  felt. 

Add  for  cuttings  td  ditto. 

Chimney  gutters.  Collection  l. 

Short  lengths  of  roll. 

Gusset  pieces. 

Flashing  boards.  Collection  l. 

Tilting  fillets.  „ 

Lead  to  gutters,  cover  flashings,  aprons, 
stepped  flashings.  Collect. 

Bossed  ends  to  rolls. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and  point,  flashings. 
Collect. 

DORMERS  WITH  BRICK 
FRONTS— 

All  trades  except  finishings  and  the 
brickwork,  which  last  is  measured 
with  general  brickwork. 

Deduct  slating  or  tiling,  and  boarding 
or  battens,  and  felt. 

Deduct  rafters. 

Plates.  Collect. 

Valleys  or  footing-pieces,  valley  boards, 
valley  fillets.  Collect. 

Lead  to  valleys  or  valley  tiles,  cutting 
to  boarding  or  battens  and  to  tiling. 
Trimmers. 

Add  ridge.  Collection  m. 

Ridge  roll.  „ 

Chamfer  on  fir.  Collection  m. 

Lead  to  roll.  „ 

Bossed  ends  to  ditto. 

Tile  ridges 

Ends  splayed  and  fitted. 

I Lead  soakers. 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


29 


Rafters.  Collect. 

Eaves  board.  „ 

Tilting  fillet.  „ 

Tiling  or  slating  for  eaves. 

Sprockets.  Collect. 

Cut  and  wrought  ends  to  rafters. 

Tiling  or  slating. 

Boarding  and  backings  to  cheeks. 
Cutting  to  boarding.  Collect. 

Lead  or  other  covering  to  cheeks. 
Copper  nailing.  Collect. 

Brass  screws  and  soldered  dots  and 
sinkings  in  boarding. 

Flashings.  Collection  n. 

Raking  out,  wedging,  and  pointing 
ditto.  Collection  n. 

CEILING  JOISTS— 

Plates.  Collect. 

Ceiling  joists.  „ 

Stretchers.  „ 

Hangers.  „ 

Ways  in  roofs.  „ 

Traps  in  ceilings  complete. 

Ladders. 

EXTERNAL  TRAPS— 

Deduct  rafters,  slating  or  tiling,  battens 
or  boarding,  felt. 

Add  slating  or  tiling  for  cuttings. 
Trimmers. 

Boarding  or  battens  for  ditto. 

Trap  and  rims. 

Lead  covering. 

Copper  nailing,  Collect. 

Bossed  angles. 

Fastenings. 

Curb,  and  labour  on  same. 

Lead  covering  to  curb. 

Copper  nailing.  Collect. 

Flashing  boards.  „ 

Tilting  fillets.  „ 

Gutter  board  and  bearers. 

Lead  to  gutter. 

Deduct  plastering. 

Add  plaster  quirk.  Collect. 


LANTERN  LIGHTS,  &c.- 

These  vary  greatly  in  detail,  but  gene- 
rally as  to  traps  and  dormers. 

Snow  boards.  Collect. 

“ Cat  ” or  roof  ladders. 

EAVES  GUTTERS  AND 
RAIN-WATER  PIPES— 


Fascias. 

Eaves  gutters.  Collect. 

Stopped  ends. 

11 

Angles. 

91 

Outlets. 

91 

Covers  to  outlets. 

91 

Rain-water  pipes. 

11 

Swan  necks. 

11 

Heads. 

11 

Covers  to  heads 

11 

Shoes. 

11 

Tee  pieces. 

11 

Bends. 

11 

Plinth  bends. 

11 

Loose  bands. 
Holder  bats. 
Cuttings  to  brick 

or  stone  strings. 

Collect. 

Connections  with  drain.  Collect. 

WATER  SUPPLY— 

Well. 

Bearers  to  cisterns,  iron  or  wood. 
Templates. 

Ends  cut  and  pin. 

Cisterns  of  iron. 

Cisterns  of  wood. 

Lead  lining. 

Soldered  angle.  Collect. 

Copper  nailing.  „ 

Standing  waste.  „ 

Brass  washer  and  waste,  and  fly  nut. 
Lead  under  waste. 

Boiler  screw  and  overflow. 

Perforations  in  brick  or  tile. 

Cistern  covers. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  for  each  cistern. 


30 


QC/AJVT/TY  SURVEYING. 


Perforations  in  brickwork  for  pipe. 
Chase  for  pipe,  pipe  casing,  plaster 
quirk.  Collect. 

SINKS— 

Stone,  stoneware  or  porcelain. 

Bearers. 

Perforations  for  traps. 

Cutting  and  pinning  sink  to  brickwork. 
Trap. 

Waste. 

Perforations  in  brickwork  for  pipes, 
Joiner  attend  plumber  to  sink. 

Wall  tiling  or  cement  around  sink. 

WOODEN  SINKS— 

Bearers. 

Ends  cut  and  pin. 

Woodwork  of  sink. 

Lead  lining. 

Soldered  angle.  Collect. 

Copper  nailing.  „ 

Wooden  capping. 

Brass  grate  and  plug,  and  rim  and 
soldering. 

Lead  waste. 

Lead  cones. 

Lead  trap  and  cap  and  screw. 

Chase.  Collect. 

Pipe  casing.  Collect. 

Plaster  quirk.  ,, 

Perforations  in  brickwork  and  making 
good. 

Deal  top,  if  any. 

Perforation  for  sink. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  sink. 
Enclosure  of  space  beneath,  complete. 
Draining  boards. 

Covering  with  lead. 

Copper  nailing.  Collect. 

LAVATORIES— 

Apparatus  and  valves  complete,  rough 
deal  tops  and  bearers. 

Perforation  for  basin. 

Slate  or  marble  top,  and  perforation. 
Rounded  or  moulded  edge.  Collect. 


Skirting  and  angles.  Collect. 

Basin  and  washer,  plug  and  chain. 
Waste. 

Trap. 

Connection  with  drain. 

Overflow  pipe  and  joints. 

Chase.  Collect. 

Pipe  casing.  Collect. 

Perforation  in  brickwork  for  pipe. 
Enclosure  of  space  beneath,  complete. 
Shelves  and  bearers. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  lavatory. 

BATHS— 

Deal  cradle  for  bath. 

Bath  and  valves. 

Waste  and  joints. 

Connection  with  another  pipe,  or  as 
the  case  may  be. 

Perforations  for  pipes. 

Pipe  for  overflow  and  joints. 

Lead  safe. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  safe. 

Lengths,  bossed  angle. 

Pipe  for  waste  from  safe  and  joints. 
Dribble  pipe  or  weighted  copper  flap 
and  soldering. 

Wooden  top. 

Rounded  or  moulded  edge.  Collect. 
Deduct  perforation  for  bath. 

Perforation  in  bath  top. 

Add  rounded  or  moulded  edge. 
Enclosure  to  front  and  ends.  Collect. 
Extra  for  door. 

Fastenings. 

Skirting  and  mitres  to  top.  Collect. 
Joiner  attend  plumber  to  bath. 

WATER-CLOSETS- 

Apparatus. 

Anti-D  trap. 

Soil  pipe,  including  joints. 

Bends. 

Extra  joints. 

Cap  or  hood  and  straps  to  vertical  pipe. 
Connection  with  drain. 

Perforations  for  pipes. 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


3i 


Ventilating  pipe  and  joints. 

Perforations  in  slating  or  tiling. 

Lead  slate. 

Set  of  flashings. 

Lead  safe. 

Bossed  angles. 

Dribble  pipe,  if  any. 

Waste  from,  safe  and  joints  and  copper 
flap. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  safe. 

Seat  and  riser  and  bearers  and  flap  and 
frame. 

Butts. 

Hole,  cut  and  dished  for  pan. 

Ditto  cut  and  beaded  for  handle. 

Extra  for  seat  and  riser  to  remove 
easily. 

Grounds. 

Skirting  and  mitres  and  cut  or  mitred 
ends,  or  back  and  elbows.  Collect. 
Waste  preventer  and  its  appurtenances. 
Flushing  pipe. 

Overflow  pipe. 

Hole  in  wall. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  w.c. 

Paper  boxes. 

Candle  brackets. 

Pot  cupboards. 

SUPPLY  PIPES— 

Cistern  connector  with  union  and  fly 
nut  and  joint  to  supply. 

Lead  pipe  to  each  draw-off  w.c., 
apparatus,  sink,  &c.  Collect. 

In  measuring  supply  pipes  from 
cisterns,  take  the  longest  length  first 
and  then  its  branches. 

Branch  joints  as  they  occur. 
Perforations  in  brickwork  as  they 
occur. 

Cocks  as  they  occur. 

Chase.  Collect. 

Pipe  casing.  Collect. 

Plaster  quirk.  „ 

Connection  with  main,  paying  fees,  and 
making  good  roads  and  footways. 
Lead  pipe  to  supply  the  cisterns. 
Collect . 


Trench  for  pipe.  Collect. 

Ball  valve. 

Perforations  in  brickwork  for  pipe. 
Chase.  Collect. 

Pipe  casing.  Collect. 

Plaster  quirk.  „ 

Stop-cock  in  each  case,  with  the  supply 
in  which  it  occurs. 

Chamber  for  stop-cock,  if  outside  of 
building. 

Water  meter. 

Brick  chamber  and  cover. 

Pump. 

Lead  suction  pipe  and  joints,  &c. 
Rising  main.  Collect. 

Warning  pipe. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  pump. 

HOT  WATER  SUPPLY— 

Hot  water  cistern  or  cylinder  and 
bearers. 

Pipes.  Collect. 

Cocks. 

Perforations  in  brickwork  for  pipes. 
Chases.  Collect. 

Pipe  casing.  Collect. 

Plaster  quirk.  „ 

Safety  valve  attendance. 

DRAINS— 

Cesspools,  rain-water  tanks,  gullies, 
grease-traps,  dumb  wells. 

Inspection  pits  complete. 

When  there  are  several  inspection 
pits  or  turning  chambers  they  may  be 
distinguished  by  letters  A,  B,  C,  &c. 
Drain  pipes,  with  their  various  depths 
of  digging,  bends,  junctions,  di- 
minishing-pieces,  syphon-traps.  Col- 
lect. 

Connection  with  sewer  and  pay  fees. 

FINISHINGS— 

Floor  by  floor,  beginning  with  topmost 
floor. 


32 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


FLOORS- 

Flooring. 

„ for  cuttings.  Collect. 
Flooring  in  small  quantities  and 
bearers.  Collect. 

Steps  complete  from  one  level  to 
another. 

Skirtings.  Collect. 

Mitres.  „ 

Irregular  ditto.  Collect. 

Fitted  ends.  „ 

Housings.  „ 

Cement  skirtings.  „ 

Mitres.  „ 

Stopped  ends.  „ 

Returned  mitred  ends.  Collect . 

Cement  or  wooden  dados,  and  cappings. 

DORMERS— 

Dormers  complete  when  there  is  no 
brickwork  to  them,wifh  the  windows 
of  topmost  floor. 

WINDOWS — 

May  often  be  averaged. 

Refer  to  the  dimensions  for  the 
deductions  of  the  openings.  The 
surveyor  will  thus  ensure  the  correct 
dimensions,  and  will  be  less  likely  to 
forget  any  of  them. 

Deduct  plastering  and  paper. 

Add  sashes  and  frames. 

Moulded  horns. 

Iron  tongue  and  white  lead  and 
groove  in  oak,  and  groove  in  stone. 
Collect. 

Sash  fastening. 

Lifts. 

Top  fastenings,  or  eye  and  plate. 
Linings.  Collect. 

Window-boards  and  bearers.  Collect. 
Notched,  returned,  and  mitred  ends. 
Collect. 

Window-nosing.  Collect. 

Returned  and  mitred  ends.  Collect. 
Window  backs. 


Canvassing  and  painting  backs  of 
ditto. 

Rendering  in  cement  behind  ditto. 
Long  notchings  of  linings  over  ditto. 
Beaded  capping. 

Grounds. 

Architraves  and  their  bases.  Collect. 
Plinth  to  window  back. 

Housings  to  ditto. 

Glass. 

Painting  to  frame  and  squares. 
Shutters  and  boxings. 


DOORS— 

May  often  be  averaged. 

Refer  to  dimensions  of  deduction  of 
brickwork. 

Deduct  plastering  and  paper. 

Add  door. 

Butts  or  hinges. 

Lock. 

Fastenings. 

Finger  plates. 

Linings.  Collect. 

Grounds.  „ 

Dovetailed  backings,  if  any. 
Architraves  and  bases.  Collect. 


CASEMENTS— 

May  often  be  averaged. 

Deduct  plastering  and  paper. 

Add  frame. 

Transome. 

Casements. 

Fastenings,  water-bar. 

Linings.  Collect. 

Grounds.  „ 

Architraves  and  bases.  Collect. 

Glass. 

Painting  to  frame  and  squares. 

FITTINGS— 

Not  included  with  water  supply,  as 
cupboards,  shelves,  dressers,  &c. 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


33 


STAIRCASES— 

. Treads  and  risers. 

Winders. 

Housings. 

Moulded,  returned,  and  mitred  ends  to 
steps. 

Cut  brackets. 

Curtail  ends  and  veneered  fronts  to 
risers. 

Bull-nosed  or  quadrant  ends. 

Ends  notched  and  fitted  to  newels. 
Wall  string,  ramps,  wreaihs,  mitres. 
Collect. 

Outer  string,  ditto.  Collect. 

Landings  and  bearers. 

Nosings. 

Apron  linings.  Collect. 

Newels,  wood  and  iron. 

Turnings  to  newels. 

Balusters,  wood  and  iron.  Collect. 

Iron  stays. 

Hand  rail  and  core  rail.  Collect. 
Scrolls  to  both.  Collect. 

Ramp  to  both.  „ 

Wreaths  „ „ 

Handrail  brackets. 

Plastering  to  soffits  and  whitening. 
Collect. 

Ditto  ditto  flueing.  Collect. 

Quirks. 

Spandril  framings. 

Doors  and  ironmongery  in  ditto. 

PLASTERING  AND 

PAPER — Taken  together. 

First,  all  the  apartments  and  next  the 
passages,  floor  by  floor. 

Ceilings  and  whitening. 

Cornices  and  bracketing.  Collect. 
Mitres.  Collect. 


i Irregular  ditto.  Collect. 

Enrichments.  „ 

Returned  and  mitred  ends.  Collect. 
Centre  flowers.  Collect. 

Partitions.  Collect. 

Walls.  Collect. 

Cement  angles. 

Archways  and  recesses. 

Deduct  plastering. 

Add  plastering  to  reveals. 

There  is  seldom  much  advantage  in 
collecting  the  plastering  of  walls  of 
attics ; the  variety  of  heights  is  often 
so  great  that  it  is  better  to  measure 
these  one  room  at  a time. 

GASFITTER — 

Pipes.  Collect. 

Syphon. 

Meter. 

Shelf  or  enclosure  for  meter. 

Short  length  of  pipe  and  connections. 
Main  cock. 

Pay  fees  and  make  good  footway. 
Perforations  in  brickwork,  as  they  occur 
in  measuring  pipes. 

Attendance. 

BELLHANGER— 

Bells. 

Pulls. 

Bell-boards. 

Attendance. 

Electric  bells  usually  a provision. 

PAINTING- 

VENTILATION— 

In  all  trades. 


The  order  of  taking  off,  referred  to  as  (c)  in  the  introduction,  is 
not  quite  so  favourable  to  the  division  of  the  work  between  a 
number  of  assistants  as  (6),  but  it  has  advantages,  inasmuch  as  it 
deals  with  various  parts  of  the  work  completely,  so  that  no  return 
to  them  is  required.  Its  advantage  in  the  case  of  variations  is 
considerable,  as  in  the  event  of  the  omission  of  a window  or  a 

n 


34 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


door,  a continuous  series  of  dimensions  can  be  entirely  omitted. 
Moreover  a particular  group  of  dimensions  is  completely  con- 
sidered and  finished  at  one  time.  These  are  its  chief  points  of 
contrast  to  (6). 

The  suggested  preliminary  works  cannot  be  more  advantage- 
ously dealt  with  than  as  suggested  in  the  previous  section  of  this 
Chapter.  The  differences  will  be  readily  seen  by  comparing  the 
two  lists. 


Area  for  district  surveyor’s  fees,  if  in 
Metropolitan  area. 

Work  to  party-walls  complete. 

Digging  to  surface. 

Ditto  to  basement. 

Ditto  filled  in  and  rammed. 

Digging  to  trenches  of  external  walls, 
basement. 

Concrete  to  ditto. 

Footings  of  ditto. 

Walls  of  ditto  up  to  a certain  level,  as 
ground  floor,  or  top  of  plinth  or 
damp-proof  course. 

Digging  concrete  footings  and  brick- 
work of  projections  on  these  walls 
up  to  the  same  level  as  last. 

All  the  cuttings  on  this  section  of  the 
work. 

Digging  and  concrete  to  trenches  of 
internal  walls  of  basement,  footings 
of  ditto. 

Brickwork  up  to  the  same  level  as 
before. 

Digging  concrete  footings  and  brick- 
work of  projections  on  these  walls  up 
to  same  level  as  before. 

All  the  cuttings  on  last. 

Digging  and  concrete  to  surface 
trenches  (i.  e.  walls  where  there  is  no 
basement),  external  walls. 

Footings  and  brickwork  up  to  the  same 
level  as  before. 

Digging,  concrete,  footings  and  brick- 
work up  to  same  level,  of  all  pro- 
jections on  these  walls. 

All  the  cuttings  on  these  walls. 

Digging  and  concrete  to  surface 
trenches,  internal  walls. 


Footings  and  brickwork  up  to  same 
level  as  before. 

Digging  concrete  footings  and  brick- 
work up  to  same  level,  of  all  pro- 
jections on  these  walls. 

All  the  cuttings  on  these  walls. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  basement. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  the  foregoing 
trenches. 

Damp-proof  course. 

External  walls  from  last  level  up  as 
far  as  they  continue  of  one  thickness, 
projections  on  these  walls. 

Internal  walls  from  first  level  up  to 
same  level  as  the  external  walls. 

Projections  on  these  walls. 

All  the  cuttings  on  these  walls. 

External  walls  from  last  level  to  base 
of  gables,  or  up  to  roof  plate,  or  as 
far  as  they  continue  of  one  thick- 
ness. 

Gables  of  external  walls. 

Projections  on  these  walls. 

Internal  walls  from  last  level  to  base 
of  gables,  or  up  to  roof  plate,  or  as 
far  as  they  continue  of  one  thick- 
ness. 

Gables  of  internal  walls. 

Projections  on  these  walls. 

All  the  cuttings  on  these  walls. 

Projections  of  chimney  breasts  one  at  a 
time,  commencing  with  concrete  and 
finishing  with  the  shafts. 

Hoop-iron  bond. 

Brickwork  extra  only  in  cement,  take 
as  it  occurs  in  the  foregoing  stages. 


ORDER  OF  TAR/JVG  OFF. 


35 


FIRES— 

Deduct  brickwork  of  opening. 
Chimney-bars. 

Segmental  arches. 

Flues,  parget  and  core. 

Chimney  pots. 

Centering  to  trimmers. 

Trimmer  arches. 

Skewback  cutting. 

Feather-edged  springers. 

Filleting  soffits  of  trimmers. 

Fender  walls. 

Hearths  and  back-hearths. 

Curbs. 

Notchings  of  hearths. 

Stoves  and  setting. 

Coppers  and  setting. 

Copper  lids. 

Chimneypieces. 

Painting  to  chimneypieces. 

Blacking  stoves. 

INTERNAL  DOORS— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Deduct  brickwork. 

Lintel. 

Relieving  arch,  or  segmental  arch,  and 
centering. 

Wood  bricks  or  fixing  blocks. 

Frame  bed  and  point. 

Flooring  in  the  opening  or  threshold, 
or  step. 

Ends  of  steps,  cut  and  pin  or  joint. 
Door. 

Ironmongery. 

Linings  or  frame. 

Iron  dow.els. 

Architraves  and  grounds. 

Cement  or  plaster  reveals. 

Deduct  plastering. 

Painting. 

EXTERNAL  DOORS— 

In  the  same  order. 

Stone  steps,  landings,  railings,  &c., 
with  the  doorways. 


WINDOWS— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Deduct  brickwork. 

Deduct  facing. 

Centering  to  external  arches. 

Arches  or  stone  lintels,  and  deduct 
brickwork. 

Cutting  to  facing. 

Facing  to  reveals  or  stone  dressings,  and 
deduct  brickwork. 

Sills. 

Fair  ends. 

Make  good  facings  to  window  sills. 
Lintel. 

Relieving  arch. 

Wood  bricks. 

Frames,  bed  and  point. 

Window  frames  and  sashes. 

Iron  tongue  and  grooves  in  oak  and 
stone. 

Moulded  horns. 

Extra  labours  on  sash  or  frame. 
Ironmongery. 

Glass. 

Window-boards. 

Notched,  returned,  and  mitred  ends. 
Linings. 

Architraves  and  grounds. 

Deduct  plastering. 

Plaster  or  cement  reveals. 

Rough  chamfer  on  brickwork. 
Painting. 

ARCHWAYS  AND 
RECESSES— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Deduct  brickwork 
Centering. 

Arch. 

Plastering  and  mouldings  to  reveals 
and  angles. 

Deduct  plastering. 

PAVINGS— 

Hard  dry  rubbish. 

Concrete. 

D 2 


36 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Cement-floated  face. 

Pavings. 

Iron  joists  for  vaulting  or  concrete 
floors,  painting  on  iron. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Templates. 

Iron  columns,  commencing  with  the 
digging,  concrete  brickwork  and 
stone  base,  and  painting. 

Centering. 

Vaulting  or  concrete. 

Cutting  on  brickwork. 

Raking  out  and  pointing  soffits. 

STONE  STAIRCASES— 

Complete  in  all  trades,  including 
painting. 

GROUND  FLOORS— 

Oversaving  to  receive  plates. 

Sleeper  walls. 

Concrete  under  floors. 

Plates. 

Joists. 

Air  bricks  and  painting. 

Floor  boarding. 

Deductions  of  ditto. 

UPPER  FLOORS— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Digging,  concrete. 

Brick  piers,  stone  bases  and  iron 
columns,  supporting  floors,  and 
painting. 

Templates,  felt  or  lead  pads. 

Girders,  wood  or  iron,  and  painting. 
Flitches  and  bolts  and  painting. 
Tension  rods  and  painting. 

Joists. 

Trimmers. 

Strutting. 

Sound-boarding  and  pugging. 
Deductions  of  ditto. 

Floor  boarding. 

Deductions  of  ditto. 

Steps  at  change  of  level  of  floors. 


PARTITIONS— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Heads  and  sills. 

Interties. 

Posts. 

Quarters. 

Braces. 

Bridging-pieces. 

Ironwork  and  painting. 

TRUSSED  PARTITIONS— 

Similar  order  to  last. 

BRICK-NOGGED 

PARTITIONS— 

The  brickwork. 

Deduct  openings. 

Heads  and  sills. 

Posts. 

Quarters. 

Nogging  pieces. 

ROOFS— 

Templates. 

Felt  or  lead  pads. 

Ends  timber  cut  and  pinned. 

TRUSSES— 

Tie  beams. 

Principal  rafters. 

King  or  Queen  posts. 

Struts. 

Collars. 

Circular  ribs. 

Wrought  face  and  painting,  staining  or 
varnishing. 

Ironwork  and  painting. 

Hoisting  and  fixing  roof  trusses. 
Templates. 

Ends  cut  and  pinned. 

Purlins. 

Wrought  face  and  painting,  staining 
or  varnishing. 

Cleats. 

Scarfings  and  bolts  and  painting. 
Plates. 

Ridges. 


/ 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


37 


Wrought  face  and  painting,  staining 
or  varnishing. 

Searfings  and  bolts  and  painting. 

Tile  or  slate  ridges. 

Ends  fitted. 

Ends  splayed  and  fitted. 

Rough  chamfer  on  fir. 

Ridge  roll. 

Lead. 

Hips. 

Rough  chamfer. 

Roll. 

Lead. 

Bossed  ends  to  rolls. 

Bossed  intersections  of  ridge  and  hip. 
Hip  tiles  or  soakers. 

Cutting  to  tiling  or  slating. 

Cutting  to  boarding  or  battens. 

VALLEYS— 

Timber. 

Cutting  to  slating  or  tiling. 

Cutting  to  boarding  or  battens. 

Valley  boarding. 

Valley  fillets. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Valley  tiles. 

Lead. 

RAFTERS,  BOARDING  AND 
SLATING.— 

Sprockets. 

Cut  ends  to  rafters. 

Slating  or  tiling. 

Batteqs,  boarding,  felt. 

Extra  slating  or  tiling  for  eaves. 

Eaves  fillet  or  eaves  board. 

GUTTERS— 

Gutter  boards  and  bearers. 

Drips. 

Rolls. 

Gussets. 

Lead. 

Cesspools. 

Lead. 

Extra  labour  and  solder. 

Wire  or  other  covers. 

Socket  pipes. 


Holes  for  ditto. 

Flashings  to  gutters. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and  point. 

GENERAL  FLASHINGS  TO 
MAIN  ROOF— 

Tilting  fillets. 

Flashings. 

Stepped  flashings. 

Raking  out  and  pointing. 

Soakers. 

Fillets  to  secret  gutters. 

Lead  to  ditto. 

Extra  labour  to  secret  gutters. 
Flashings  to  ditto. 

Raking  out,  wedging  and  pointing. 

CHEEKS— 

Boarding  and  quarters. 

Lead. 

Copper  nailing. 

Soldered  dots. 

Flashings. 

Vertical  tiling. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Soakers. 

CHIMNEYS— 

Deduct  tiling,  slating,  boarding,  battens, 
felt. 

Cuttings  to  ditto. 

Gutters. 

Hips. 

Rolls. 

Gussets. 

Lead. 

Bossed  ends  to  rolls. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Flashings. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and  point. 

LEAD  APRONS— 

Lead. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and  point. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Stepped  flashings. 

Soakers. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and  point. 


38  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


DORMERS  WITH  BRICK 
FRONTS— 

Deduct  slating,  tiling,  rafters,  boarding, 
battens,  felt. 

Trimmers. 

Plates. 

Valleys  or  footing  pieces. 

Cutting  to  boarding,  battens,  and  tiling 
or  slating. 

Valley  boards,  valley  fillets,  tilting 
fillets. 

Lead  or  valley  tiles. 

Wooden  ridge. 

Roll. 

Rough  chamfers  on  fir. 

Lead  to  roll. 

Or  tile  ridge. 

Ends  splayed  and  fitted, and  leadeoaker. 
Rafters. 

Cut  ends  or  sprockets. 

Boarding  or  slating  and  tiling  or 
battens. 

Extra  tiling  or  slating  for  eaves. 

Eaves  board. 

Eaves  fillet. 

Boarding  and  backing  to  cheeks. 
Cutting  to  ditto. 

Tiling  or  slating. 

Cutting  to  ditto. 

Lead  to  cheeks. 

Copper  nailing. 

Soldered  dots. 

Flashings. 

Stepped  ditto. 

Rake  out,  wedge,  and  point. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Ceiling  joists. 

Sill. 

Frame. 

Casements. 

Ironmongery. 

Glass. 

Lead  apron. 

Linings. 

Architrave  and  grounds. 

Window  board. 

Plastering  of  ceiling  and  cheeks. 
Deduction  of  plastering. 

Painting. 


CEILING  JOISTS— 

Plates. 

Stretchers. 

Hangers. 

Joists. 


MISCELLANEOUS 

ADJUNCTS  OF  ROOF— 

Ways  in  roof. 

Traps  in  ceilings,  and  ironmongery  and 
painting. 

Ladders  and  painting. 

Snow-boards  and  painting. 

Cat  ladders  and  painting. 


EXTERNAL  TRAPS— 

Deduct  rafters,  slating  or  tiling,  battens, 
boarding,  felt. 

Trimmers. 

Slating  or  tiling  for  cutting. 

Boarding  or  battens  for  cutting. 

Trap  and  rims. 

Lead  covering. 

Copper  nailing. 

Bossed  angles. 

Ironmongery. 

Curb  and  labours  on  it. 

Lead  covering  to  curb. 

Copper  nailing. 

Flashing  boards  or  tilting  fillets. 
Gutter  board  and  bearers. 

Lead. 

Internal  lining. 

Deduct  plastering. 

Plaster  quirk. 

Painting. 

LANTERN  LIGHTS, 

FLECHES,  DORMERS— 

Take  complete  in  all  trades,  including 
painting. 


ORDER  OF  TARING  OFF. 


39 


EAVES  GUTTERS  AND 
RAIN-WATER  PIPES— 

Fasciae. 

Painting  of  ditto. 

Eaves  gutters. 

Stopped  ends. 

Outlets  and  wire  covers. 

Painting  ditto. 

Rain-water  pipes. 

Swan  necks. 

Heads  and  wire  covers. 

Shoes. 

Tee  pieces. 

Bends. 

Plinth  bends. 

Loose  bands. 

Holderbats. 

Painting. 

Cuttings  to  brick  or  stone  strings. 
Connections  with  drain. 

WATER  SUPPLY— 

Well. 

Well  cover  and  painting. 

Bearers  of  iron  or  wood  for  cistern  and 
painting. 

Templates. 

Ends  cut  and  pin. 

Cisterns  of  iron. 

Cisterns  of  wood. 

Lead  lining. 

Soldered  angle. 

Copper  nailing. 

Standing  waste  or  apparatus  for 
emptying. 

Brass  washer  and  waste  with  fly  nut 
and  union. 

Lead  under  waste. 

Boiler  screw  and  overflow. 

Hole  in  brickwork. 

Ditto  in  tile  or  slate  and  lead  tile  or 
slate. 

Cistern  covers  and  painting. 

Holes  in  brickwork  for  pipe. 

Chase  for  pipe,  pipe  casing,  and  paint- 
ing plaster  quirk. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  cistern. 


SINKS— 

Stone,  stoneware,  or  porcelain. 
Bearers,  wood  or  brick. 

Holes  for  gratings. 

Brass  grate. 

Trap. 

Lead  waste. 

Holes  in  brickwork  for  pipes 
Joiner  attend  plumber  to  sink. 

Tiling  or  cement  around. 

WOODEN  SINKS— 

Bearers. 

Ends  cut  and  pin. 

Woodwork  of  sink. 

Lead  lining. 

Soldered  angle. 

Copper  nailing. 

Wooden  capping. 

Brass  grate  and  plug  and  rim. 

Lead  cones. 

Lead  trap  with  cap  and  screw. 

Lead  waste. 

Chase. 

Pipe  casing. 

Plaster  quirk. 

Deal  top. 

Perforation. 

Joiner  attend  plumber. 

Enclosure  of  space  beneath. 
Draining  boards. 

Lead  covering. 

Copper  nailing. 

Painting. 

Tiling  or  cement  around. 

LAVATORIES— 

Apparatus  and  valves  complete. 
Rough  deal  top  and  bearers. 

Holes  for  basin  and  taps. 

Slate  or  marble  top  and  perforations. 
Rounded  or  moulded  edge. 

Skirting  and  angles. 

Basin  and  washer,  plug  and  chain. 
Lead  trap  with  cap  and  screw. 
Overflow  pipe  and  joints. 

Chase. 


40 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Pipe  casing  and  painting. 

Hole  in  brickwork  for  pipe. 

Enclosure  complete  and  painting. 

Joiner  attend  plumber. 

BATHS— 

Deal  cradle. 

Bath  and  valves. 

Lead  trap. 

Lead  waste. 

Overflow  and  joints. 

Lead  safe. 

Joiner  attendance  to  safe. 

Lengths,  bossed  angles. 

Pipe  for  waste  from  safe  and  joints. 
Copper  flap  and  joint. 

Wooden  top  and  enclosure. 

Extra  for  door. 

Ironmongery. 

Rounded  or  moulded  edge. 

Skirting  and  mitres  to  top. 

Joiner,  attendance  to  bath. 

Painting  or  French  polishing. 

WATER-CLOSETS— 

Apparatus. 

Anti-\_ ) trap. 

Soil  pipe  and  joints. 

Bends. 

Extra  joints. 

Connection  with  drain,  and  brass 
thimble  or  tail-piece. 

Holes  in  brickwork. 

Ventilating  pipe  and  joints. 

Holes  in  slate  or  tiling. 

Lead,  slate  or  tile,  and  solder  joint. 
Cap  or  hood  and  straps  to  vertical 
pipe. 

Lead  safes. 

Bossed  angles. 

Waste  from  safe  and  copper  flap. 

Holes  in  brickwork. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  safe. 

Seat  and  riser. 

Flap  and  frame. 

Butts. 

Hole  for  pan. 

Ditto  for  handle 


Or  seat  for  pedestal  closet,  p.c. 

Extra  for  seat  and  riser  made  to  remove 
easily. 

Grounds. 

Skirting  and  mitres. 

Waste-preventing  cistern  and  its  appur- 
tenances. 

Overflow  pipe. 

Flushing  pipe. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  w.c.  and 
waste-preventing  cistern. 

Paper  boxes. 

Candle  brackets. 

Pot  cupboards. 

Painting  or  French  polishing. 

SUPPLY  PIPES— 

Cistern  connector  with  union  and  fly 
nut  and  joint. 

Lead  pipe  to  each  draw-off,  w.c.,  sink, 
bath,  lavatory,  with  valve  at  end  of 
each  branch. 

Branch  joints  as  they  occur. 

Holes  in  brickwork. 

Chases. 

Pipe  casing. 

Plaster  quirk. 

Connection  with  main. 

Rising  main. 

Ball  valve. 

Chase. 

Pipe  casing. 

Plaster  quirks. 

Stop-cocks. 

Chambers  for  ditto. 

Water  meter  and  chamber  and  cover. 
Painting. 

PUMPS- 

Pump. 

Lead  suction  and  joints. 

Foot  valve  and  rose. 

Rising  main. 

Warning  pipe. 

Holes  in  brickwork. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to  pump. 


ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


4 


HOT  WATER  SUPPLY— 

Hot  water  cistern  or  cylinder,  and 
bearers  and  expansion  pipe. 

Flow  and  return. 

Safety  valve. 

Branch  pipes  and  valves. 

Holes  in  brickwork. 

Chases. 

Pipe  casing. 

Plaster  quirk. 

Painting. 

DRAINS,  CESSPOOLS— 

Rain-water  tanks. 

Gullies. 

Inspection  pits. 

Drain  pipes  of  various  sizes  and  depths. 
Connection  with  sewer  and  pay  fees. 

SKIRTINGS  AND  DADOES— 

Floor  by  floor. 

Skirtings. 

Mitres. 

Ditto  irregular. 

Fitted  ends. 

Housings. 

Wooden  dadoes. 

Cement  skirtings. 

' Mitres. 

Ditto  irregular. 

, Stopped  ends. 

Cement  dadoes. 

Painting. 

FITTINGS— 

Cupboards. 

Shelves. 

Dressers. 

Painting. 

STAIRCASES— 

Wooden  staircases  in  all  trades. 


PLASTERING  AND 
PAPER— 

Floor  by  floor. 

First  all  the  rooms,  then  the  passages. 
Ceilings  and  whitening. 

Cornices. 

Bracketing. 

Mitres. 

Ditto,  irregular. 

Enrichments. 

Returned  and  mitred  ends. 

Centre  flowers. 

Walls  and  paper. 

Partitions  and  paper. 

Cement  angles. 

GASFITTER- 

Pipes. 

Syphon. 

Meter. 

Shelf  or  enclosure  for  meter. 

Short  length  of  pipe  and  connections. 
Main  cock. 

Pay  fees  and  make  good  footway. 
Holes  in  brickwork. 

Attendance. 

Fittings  and  fixing. 

BELLHANGER- 

Bells. 

Pulls. 

Bell  boards. 

Attendance. 

Painting. 

ELECTRIC  BELLS— 
PAINTING — 

Such  painting  as  may  not  have  been 
dealt  with  in  preceding  sections. 

VENTILATION— 

Work  in  all  trades. 


42 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  III. 

MODES  OF  MEASUREMENT. 


After  each  clause  of  direction  as  to  mode  of  measurement  will  he 
found  a specimen  item,  as  it  would  appear  in  the  hill. 

Attendances. — Attendances  are  generally  met  by  providing  a 
sum,  and  the  work  involved  is  either  charged  day  account  or 
measured  at  completion ; but  inquiry  will  often  give  surveyor 
sufficient  information  to  enable  him  to  measure  the  work  before- 
hand, and  include  it  in  quantities. 

District  Surveyor’s  Fees. — State  the  number  of  squares  in 
area  and  the  number  of  stories  in  height,  counting  the  basement 
as  one.  (See  Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing,  Preliminary  Bill.) 

Observe  where  party-walls  are  raised  or  otherwise  altered,  that 
half  the  full  fee  will  be  chargeable  for  adjoining  house  (see  the 
Schedule  of  Fees,  London  Building  Act).  When  a building  is  of 
intricate  plan,  or  the  application  of  the  Schedules  of  the  Act  is 
doubtful,  the  district  surveyor  may  be  consulted  with  advantage, 
or  a sum  provided. 

Where  any  particular  part  of  the  work  is  of  uncertain  quantity, 
and  it  is  nevertheless  necessary  that  it  be  measured,  it  is  usual 
and  convenient  to  include  such  a quantity  as  the  surveyor  deems 
sufficient,  which  is  kept  separate  in  the  bill  and  followed  by  the 
words  “ as  provision,”  the  real  quantity  used  being  adjusted  at  the 
settlement  of  accounts. 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

2 

50 

supl. 

Bill. 


1"  rough  boarding  as  ways  in  roof  “ as  pro- 
vision”   


s.  d. 


In  cases  where  the  drawings  are  to  a very  small  scale,  and  no 
details  are  supplied,  the  surveyor  should  make  a detail  of  any 
part  which  cannot  be  exactly  measured  from  the  small  scale 


WORKS  AT  THE  BUILDING . 


43 


drawing,  especially  of  mouldings,  tlie  girth  of  which  cannot  other- 
wise he  accurately  obtained. 

Works  at  the  Building. — When  the  contemplated  building  is 
partly  new  and  involves  alterations  to  old  work,  notes  of  the  par- 
ticulars of  the  alterations  must  be  taken  at  the  building  in  the 
usual  dimension  book ; it  is  most  convenient  to  take  out  all  that 
can  be  taken  from  the  drawings  before  going  to  the  building, 
making  notes  as  work  proceeds  of  what  to  observe  when  visiting 
the  building. 


yds. 


ft. 


supl. 


A 


“ All  the  cutting  of  openings  to  include 
removing  and  carting  away  rubbish  and 

any  needling  or  shoring  ” 

“ The  making  good  after  cutting  of  openings 
to  be  in  hard  stocks  and  cement,  and  the 

arches  to  include  centering  ” 

“ Allow  for  cutting  opening  3'  0"  x 7'  0"  in 
1 £-brick  wall,  for  inserting  lintel  and  pads, 
elsewhere  taken,  for  making  good  brick- 
work around,  and  for  making  good  plaster- 
ing on  both  sides  after  fixing  joinery  ” .. 
“Allow  for  cutting  two  openings  4'  0"  X 
9'  9"  in  1^-brick  wall  for  inserting  semi- 
circular arches  in  two  rings,  and  making 

good  brickwork  ” 

“ Allow  for  cutting  opening  2'  9"  x 2'  0"  in 
2-brick  wall,  for  inserting  stone  lintel 
(elsewhere  taken),  and  making  good 

brickwork  ” 

“Allow  for  cutting  opening  15'  3"  X IT  0" 
in  1^-brick  eastern  wall  of  study,  for 
shoring  up  and  needling  wall  over,  for 
supporting  floor,  inserting  two  rolled  joists 
and  cover  stone  (elsewhere  taken),  and  for 
making  good  all  works  disturbed  ” . . 
Often  earlier  items  may  be  referred  to  by  a 
letter,  thus : — 

Allow  for  cutting  opening  3'  6“  X 8'  0"  in 
2-brick  wall  and  all  as  A. 


s.  d. 


Provisions. — Observe  to  take  templates,  painting,  or  any  col- 
lateral work,  as  unloading,  hoisting,  or  fixing. 

When  you  decide  to  provide  a sum  for  a particular  portion  of 
the  work,  as  tiling,  patent  cement,  paving,  &c.,  the  quantity 
should  be  measured  and  sent  to  the  manufacturer  for  his  estimate. 
The  sum  thus  obtained  can  then  be  adopted,  plus  a certain  sum 


44 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


for  attendance.  The  protection  of  the  work  of  sub-contractors  and 
responsibility  for  its  damage  should  be  imposed  upon  the  general 
contractor.  (See  also  Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing,  Provisions.) 


EXCAVATOR. 


Dredging  and  Removing. — The  quantity  being  usually  un- 
certain, the  contractor  tenders  at  a price  per  ton ; state  that  it 
includes  barging  and  finding  a deposit,  or  barging  and  depositing 
within  a certain  number  of  yards,  and  state  the  method  of 
depositing. 


Tons. 

800 


Bill 


Dredging  and  removing  mud  from  bed  of 
river,  barging  away,  and  finding  a deposit 


Piling. — Measure  the  piles  per  foot  cube ; describe  the  kind  of 
timber  and  as  including  fixing.  Keep  separate  those  below  and 
above  144  square  inches  in  section,  and  describe  them  in  bill 
accordingly. 

Bill 


ft. 

1250 

in. 

cube 

Fir  in  piles  not  exceeding  144  square  inches 

1300 

in  section  and  30  feet  in  length,  and  to 
include  heading,  pointing  and  fixing, 
and  depositing  ready  for  driving  .. 
Ditto,  exceeding  30  feet  

500 

- 

Ditto,  exceeding  144  square  inches  in 

640 

- 

55 

section,  not  exceeding  30  feet  in  length 
Ditto,  exceeding  30  feet  

£ 


(l 


Driving  Piles. — Each,  state  scantling,  the  length  measured 
from  point  of  shoe  to  finished  top  of  head  before  driving,  and  the 
depth  of  driving  measured  from  surface  of  ground  to  point  of  shoe. 


Bill 


I No. 


50  12"  x 12"  fir  piles,  29  feet  long  (averaged 

for  length)  driven  7 feet  (driving  only) 

. I • • \ . ' : • • ; 


EXCAVATOR. 


45 


Number  the  cutting  off  of  the  heads,  stating  size  of  pile ; if 
below  water  state  it,  and  describe  the  depth. 


Bill 


1 

I 

No. 

1 

50 

Cutting  off  heads  of  piles  12"  x 12"  .. 

1 

55 

20 

Ditto,  12''  xl2",  2 feet  below  water  surface 
at  low  water  

s.  d. 


Waling  Pieces  at  per  foot  cube,  and.  describe  as  including 
fixing.  Number  the  shoes,  stating  size  of  pile  and  weight  of  each 
shoe.  State  that  they  include  fixing,  and  all  nails,  spikes,  staples, 
&c.,  or  a clause  about  nails,  spikes,  &c.,  may  appear  in  preamble  of 

bill. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

1 

540 

- 

cube 

No. 

100 

Fir  in  waling  pieces  and  fixing  and  bolting 
to  piling  (bolts  elsewhere  taken)  .. 

Wrought-iron  shoes,  weight  30  lbs.  eaeh,  in 
two  varieties,  including  pointing  pile 
and  fitting  and  fixing  with  1"  diameter 
screws 


£ s.'  d. 


Bolts. — Number  and  describe,  as  directed  in  Smith. 

Straps. — Measure  per  foot  run,  afterwards  reduce  to  weight,  as 
described  in  Smith. 

Coffer  Dams. — Measure  the  piles  and  timber  per  foot  cube  as 
“ use  and  waste  in  coffer  dams,  including  all  material,”  “ carriage, 
fixing  and  removal.”  State  if  piles  are  3 inches  or  6 inches  thick, 
as  the  case  may  be,  and  whether  edges  are  shot.  Also  whether 
beveljed  or  rebated,  or  measure  the  bevelling  separately. 

Measure  the  ironwork  as  above,  but  describe  as  for  “ use  and 
waste.” 


Bill 


ft. 

| in. 

800 

- 

cube 

1 

Use  and  waste  of  material  in  coffer  dam, 
including  all  material,  labour,  carriage, 

fixing  and  removal 

Fir  in  piles  6"  thick,  and  not  exceeding 

20  feet  in  length  .. 

3200  feet  run  bevelled  edge  to  6"  piles  .. 


£ s.  d. 


46 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Measure  the  clay-puddle  at  per  yard  cube  if  over  12  inches 
thick,  and  per  yard  superficial  if  not  exceeding  12  inches,  and  de- 
scribe ; state  if  mixed  with  chopped  straw,  aud  allow  for  ramming 
and  removal. 


yds. 

ft. 

in.  I 

1000 

' 

" 

supl. 

166 

- 

- 

cube 

Bill 

Clay  puddle  of  well-tempered  clay,  6"  thick 
and  filling  in  and  ramming  in  layers  to 

coffer  dam 

or. 

Clay  puddle  of  well-tempered  clay,  and  fill- 
ing in  and  ramming  in  layers  to  coffer 
dam 


£ s. 


d. 


Digging  and  Concrete. — Digging  is  measured  as  before  excava- 
tion, and  although  earth  always  increases  in  bulk  by  removal,  no 
allowance  is  made  in  quantity. 

The  nature  of  the  soil  should  be  stated  if  involving  unusual 
trouble,  as  very  stiff  clay  or  rock,  or  if  grubbing  up  old  founda- 
tions. And  if  the  soil  is  likely  to  be  liquid  a special  clause  should 
be  inserted  in  the  quantities  to  ensure  the  liability  of  the  con- 
tractor. (See  Kirk  & Randall  v.  East  and  West  India  Dock 
Company.) 

If  the  building  is  on  the  site  of  an  old  one  with  a basement, 
the  excavation  should  be  measured  from  street  level,  as  the 
rubbish  from  pulling  down  will  have  filled  the  cellars,  or  nearly 
so.  The  way  the  excavation  has  been  measured  should  be  stated, 
and  a clause  inserted  “ contractor  to  make  his  own  allowance  for 


any  voids  that  may  exist.” 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

f 

400 

! - 

cube 

Digging  to  basement  from  surface  to  a 
depth  of  11  feet,  wheeling  or  throwing 
out  and  carting  away.  (Note  the  base- 
ment is  filled  with  rubbish  from  the 
pulling  down.  Contractor  to  make  his 
own  allowance  for  any  voids  that  may 
exist) 

1 

£ s. 


d. 


State  if  basketed  (as  is  necessary  in  confined  situations) ; if 
wheeled  ; if  wheeled  more  than  one  run  (20  yards) ; and  how 
many  runs,  also  if  carted  away,  or  deposited  on  the  site. 

Keep  excavation  beyond  6 feet  in  depth,  beyond  12  feet,  beyond 


EXCAVATOR. 


47 


18  feet,  &c.,  separate.  State  the  depth  and  keep  separate  the 
various  multiples  of  6 feet,  as  12  feet,  18  feet,  &c.,  and  to  depths 
over  6 feet,  say  “ including  staging.” 

In  measuring  trenches  where  there  is  concrete,  measure  the 
trench  the  width  of  the  latter,  except  in  cases  where  the  projection 
of  the  concrete  is  less  than  6 inches  on  each  side  beyond  the  lowest 
course  of  footings ; in  that  case,  as  in  that  of  trenches  without 
concrete,  6 inches  on  each  side  must  be  allowed. 

If  no  strutting  and  planking  is  taken,  further  allowance  must  be 
made  for  slopes  where  the  excavation  is  deep ; but  this  is  very 
rarely  done,  it  is  better  to  take  strutting  and  planking.  If  done  it 
should  be  stated  in  bill. 

It  is  usual  to  commence  measurement  of  excavation  by  re- 
moving the  surface  all  over  the  site,  commonly  about  12  inches 
deep. 

Observe  whether  the  ground  is  truly  level ; if  not,  and  it  is 
desired  to  bring  it  to  a level,  take  off  the  soil  to  an  average  depth. 

Surface  Digging. — Where  earth  is  removed  over  a surface  it 
should  be  measured  superficially,  if  not  more  than  12  inches  deep, 
stating  the  depth  ; where  more  than  12  inches  deep,  measure  by 
the  cubic  yard.  State  if  it  includes  separation  of  vegetable  soil. 

The  digging  to  basements  should  be  taken  as  digging  to  base- 
ment . . . feet  deep,  throwing  out,  or  basketing,  or  wheeling,  and 
carting  away,  or  spreading.  If  the  basement  is  paved,  take  this 
excavation  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  paving ; or  if  there  is 
concrete  beneath  it,  to  the  bottom  of  the  concrete. 

The  space  between  outer  face  of  wall  and  outer  edge  of  trench 
by- the  depth  is  to  be  next  taken  and  deducted  from  the  last,  and 
added  with  the  description,  “ excavation  and  returning,  filling  in 
and  ramming.” 

Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

1210 

supl. 

Digging  to  general  surface  9"  deep 
averaged  wheeling  2 runs,  and  depositing, 
including  separation  of  vegetable  soil  . . 


£ s. 


d. 


Digging  to  Trenches,  at  per  yard  cube. — State  if  to  basement 
trenches,  i.e.  trenches  below  level  of  general  basement  excavation, 
or  to  surface  trenches,  i.e.  trenches  below  level  of  general  surface. 
Describe  as  “excavation  and  carting  away)  or  wheeling  and 


48 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


spreading),”  or  “ digging  to  trenches,  part  filled  in  and  rammed, 
and  the  remainder  carted  away.”  The  former  being  the  proper 
description  for  the  part  to  receive  concrete,  the  latter  for  the  part 
of  trench  to  receive  brickwork. 

In  the  measurement  of  trenches,  collect  the  lengths  of  external 
walls  and  internal  walls  respectively,  and  be  careful  to  put  oppo- 
site  each  dimension  a description  of  its  position.  These  dimensions 
will  be  used  for  lengths  of  excavation,  concrete,  footings  and  walls; 
This  is  the  more  usual  practice,  the  difference  between  the  lengths 
of  excavation,  concrete,  and  brickwork  being,  as  a rule,  but  small. 
If  it  be  desired  to  take  the  quantity  with  more  exactness,  a founda- 
tion plan  must  be  made  showing  widths  of  trenches.  For  ordinary 
buildings,  like  dwelling-houses,  the  former  course  is  recommended, 
but  for  a large  building  with  thick  walls  a foundation  plan  should 
be  used. 

Examples  of  Collection  of  Walls. 

External  Walls. 


1£B. 

2 B. 

2*  B. 

South  of  dining-room 

18  0 

12  0 

West  of  ditto  

14  6 

Bay  (collected) 

Remainder  of  west  wall  .. 
North  of  west  wall  .. 

23  6 
4 3 

15  9 

4 6 

If  it  should  be  necessary  to  separate  the  part  carted  away  from 
the  part  returned,  filled  in  and  rammed,  it  is  quite  easily  arrived 
at.  In  the  sketch  (Fig.  4)  the  wall  occupies 
three-eighths  of  the  trench ; about  three- 
eighths  of  the  whole  width  measured  above 
the  concrete  multiplied  by  the  depth  from  the 
surface  to  half  way  down  the  footings  is  a 
close  approximation  to  the  quantity  that  would 
be  carted  away,  and  the  remainder  would  be 
Z-3  . a-.\  filled  in.  It  is  obvious  that  the  part  of  the 
trench  filled  with  concrete  admits  of  no  re- 
turn of  the  earth. 

The  dimensions  of  100  feet  run  of  digging 
and  concrete,  measured  in  the  foregoing  manner,  assuming  the 
depth  from  surface  to  top  of  concrete  to  be  4 feet  and  the  concrete 
12  inches  deep,  would  be  as  follows. 


BKS 

2 


4 . 0 

Fig.  4. 


EXCAVATOR. 


49 


100  0 
4 0 

5 0 

2000  0 

100  0 
2 6 
3 6 

250  0 

100  0 
4 0 
1 0 

400  0 

A me 

>re  exact  r 

nethod  is  a 

100  0 

4 0 
1 0 

400  0 

100  0 
4 0 
4 0 

1600  0 

100  0 
2 5 
1 0 

241  8 ' 

100  0 
1 6 
3 0 

> 

450  0 

j 

Dig  surface  trenches  and  cart  away. 


Ddt. 

and 

Add  Dig  surface  trenches,  fill  and  ram. 


Concrete  as  described  in  trenches. 


Dig  surface  trenches  and  cart  away, 
and 

Concrete  as  described. 


Dig  S.  T.  F.  and  R. 


Ddt.  Dig  S.  T.  F.  and  R. 
and 


1 10J 

3 0 

4 10£ 

2 5} 


When  foundations  are  stepped,  it  will  generally  he  most  conve- 
nient to  collect  the  whole  round  of  the  walls  for  the  minimum 
depth,  and  afterwards  take  the  extra  depths 
one  at  a time. 

At  the  points  where  the  steps  occur,  observe 
that  concrete  must  be  taken  between  the  bottom 
of  that  of  wall  at  upper  level  and  the  top  of 
that  at  lower  level,  as  sketch  (Fig.  5). 

Excavation  in  ground  where  buildings  have  Fig.  5. 

previously  existed  should  be  described  as  “in- 
cluding any  necessary  grubbing  up  of  old  foundations  *' ; or  in 


5o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


the  preamble  of  bill,  “The  digging  to  trenches  to  include  any 
necessary  grubbing  up  of  old  foundations.” 

If  excavation  is  in  small  quantities  to  underpinning,  state  it 
and  keep  it  separate. 

Observe  that  where  trenches  are  very  close  together,  the  earth 
* between  them  cannot  be  left  in ; the  surveyor  must  allow  for  re- 
moving it  and  filling  in  the  space. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

- 

cube  Dig  surface  trenches  not  exceeding  6 feet 
in  depth  and  cart  away 

100 

- 

- 

„ Ditto,  from  6 to  12  feet  deep  

100 

_ 

_ 

„ Dig  basement  trenches  and  cart  away 

100 

„ Ditto,  in  small  quantities  in  under- 
pinning ..  ..  (. 

£ s. 


d. 


Digging  for  Drains  is  better  included  with  the  drains,  but 
whether  separated  (rarely  done)  or  not,  state  the  average  depth  of 
excavation  and  the  size  of  pipe. 

Observe  that  these  depths  must  be  taken  at  regular  intervals,  or 
it  will  be  no  average.  Great  errors  have  arisen  from  taking  the 
depths  without  observing  this  rule. 

Measure  trench  for  water  or  gas  pipes  at  per  foot  run,  stating 
average  depth,  and  describe  as  trench  for  pipe. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

100 

— 

- 

run 

Dig  trench  for  pipe,  return,  fill  and  ram  . . 

£ s. 


d. 


For  the  computation  of  excavation  in  large  quantities,  as  for 
railways,  the  prismoidal  formula  must  be  used,  and  the  published 
earthwork  tables  will  greatly  facilitate  the  surveyor’s  work. 

Strutting  and  Planking  to  Sides  of  Excavation,  per  foot  run, 
stating  depth  of  excavation. — This  should  always  be  measured  to 
basements,  and  if  doubtful  of  its  necessity,  add  the  words  “ if 
necessary  ” to  the  description,  but  in  any  case  measure  it  all ; or 
it  may  be  measured  per  foot  super. 

Strutting  and  Planking  to  Trenches,  at  jper  foot  run , described 
as  “ one  side  only  measured,”  stating  width  and  depth  of  trench, 
or  an  item  may  appear  in  preamble  to  the  bill  of  excavation,  “ all 


EXCAVATOR. 


5i 


excavation  to  trenches  to  include  strutting  and  planking,  if  neces- 
sary,” in  which  case  none  need  be  measured,  but  it  should  always 
be  measured  when  the  trenches  exceed  4 feet  in  depth. 


Bill. 


ft. 

500 

in. 

supl. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  basement  12  feet 

deep 

Strutting  and  planking  to  trench  4 feet 

500 

- 

run 

500 

I ” 

wide  and  5 feet  deep  (one  side  only 

measured) 

Ditto,  4'  9"  wide  and  6 feet  deep  . . 

500 

_ 

supl. 

Some  surveyors  say — 

Strutting  and  planking  (if  required)  to 

basement  12  feet  deep,  &c. 

£ 


d. 


Strutting  and  planking  to  holes  3 or  4 feet  square  is  best 
numbered,  stating  length,  width  and  depth  of  holes. 


Bill. 


No.  3 Strutting  and  planking  to  hole  4 feet  X 
4 feet  and  5 feet  deep  


Clay  Puddling,  at  per  cubic  yard.ii  more  than  12  inches  thick  ; 
if  not  exceeding  12  inches  thick,  per  yard  superficial ; if  filled  in 
over  arches  or  hoisted,  state  the  height  of  hoisting. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

| 

100 

- 

- 

cube 

Puddling  of  well-tempered  clay  rammed  in 

layers 

Puddling  of  well-tempered  clay  average  9" 
thick,  and  hoisting  and  filling  in  over 
arches  12  feet  above  street  level  .. 

100 

~ 

supl. 

£ s. 


d. 


Concrete,  at  per  yard  cube , where  exceeding  12  inches  thick; 
where  not  exceeding  12  inches,  per  yard  superficial;  if  thrown 
from  stages,  state  that  it  includes  stages.  State  if  in  trenches,  if 
levelled  or  to  falls,  and  if  measured  per  yard  cube,  measure  the 
levelling  separately  at  per  yard  superficial,  except  in  trenches 
which  includes  levelling,  if  rammed  state  it  in  description.  State 
if  filled  in  over  arches,  in  which  case  average  the  depth.  If  hoisted, 
state  height  of  hoisting.  Over  trimmer  arches,  concrete  is  included 
(see  p.  73).  State  whether  of  lime  or  cement. 

e 2 


52 


Q UANTITY  S UR  VE  YING. 


The  description  of  its  composition  is  preferably  written  in 
the  preamble  of  the  bill  of  excavator. 

When  a separate  contractor  does  the  concrete  work,  a superficial 
dimension  of  “ levelling  and  making  up  ” to  receive  tiling  will  be 
required  to  the  surface,  and  to  the  soffit  “ make  good  and  dub  out 
as  may  be  necessary  to  receive  plastering.” 


Bill 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

100 

_ 

_ 

cube 

100 

- 

- 

supl. 

100 

~~ 

— 

>5 

Concrete  as  described  in  trenches 
Ditto  6"  thick  levelled  to  receive  paving  . . 
Ditto  6"  „ „ falls 


£ 


d. 


The  casing  of  iron  girders  and  similar  members  is  best  mea- 
sured per  foot  run,  stating  the  finished  sizes,  how  finished,  and  what 
else  is  included. 


Bill 


l ft- 1 in-  II 

£ 

s. 

90  -1 

run 

Casing  to  iron  stringers  and  joists  to  carry 

UTI-  v -t 

floors  and  landings,  to  average  11"  x 8" 

in  section,  including  the  necessary  gal- 

vanised iron  wire  foundations  and  all 

yiy 

wooden  casings  and  moulds,  and  finishing 

with  fine  Portland  cement  faces  and 

yi  . > 

chamfered  edges,  as  sketch,  including  all 

Fig.  6. 

necessary  stops  and  mitres  

Expansion  Boards,  at  per  foot  run. — When  the  sizes  of  concrete 
arches  render  it  necessary  (over  9 feet  span),  an  item  as  follows 
should  appear  : “ allow  for  supplying,  fixing,  and  removing  expan- 
sion boards  to  edges  of  concrete  arching.”  Also  feet  run,  “ allow 
for  grouting  in  after  removal  of  expansion  boards  and  pointing  with 
mortar  (or  cement).” 

Hard  Dry  Rubbish. — Measure  as  described  for  concrete. 


Bill. 

Hard  dry  brick  or  stone  rubbish,  and  filling 

in  and  ramming 

Ditto,  9"  thick  and  ditto  

Ditto,  9"  thick  to  falls 


yds. 

ft.  | 

| in. 

100 

cube 

100 

_ 

_ 

supl. 

100 

— 

EXCAVATOR. 


53 


Levelling  and  Consolidating  Ground,  at  per  yard  superficial. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

100 

— 

supl. 

Level  and  ram  surface 

Post  Holes. — State  size  of  post  and  depth  of  hole. 

Bill. 


No. 

10 

Dig  hole  5 feet  deep  for  12"  x 12"  post,  and 
fill  in  and  ram 

£ 


d. 


Digging  to  Cesspools  is  usually  taken  with  the  cesspool  and 
included  in  the  description;  if  not,  measure  as  for  basements, 
stating  depth  of  excavation  (see  also  page  79). 

Drains,  at  per  foot  run. — State  the  kind,  if  tested,  if  “ Town 
made,”  how  jointed,  if  the  joints  are  puddled  around  with  clay,  if 
opercular  or  half-socketed,  or  half-socketed  at  intervals,  stating  the 
distance  (or  measure  as  plain  pipes  and  count  the  half-socketed 
pipes  as  extra  on  the  plain),  if  Stanford’s  [patent ; also  state  the 
average  depth  of  digging  and  include  with  the  description. 

Any  length  of  pipe  under  2 feet  must  be  called  2 feet. 

Number  and  describe  as  “ extra  for  ” bends,  junctions,  double 
junctions,  diminishing  pieces,  siphon  traps,  the  length  of  these 
bends,  junctions,  &c.,  having  been  previously  measured  in  the 
length  of  the  drains. 

And  observe  that  junctions  and  diminishing  pieces  are 
designated  by  the  size  of  the  main  [pipe  of  which  they  form  a 
part.  Thus,  the  junction  shown  in  sketch  (Fig.  7) 
is  a 9-inch  junction. 

Number  gullies,  grease  traps,  &c.,  stating  size  and 
number  in  trade  list  of  manufacturer.  Include  in 
description  digging,  bedding  in  concrete  and  connect- 
ing with  drain. 

Number  the  connection  with  sewer,  and  fees. 

If  the  architect  has  not  shown  the  drains  on  his 
plan,  the  surveyor  should,  on  a tracing  of  the  ground  plan,  draw 
the  drains,  marking  upon  it  all  the  rain-water  pipes  and  waste  pipes, 
as  ho  measures  them,  and  should  supply  a copy  to  the  architect. 


54 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Drains  embedded  in  concrete  or  laid  on  concrete  may  be 
measured,  pipe,  concrete  and  digging  together ; but  in  that  case 
the  length  should  be  measured  net,  and  the  fact  stated  in  the  bill 
of  quantity. 

The  best  way  to  deal  with  a system  of  drains  is  to  begin  with 
the  gullies,  cesspools,  inspection  or  turning  chambers. 

After  taking  all  the  gullies  and  inspection  pits,  &c.,  it  will  be 
found  most  convenient  to  take  off  the  longest  length  of  drain  on 
the  plan,  the  digging  being  calculated  as  an  average  depth,  i.e. 
a mean  between  the  depths  at  each  end  of  the  length.  The  part 
in  a public  way  should  be  kept  separate,  and  if  the  depth  of  sewer 
is  unknown,  described  as  including  deep-digging  in  roadway ; but 
the  depth  may  generally  be  discovered  by  enquiry  at  the  office  of 
the  Vestry  or  Local  Board.  Next  take  all  the  bends  on  this  line 
of  drain.  Then,  beginning  at  the  shallower  end  of  the  same  line 
of  drain,  take  each  branch,  including  junction  and  bends. 

Proceed  with  each  main  line  of  pipes  in  the  order  of  its  length, 
then  its  branches  as  before,  with  the  extras  on  them. 

Inspection  pits  should  be  taken  out  in  detail,  the  work  kept 
separate,  and  described  as  in  small  quantities.  The  making  up  of 
bottom  is  best  numbered,  stating  size  and  average  thickness.  The 
iron  covers  should  be  described  by  a number  in  a trade  list.  (See 
also  Chapter  XIII.) 

In  a large  system  of  drainage,  it  will  be  found  convenient  to 
number  the  inspection  pits  consecutively,  or  to  designate  them  by 
letters  ABC,  &c. 


Bill, 


ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

run 

4"  drain,  and  digging  2 feet  deep  .. 

88 

- 

* „ „ o ,,  .... 

120 

- 

» 

6"  „ „ 2 „ .... 

66 

- 

» 

6"  „ „ 4 „ .... 

No. 

3 

Extra  for  4"  bends  

» 

6 

,,  *,  6 ,,  ..  ..  ..  ..  .. 

55 

6 

„ „ 4"  junctions 

55 

3 

on 

55  55  ° 55  ••  • • ••  *•  •• 

55 

2 

„ „ 4"  double  junctions 

55 

2 

„ „ 4"  diminishing  pipes 

55 

10 

Doulton’s  (Lambeth)  figure  15  yard  gully 

with  dished  cover  and  galvanised  iron 

grating,  and  digging,  bedding  on  and  in- 

cluding cement  concrete  and  connecting 

1 

with  drain 

£ 


s.  d. 


DRAINS. 


55 


Channel  Pipes. — Measure  by  the  foot  run,  calling  anything  less 
than  12  inches  another  foot.  State  the  kinds  as  “ white  enamelled,” 
“ brown  glazed,”  &c. ; state  diameter  and  how  jointed,  and  if  any 
particular  manufacturer  is  desired,  give  his  name  and  address. 
Number  the  bends,  junctions,  &c.,  but  not  “ extra  for.” 

The  bends,  although  designated  in  the  trade  list  by  letters 
which  correspond  with  certain  varieties  of  curves,  may  be  referred 
to  two  categories,  short  and  long,  both  of  which  vary  a little  in 
price,  but  when  the  surveyor  takes  off  drains  from  an  eighth  scale 
plan,  or  makes  a plan,  as  he  frequently  does,  nicer  distinctions  are 
impossible.  When  a large-scale  plan  of  the  inspection  pits  is 
furnished,  the  curves  may  be  compared  with  a trade  list  and 
identified  ; but  such  a detail  rarely  appears  at  the  quantity-taking 
stage,  and  would  probably  be  varied  in  the  doing  of  the  work. 


Bill. 


# 

ft. 

in. 

£ s 

22 

- 

run 

Broad’s  (South  Wharf,  Paddington)  4" 

white  enamelled  channel  pipe,  and  bed- 

ding  and  jointing  in  cement 

28 

— 

»> 

Ditto  6" # .....  •• 

No. 

3 

4"  white  enamelled  channel  junctions,  and 

bedding  and  jointing  with  cement 

|5 

4 

6”  ditto ? 

55 

2 

4"  ditto,  double  junctions ? 

55 

2 

55 

10 

4"  short  channel  bends  

55 

8 

6"  ditto 

55 

10 

4”  long  channel  bends 

6 

6"  ditto 

1 

Winser’s  (Buckingham  Palace  Road)  6" 

white  glazed  drain  chute,  and  bedding 

• ■ 

and  jointing  with  cement,  and  cutting 

and  fitting  brickwork  around 

BRICKLAYER. 

In  a large  building  it  will  be  found  of  advantage  to  the  survey  or 
in  the  collection  of  internal  walls  to  divide  his  work  into  sections. 
He  will  usually  find  several  walls  which  pretty  clearly  perform 
this  function.  He  will  first  take  these  walls,  and  then  those  in 
each  section  thus  formed.  (See  also  Chapter  XIII.) 


56 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


In  making  collections  of  walls,  measure  each  wall  to  its 
extremity  through  the  wall  transverse  to  it ; if  this  is  invariably 
done,  the  surveyor  will  never  be  in  doubt.  The  external  walls 
should  be  collected,  commencing  at  an  angle  of  the  building  and 
going  regularly  round  to  the  starting  point. 

Compare  the  plan  of  each  floor  with  that  of  the  floor  above,  to 
see  if  any  brickwork  is  shown  on  the  upper  floor  for  which  there 
is  no  support  below,  as  in  such  case  provision  must  be  made  for  it 
either  by  thickening  walls  or  introducing  girders,  &c. 

Examine  the  drawings  in  order  to  omit  from  your  collection  at 
ground  level  the  parts  which  belong  to  projections  such  as  bays  on 
one  story  only. 

Count  the  fireplaces,  see  that  the  proper  number  of  flues  are 
shown  on  each  floor,  and  that  the  chimney  breasts  or  backs  are  of 
sufficient  projection  to  contain  them. 

Observe  whether  shafts  are  drawn  large  enough  to  accommodate 
the  requisite  flues. 

A figured  diagram  (for  permanent  use)  of  chimney  stacks  to 
contain  various  numbers  of  flues  is  useful ; from  it  the  stacks  can 
be  readily  figured  on  the  roof  plan. 

Where  there  are  extra  thicknesses  of  walls,  to  receive  plates  of 
ground  joists  or  to  form  plinths,  it  is  better,  as  these  usually  only 
occur  at  parts  of  the  walls,  to  collect  them  afterwards,  measuring 
the  wall  at  first  (in  the  collection)  of  the  thickness  required  minus 
the  thickness  of  that  part  required  for  plinths  or  sleepers. 

Where  arches  occur  over  passages,  measure  the  work  as  though 
the  wall  was  continuous  across  the  passage,  deducting  the  voids 
in  the  usual  order. 

State  in  all  cases  whether  brickwork  is  in  mortar  or  cement. 

It  is  the  usual  practice  where  only  a small  part  of  the  work  is 
built  in  cement  to  measure  the  whole  of  the  brickwork  as  though 
it  were  in  mortar,  and  to  again  measure  the  parts  in  cement, 
calling  it  “ Brickwork  extra  only  in  cement.” 

Brickwork  is  measured  superficially,  stating  opposite  the  dimen- 
sions the  number  of  bricks  in  thickness,  or  measured  cubically 
where  in  very  thick  or  irregularly  shaped  walls.  The  whole  is 
reduced  to  the  superficial  rod  = 5J  yards  by  yards,  or  272  feet 
3 inches,  but  always  taken  as  272  feet  lj  brick  thick,  except 
4J  inches  and  0 inches  (as  page  02). 


BRICKLAYER. 


57 


Brickwork  in  large  or  irregular  shaped  masses  is  often  most 
conveniently  measured  in  cubic  feet,  and  is  so  abstracted,  although 
billed,  as  usual,  as  “ reduced  brickwork.” 

If  brickwork  is  over  60  feet  from  the  ground,  it  should  be  kept 
separate,  and  all  above  that  level  divided  into  heights  of  20  feet, 
described  as  “ 60  feet  to  80  feet,”  “ 80  feet  to  100  feet,”  &c. 

Brickwork  in  small  quantities  in  filling  in  of  openings  of  old 
work  or  in  similar  positions  should  be  kept  separate  and  described 
as  “ in  small  quantities  inserted.” 

This  may  be  measured  the  net  size  of  the  openings,  in  which 
case  the  item  should  include  “ Extra  labour  and  materials ,”  “ cutting 
and  bonding”  or  the  brickwork  should  be  measured  larger  than  the 
opening,  and  should  include  only  “ Extra  labour , cutting  and  bond- 
ing” The  same  consideration  arises  when  new  walls  are  built  in 
an  old  building,  and  the  treatment  and  its  alternative  is  the  same. 

Keep  brickwork  in  backing  to  stonework  separate,  and  state 
that  it  includes  the  necessary  cutting  and  fitting  to  stonework,  or 
this  cutting  and  fitting  may  be  mentioned  in  the  preamble  of  the 
bill. 

In  cases  where  a wall  is  faced  with  stone,  it  is  generally  most 
convenient  to  measure  the  whole  thickness  of  the  wall  including  the 
stonework  (but  not  including  the  projections  of  the  latter),  making 
the  deductions  from  the  brickwork  when  the  stone  is  measured. 

Keep  work  in  raising  an  old  wall  separate ; if  any  work  is 
built  “ overhand  ” it  should  be  stated. 

Keep  work  to  old  walls  distinct  from  that  to  new  work. 

If  brickwork  is  in  small  quantities  to  underpinning,  state  it, 
and  whether  in  cement,  and  keep  it  separate.  Also  state  if  it 
includes  iron  wedges  or  pinning  up  with  slates,  or  if  any  timber 
will  be  left  in. 

It  should  be  observed  that  the  bricks  used  in  some  of  the 
northern  and  midland  counties  will  frequently  rise  as  much  as 
13  inches  and  upwards  to  the  four  courses  instead  of  the  London 
average  of  12  inches ; this  will  affect  both  the  brickwork  and  the 
stonework  bonded  with  it. 

If  gault  bricks  are  used,  the  walls  will  finish  of  a greater 
thickness  than  they  would  if  built  with  ordinary  bricks  ; a three- 
brick  wall  would  be  about  2 feet  4 inches  thick.  The  work  may 
be  measured  as  of  the  ordinary  thickness  and  a percentage  added 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


58 


to  the  abstract  before  billing,  or  measured  by  the  cubic  foot  to  the 
exact  finished  dimensions. 

Measure  walls  to  the  top  of  the  wall  plate  where  the  latter  is 
not  more  than  3 inches  thick  ; where  over  3 inches  allow  that  height 

for  labour  of  bedding,  or  the  brickwork 
may  be  measured  net  and  a lineal  dimen- 
sion taken  of  “ bedding  plate.” 

Stonework  is  not  deducted  unless 
6 inches  in  height  or  over.  In  cases 
where  it  is  deducted  it  is  better  to  do 
so  after  taking  the  dimensions  of  the 
stone,  usually  the  same  dimensions  serve 
for  both.  Often  the  stone  exceeds  the 
deduction  of  brickwork,  and  in  some 
instances  it  will  save  labour  to  fix  some 
proportion  for  the  deduction,  as  J,  J,  &c., 
otherwise  a new  dimension  must  be  taken  for  the  deduction. 
The  following  instance  shows  the  above-mentioned  process : — 


100  0 
1 0 
9 


75  0 


C.  Box  Ground  stone 
and 

Ddt.  £ Bkk. 

String  below  first  floor  window  sills. 


Sometimes  in  the  case  of  a brick  wall  faced  with  stone,  when  it 
is  desired  that  the  brickwork  in  backing  to  masonry  shall  be  kept 
separate,  it  will  be  convenient  to  begin  by  deducting  the  whole 
area  occupied  by  masonry  by  the  total  thickness  of  the  wall  from 
the  ordinary  brickwork,  then  to  measure  the  stonework,  and  after- 
wards the  brickwork,  as  brickwork  in  backing  to  stonework. 

Where  the  stonework  of  a building  consists  principally  of 
quoins  it  is  sometimes  not  deducted,  but  the  course  adopted  should 
be  clearly  stated  in  the  bill. 

No  deductions  are  made  for  flues  under  2 feet  square  in 
diameter,  but  a flue  of  such  size  would  certainly  be  for  a furnace 
chimney.  In  such  cases  measure  the  shaft  and  deduct  the  void  ; 
keep  the  brickwork  separate  and  state  that  it  has  been  measured 
net,  and  what  it  is.  Flues  at  an  angle  with  the  horizon  of  less 
than  45°  must  have  soot  doors  provided. 


BRICKLAYER. 


59 


A separate  bill  of  all  trades  is  generally  most  convenient  for  a 
large  furnace  chimney,  even  when  it  is  connected  with  a building. 

Where  semicircular  or  circular  superficial  or  cubical  dimensions 
occur,  they  are  treated  as  in  the  following  examples 


Ddt. 

1 Bk. 

Archway. 


Ddt.  1 Bk. 

Opening  in 
gable. 


Ddt.  Bkk. 

For  turret 
stair. 


Fig.  9. 


In  dealing  with  large  Gothic  arches  the  dimensions  are  best 
shown  as  below  : — 

Ddt.  2 B. 

Arch  between  aisle 
and  baptistery. 


To  fireplaces  deduct  the  chimney  opening  only.  The  theory  is 
to  deduct  ash-holes  of  coppers,  but  it  is  rarely  done,  and  in  the 
writer’s  opinion  should  not  be.  See  “ setting  coppers  ” in  works 
numbered  ; it  is  better  to  give  setting  coppers  as  an  item,  including 
brickwork.  The  majority  of  deductions  will  depend  upon  the  size 
of  the  joinery  to  be  fixed  in  the  openings.  The  general  rule  to  he 
observed  as  to  deductions  of  brickwork  for  internal  doorways  is  to 
allow  3 inches  in  width  and  3 inches  in  height  beyond  the  finished 


6o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Y-1  6 

■ar 
V* 


size  of  door ; for  external  door-openings  and  window-openings  to 
receive  solid  frames,  the  clear  dimensions  between  reveals  and 
between  sill  and  head  for  the  external  part,  the  same  width  pins 
4 inches,  and  the  same  height  plus  3 inches  for  the  internal  part. 
The  deduction  for  window-openings  intended  to  receive  sashes 

and  frames  will  be  for  the  external 
part  as  last  described,  the  same 
width  plus  9 inches  and  the  same 
height  plus  3 inches  for  the  in- 
ternal  part.  Deductions  for  open- 
ings with  segmental  heads  should 
havettheir  height  measured  up  to 
the  springing  of  the  arch  only,  if 
the  rise  does  not  exceed  1 inch  to  a 
foot  of  span ; if  it  does  exceed  that 
the  mean  height  must  be  taken. 

To  projections  the  same  number  of  courses  of  footings  should 
be  taken  as  to  the  adjacent  walls,  and  in  the  dimensions  it  will  be 
found  most  convenient  to  take  the  dimension  of  projection  as 
the  item  of  length  as  follows,  assuming  the  depth  from  surface  to 
bottom  of  concrete  to  be  4 feet. 


Fig.  11. 


9 0 
27  0 

5 5 

6 9 
2 3 
4 6 


Dig  surface  trenches  and  cart 
and 

Concrete. 

Dig  surface  trenches,  fill  and  ram. 

21  B.  top  course 

of  footings. 
4 B.  bottom  do. 

Ddt.  2)61 

and  — 

Add  3J  = 2'  5". 

Dig  surface  trenches  and  cart. 


31  B. 

foots. 

2 B. 

up  to  ground  line. 

BRICKLA  YER. 


61 


In  the  measurement  of  brickwork  turn  to  the  collection  of  the 
lengths  of  the  walls  of  basement,  if  there  is  one,  and  measuro  first 
the  external  walls  up  to  a convenient  level,  such  as  ground-floor 
level,  then  the  internal  walls  up  to  the  same  level. 

After  measuring  the  walls  up  to  a certain  level  measuro  the 
projections  up  to  the  same  level,  then  measure  the  walls  where 
there  is  no  basement,  bringing  them  up  to  the  same  level  as  last. 

Proceed  with  the  measurement  of  each  floor  in  the  same  manner 
until  you  have  arrived  at  the  top. 

Finish  measuring  the  whole  of  the  brickwork  up  to  a certain 
level  before  you  begin  to  measure  anything  above  that  level. 

Chimney  breasts  and  shafts  are  better  left  until  the  whole  of 
the  general  brickwork  has  been  taken  off,  then  take  off  one  stack 
at  a time,  beginning  with  the  digging  and  concrete,  and  finishing 
with  the  shaft. 

Deductions  of  openings  and  voids  should  also  be  left  until  the 
whole  of  the  general  brickwork  has  been  taken  off.  “ Wants  ” 
may  be  deducted  as  they  occur. 

Footings  are  averaged  thus:  By  adding  the  top  and  bottom 
courses  together  and  dividing  by  2,  the  dimensions  as  below : — 


100  0 

100  0 

1 0 

- r 

2£  B. 
4 

Footings  to  Bk.  walls. 

3£  B. 


2 B 


* B 

Fig.  12. 


Observe  that  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  London  Building 
Act  you  must  take  as  many  courses  of  footings  as  are  prescribed 
by  the  schedule  of  the  Act ; your  drawings  will  sometimes  show 
fewer. 

The  number  of  courses  prescribed  equals  in  number  the  half 


62 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


bricks  in  thickness  of  base  of  wall,  and  the  average  width  of 
footings  is  as  follows : — 


£ brick  wall  average 


1* 

2 

2* 


»> 

M 

» 

» 

JJ 


1 brick 

If  „ 

2$  „ 

3*  „ 

4 „ 

4f  „ 


Brick  walls  9 inches  in  thickness  and  not  plastered  are  kept 
separate  and  described  as  “ reduced  brickwork  in  one-brick  walls, 
fair  both  sides.”  Do  not  insert  the  word  “ struck  ” as  is  sometimes 
done.  If  fair  one  side  only  reduce  as  ordinary  brickwork. 

Half-brick  partitions  and  half-brick  sleeper  walls  are  kept 
separate  and  not  reduced ; if  built  “ honeycomb  ” or  “pigeon  hole  ” 
state  it. 

Brickwork  circular  on  plan,  where  over  25  feet  radius,  should 
be  measured  as  common  brickwork  first,  and  then  one  face 
measured  and  described  as  “ extra  labour  to  circular  face  on  brick- 
work, one  face  only  measured.”  Where  under  25  feet  radius  keep 
the  brickwork  separate,  state  the  radius,  that  it  is  in  wall  circular 
on  plan,  and  that  it  includes  any  necessary  cutting,  and  take  a 
template,  stating  length,  or  say  that  the  work  includes  templates. 

When  walls  are  built  battering,  keep  them  separate  and  state 
how  many  inches  they  batter  for  each  foot  in  height.  When  one 
face  only  batters,  measure  a superficial  item  of  extra  for  battering 
face,  giving  the  same  particulars ; the  brickwork  may  go  into  bill 
with  the  general  brickwork.  Observe  to  take  the  rough  cutting 
where  it  changes  from  battering  to  perpendicular  or  the  opposite. 

Measure  hollow  walls  solid  as  reduced  brickwork,  state  the 
thickness,  make  no  deduction  for  cavity,  but  state  its  width,  the 
kind  of  ties  used,  the  number  to  each  superficial  yard,  and 
whether  haybands  or  movable  boards  are  placed  along  hollow  to 
keep  out  falling  rubbish. 

Measure  vaulting  at  per  rod  reduced.  Take  the  mean  girth 
by  the  length.  State  the  thickness  and  whether  in  mortar  or 
cement.  Observe  whether  it  runs  beyond  the  end  walls  enclosing 
the  area  to  be  covered. 

Measure  groin  point  at  per  foot  run ; describe  as  labour  and 
waste  to  groin  point  of  vaulting,  stating  thickness  of  vault. 


BRICKLAYER. 


63 


1 rods. 

ft. 

' in. 

40 

185 

- 

supl. 

10 

14 

— 

55 

20 

15 

_ 

55 

1 

15 

- 

55 

1 

90 

- 

» 

2 

25 

55 

3 

55 

- 

55 

2 

120 

- 

55 

6257 

- 

55 

576 

>5 

573 

_ 

?5 

68 

55 

Bill 

Reduced  brickwork  in  mortar  

Ditto,  extra  only  in  cement 

Ditto  in  cement  as  backing  to  masonry  . . 
Ditto  in  one-brick  wall  in  mortar,  fair  both 

sides 

Reduced  brickwork  in  cement,  in  small 
quantities  in  filling  in  of  openings,  in- 
cluding extra  labour  and  materials,  cut- 
ting and  bonding  to  old 

Ditto  in  cement  in  raising  on  old  walls  . . 
Ditto  in  cement  in  small  quantities  in 

underpinning 

Do.  do.  in  vaulting  in  two  half-brick  rings 

in  cement 

100-ft.  run,  extra  labour  and  waste  to  fair- 

cut  groin  point 

Hollow  wall  of  two  thicknesses  of  brick- 
work 9"  and  4£"  respectively,  with  2\” 
cavity,  bonded  with  galvanised  wrought- 
iron  wall  ties  four  to  each  superficial 
yard,  and  weighing  60  lbs.  per  hundred, 
and  allow  for  keeping  the  hollow  clear 
of  droppings  of  mortar  and  rubbish,  and 
for  leaving  openings  at  bottom  of  hollow, 
and  for  cleaning  out  hollow  and  filling 

up  openings  at  completion  

Half-brick  sleeper  walls  built  honeycomb 

in  mortar 

Half-brick  partition  in  cement 

Half- brick  trimmer  arch  in  cement,  and 
levelling  up  with  fine  concrete 


£ 


d. 


Brickwork  filled  in  between  stone  ribs,  as  in  groined  roofs,  is 
usually  measured  by  the  foot  superficial,  stating  the  thickness  and 
the  kind  of  bricks  and  including  the  cutting ; the  item  in  the  bill 
would  be  similar  to  the  following : — 


- it. 

254 


Bill. 


supl. 


Half-brick  groin  cells  in  small  spandrils  of 
red  bricks,  as  described  for  the  facing  set 
in  mortar,  the  soffits  slightly  arched  or 
cambered  and  neatly  cut  and  fitted  to 
the  stone  ribs,  including  cutting,  cleaning 
off  and  pointing  (or  joints  struck  as  the 
work  proceeds),  and  all  requisite  center- 
ing or  laths  


£ 


d. 


Brick  Sewers.— In  the  taking  off  of  brick  sewers  great  care 
must  be  exercised.  They  are  usually  public  works,  are  often  of 
considerable  extent,  and  a small  error,  either  of  measurement  or 


64 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


judgment,  becomes  a serious  matter  when  it  affects  a mile  or  two 
of  sewer.  It  will  generally  be  best  to  measure  the  manholes  and 
lampholes  first,  and  afterwards  the  sewers. 

The  vertical  section  generally  to  a small  scale  will  show  the 
contour  of  the  ground,  and  usually  a red  line  below  it  indicating 
the  bottom  of  the  invert.  The  digging  will  be  separately  mea- 
sured ; the  dimensions  of  depth  being  taken  at  regular  distances 
of  not  more  than  50  feet,  added  together  and  averaged. 

The  digging  of  that  part  of  the  trench  which  receives  the  brick 
sewer  will  be  either  carted  away  or  deposited.  The  remainder 
will  be  dug,  got  out,  wheeled,  deposited,  wheeled  back  or  thrown 
back,  filled  in  and  rammed. 

The  brickwork  will  be  measured  in  feet  and  reduced  to  standard 
rods,  and  described  as  in  egg-shaped  sewer,  giving  a sketch  in  the 
bill  with  the  dimensions  figured.  Describe  the  bricks  whether  in 
mortar  or  cement,  and  how  finished  inside,  whether  purpose-made 
arch  bricks  are  used. 

Where  passing  through  fields  it  will  generally  be  necessary 
to  take  a superficial  dimension*  of  taking  up  turf,  rolling  and 
relaying,  and  in  roads  an  item  of  cutting  through  road  formation. 

The  method  of  building  brick  sewers  is  to  work  from  each  end 
of  the  line  towards  the  middle,  using  a few  comparatively  short 
lengths  of  centre,  which  are  shifted  as  the  work  proceeds,  but  it  is 
better  to  give  the  whole  length  in  the  bill  as — 


yds. 

850 

ft. 

in. 

run 

Centering  and  moulds  as  may  be  required 

to  brick  sewer  2'  2"  wide  and  3'  3"  high, 
the  arch  3'  5"  girth 

£ s. 


d. 


The  contractor  can  then  make  his  own  computation  of  the 
quantity  required.  (See  also  the  preamble  to  a bill  of  sewers, 
Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing.) 

Although  the  practice  of  measuring  and  billing  excavation  as 
before  removal  has  long  been  settled,  both  by  custom  and  legal 
decision,  it  is  a general  usage  with  surveyors  to  state  in  a bill  of 
quantities  for  sewers  how  the  digging  has  been  taken. 

Ironwork  is  usually  so  described  as  to  correspond  with  specimens 
to  be  seen  at  the  offices  of  the  Vestry  or  Local  Board. 

The  books  of  Bailey  Denton,  Baldwin  Latham  and  Molesworth 
afford  much  valuable  information  about  sewers,  as  well  as  tables  of 
the  quantity  of  brickwork  in  a lineal  yard  of  various  sizes ; these 


BRICKLA  YER. 


65 


are  useful  as  a check  on  results,  but  should  not  supersede  a careful 
measurement  and  calculation. 


1 yds. 

ft. 

[ la., 

r ■ 1 

2693 

_ 

cube 

! 15 

- 

99 

6065 

„ 

6200 

- 

99 

2573 

- 

99 

j 4 

- 

99 

7 

' _ 

3 

- 

99 

I 7 

- 

99 

3 

- 

99 

| 215 

- 

- 

supl. 

1640 

- 

- 

>» 

j 3 

- 

- 

run 

j 

11 

- 

- 

>f 

3 

- 

- 

» 

5 

- 

- 

4 

»» 

12 

» 

- | 

20  j 

- 

»> 

- 

26 

No. 

»» 

1 

1 

99 

1 

Bill 

Dig  trench  from  surface  to  the  average 
total  depth  of  13  feet  (varying  from  9'  3" 
to  14'  9")  including  trimming  sides  and 
bottom  of  trench,  staging,  casting,  or 
otherwise  getting  out  the  earth  . . .. 

Ditto,  but  circular  on  plan 

Ditto,  as  first,  but  to  an  average  of  11  feet 

(varying  from  7 to  16  feet)  

Partly  fill  in  from  banks,  and  partly  return, 
wheel  and  fill  into  trenches  and  ram  as 

described  

Fill  into  carts  and  cart  away  surplus  earth 
Dig  trench  to  a total  depth  of  5 feet  from 
surface,  get  out  earth,  fill  and  cart  away 
Ditto  to  a total  depth  of  8 feet,  and  ditto . . 
Ditto  to  a total  depth  of  5 feet,  get  out 

earth,  return  and  ram  

Ditto  to  a total  depth  of  9 feet,  get  out 

earth,  fill  and  cart  away 

Ditto  to  a total  depth  of  9 feet,  get  out 

earth,  return  and  ram  

Cutting  through  road  formation,  and  mak- 
ing good  as  described  

Cutting  and  taking  up  turf,  rolling  up  and 
depositing  and  relaying,  the  relaying  10 
be  delayed  to  such  time  as  the  engineer 

shall  direct 

Cutting  through  road  formation  for  trench 
for  12"  pipe,  and  making  good  as  de- 
scribed   

Cutting  through  road  formation  for  trench 
for  18"  pipe,  and  making  good  as  de- 
scribed   

Take  up  old  6"  drain  and  cart  away,  no 

digging  

Dig  trench  average  4 feet  deep  and  take 
up  and  cart  away  15"  pipe,  including  j 
getting  out  earth,  returning,  filling  in  : 
and  ramming,  planking  and  strutting  j 
trench,  and  carting  away  surplus  earth  j 
Ditto,  8 feet  deep  and  12"  pipe,  and  ditto 
Thoroughly  clean  and  relay,  and  joint,  as 
before  described,  old  lh"  pipes,  supplying 
new  in  place  of  any  that  may  be  broken 
or  not  satisfactory  to  the  engineer 
6"  drain,  and  laying  and  jointing  as  de- 
scribed   

15"  ditto 

Fair  splayed  end  to  12"  pipe  

Ditto  15"  ditto  

Continued  j £ 


j £ s. 1 d. 


F 


66 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


No. 

1 

» 

1 

>» 

5 

»» 

1 

»» 

1 

»» 

5 

» 

40 

yds. 

ft. 

in. 

6 

- 

- 

cube 

5 

- 

supl. 

1219 

- 

- 

run 

450 

_ 

_ 

3 

- 

- 

No. 

1 

>! 

5 

rods 

132 

173 

supl. 

60 

n 

5 

- 

»> 

10 

» 

12 

>» 

16 

- 

)> 

No. 

1 

’ 

» 

if 

1 

Bricklayer— continued. 

Continued 

Extra  for  6"  bend 

Ditto  12"  ditto  

Ditto  15"  ditto 

Make  good  junction  of  new  and  old  6"  drain 

Ditto  15"  ditto  

Upright  shafts  as  lamp-holes,  average 
length  5'  6",  formed  of  9"  glazed  stone- 
ware socketed  pipes,  except  the  bottom 
length  which  shall  be  a 12"  taper-piece, 
all  jointed  in  cement  and  embedded  in 
and  including  cement  concrete  2'  5"  dia- 
meter in  all,  and  allow  for  the  necessary 

boarding  and  apparatus 

Take  up  house  drains  and  connections  each 
for  a length  of  10  feet,  and  relay  and  re- 
connect with  sewer  with  valve  trap  and 
galvanised  iron  flap,  and  any  necessary 
new  bends,  junctions,  or  straight  pipes  in 
place  of  those  defective  or  disapproved 

by  engineer  (as  provision) 

Cement  concrete  in  trenches  as  described . . 
Level  surface  of  cement  concrete  to  falls  in 

manholes  in  small  quantities 

Planking  and  strutting  to  trench  4'  2" 
wide,  and  average  11'  0"  deep 
Ditto  4'  4"  wide,  and  average  12'  6"  deep 

Ditto  all  as  last,  but  circular  

Planking  and  strutting  to  excavation  for 
manhole  5'  0"  x 3'  0"  and  5'  0"  deep  .. 
Ditto  6'  9"  x 4'  9"  and  11'  0"  deep  (aver- 
aged)   


Gault  Brickwork , as  described. 

Reduced  brickwork  in  one  brick  in  cement 
laid  and  worked  as  described,  in  egg- 
shaped  sewer  (as  sketch),  the  joints  of 
inside  faces  to  be  neatly  struck  as  the 

work  proceeds 

Ditto,  circular  on  plan,  about  6'  6"  radius 

Ditto,  8 feet  radius  

Ditto,  in  sewer  as  first,  but  slightly 

diminishing  

Egg-shaped  sewer,  all  as  first,  but  half- 
brick thick 

Half-brick  in  cement,  semicircular  channel 

ramped  

Connection  of  18"  pipe  with  one  brickwork, 
including  extra  for  two  half-brick  rings 
as  eyelet,  including  all  cuttings 
Ditto  12"  pipe  with  egg-shaped  sewer,  and 
ditto  ..  ..  


Continued 


rods 

j 1 


B-RICKLA  YER. 

Bricklayer— continued. 

' 

Continued 

£ 

zV-  - * 9' -J 

1 

\ \ ^ / / 

\\1/ / 

i 

j 

ft. 

in. 

Staffordshire  Brickwork , as  described. 

124 

supl. 

Reduced  brickwork  in  one-brick  walls  in 

cement  in  small  quantities  in  manholes, 
the  inside  face  neatly  struck  as  the  work 

proceeds  

22 

- 

yy 

Ditto,  circular,  to  12"  internal  radius 

70 

- 

yy 

Arch  in  cement  in  two  half-brick  rings  in 

small  quantities  in  manholes 

40 

- 

yy 

Clean  off  soffit  of  arch  and  point  with 

cement  

41 

- 

yy 

Rough  cutting  

209 

- 

run 

Labour,  rough,  oversail  or  set  back,  one 

course  circular 

8 

_ 

yy 

Rough  cut  bird’smouth  circular 

81 

_ 

yy 

Circular  cutting  . . 

No. 

l 

Make  good  junction  of  18"  pipe  with  old 

one-brick  manhole,  and  making  good 
with  brickwork  in  cement  as  eyelet  in 

i 

two  half-brick  rings 

» 

1 

Make  good  junction  of  6"  pipe  with  new 

one-brick  manhole,  and  all  as  last 

» 

l 

Ditto  12"  pipe,  ditto 

ft. 

in. 

Yorkshire  Stone , finely  tooled  whiere  exposed. 

37 

supl. 

3"  tooled,  one  side  cover  and  bedding  in 

cement  

2 

- 

yy 

3"  ditto  triangular  measured  net 

30 

- 

run 

Jointed  edge  to  3"  

31 

- 

yy 

Finely-tooled  edge  to  3"  

1 

3 

yy 

3"  ditto  circular  sunk 

i 

; 

3 

- 1 

yy 

Sunk  and  finely-tooled  edge  to  3" 

i 

3 

_ 

yy 

Ditto  4" 

i 

No. 

5 

4"  covers  tooled  both  sides  2'  9"  x 3'  0", 

j 

with  fair  tooled  perforation  12"  diameter, 
and  bedding  in  cement 

Continued 

£ 

Ck 

! 

F 2 


68 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


No. 

3 

yds. 

ft. 

in. 

- 

40 

- 

supl. 

1212 

- 

- 

run 

450 

- 

- 

»» 

3 

- 

- 

>* 

5 

supl. 

No. 

5 

» 

5 

5 

>» 

5 

H 

32 

» 

5 

32 

»> 

5 

» 

5 

» 

5 

Bricklayer — continued. 

Granite. 


Continued 


Kings  of  four  courses  of  4"  cubes  around 
circular  manhole  cover  24"  diameter, 
grouted  with  cement  on  and  including 
cement  concrete  6"  thick,  and  the  neces- 
sary digging  


Centering  to  semi  arch 

Centering  and  moulds  to  brick  sewer  2'  2" 
wide  and  3'  3"  high,  the  arch  3'  5"  girth 
Ditto  2'  4"  wide  and  3'  6"  high,  the  arch 

3' 8"  girth 

Ditto  all  as  last,  but  circular  on  plan 

Portland  cement  plain  face,  f"  thick  (two 
of  sand  to  one  of  cement),  trowelled  to 
falls  in  small  quantities  in  manholes,  in- 
cluding making  good  to  edges  of  channels 

Cast  Iron. 

The  ironwork  to  match  in  pattern,  quality 
and  weight,  the  similar  articles  at  present 
used  by  the  Vestry.  Samples  may  be  seen 

at  the  engineer’s  office  

Lamphole  covers  and  dirt  boxes,  and  bed- 
ding in  cement 

Circular  manhole  covers  and  frames  2'  4" 
diameter,  with  galvanised  iron  dirt  box 
with  perforated  sides,  and  bedding  in 

cement  

Sluice  frame  for  2'  2"  sewer,  including  bolts 
and  fixing  to  blue  Staffordshire  brick- 
work, and  neatly  cutting  and  fitting  gault 
brickwork  of  sewer  against  frame  4'  2"  x 
2'  11"  extreme 


Wrought  Iron. 

eye-bolts  9"  long,  one  end  caulked  and 

built  into  brickwork 

Foot  irons  of  x 1£"  metal,  and  building 
into  brickwork 

Clean  and  Paint  three  Oils  on  Iron. 

Eye-bolts  

Foot  irons  

Lamphole  covers  and  frames  

Manhole  covers  and  do. 

Sluice  frames 

Carried  to  Tender  


BRICKLAYER. 


69 


WORK  MEASURED  BY  THE  SUPERFICIAL  YARD. 


Limewhiting  is  usually  taken  with  joints  of  brickwork,  struck 
fair.  Raking  out  and  pointing  to  soffits  is  taken  with  lime  whiting, 
when  limewhited.  Observe  that  raking  out,  &c.,  is  impossible  if 
the  vaulting  is  in  cement.  Describe  as  cleaning  off,  and  making 
good.  It  is  commonly  most  convenient  to  separate  the  joints 
struck  fair  and  the  lime  whiting. 


yds.  I ft. 
540  - 

in. 

supl. 

1840  - 

— 

»» 

Bill . 

Joints  of  brickwork  struck  fair 
Twice  lime  white 


d. 


Brick-Nogging.— State  that  the  timbers  (taken  with  partitions) 
are  not  deducted,  and  are  “ elsewhere  taken,”  whether  in  mortar  or 
cement,  whether  bricks  flat  or  on  edge,  and  if  including  nogging 
pieces.  (See  p.  136.) 

Bill 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

187 

supl. 

£ 


d. 


Brick-nogged  partitions  4 thick  in  mortar,  j 
and  allow  for  all  cutting  (quarters  and 
nogging-pieces  elsewhere  taken)  ..  .. 


Cement  Floated  Face  to  receive  tile  pavings.  State  thickness 
and  keep  separate  that  on  walls  and  floors. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

18 

- 

- 

supl. 

25 

- 

- 

>» 

s.\d. 


Bill 

Portland  cement  floated  face,  1"  thick,  to 
receive  tile  pavings  ..  .. 

Ditto  £"  thick  on  walls  to  receive  tiling  . . 


The  foregoing  items  are  sometimes  billed  in  plasterer. 

Cement  Paving. — State  thickness,  if  finished  in  pure  cement,  if 
to  falls.  The  patent  cement  pavings,  like  Wilkinson’s,  are  usually 
included  as  a provisional  sum. 

Bill 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

94 

supl. 

Portland  cement  paving  1$"  thick,  floated 
and  finished  in  pure  cement 


d. 


7o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Tar  Paving. — State  thickness  and  if  covered  with  siftings  of 
Derbyshire  spar,  or  obtain  an  estimate  and  include  the  amount  in 
the  estimate  as  a provision. 


Bill 


( yds- 

ft. 

in.  j 

1 110 

{ 

1 

supl. 

Hobman’s  tar  paving,  or  other  approved  tar 
paving  equal  thereto,  2£"  thick,  rolled 
and  levelled  to  falls,  and  finished  with 
fine  Derbyshire  spar,  and  allow  for  dress- 
ing six  months  after  laying  with  fine  tar, 
and  for  keeping  in  good  repair  and  con- 
dition for  twelve  months  after  laying  . . 

£ 


d. 


Brick  Paving. — Describe  quality  of  bricks,  if  flat  or  on  edge, 
if  bedded  in  mortar  or  sand,  if  jointed  or  grouted  with  cement. 

Measure  cuttings  at  per  foot  run  where  the  sides  of  the  area 
covered  are  not  at  right  angles. 


Bill 


I yds. 
! 30 

ft. 

in. 

supl. 

Paving  of  hard  stocks  on  edge,  bedded  in 

£ 

! 76 

- 

- 

** 

mortar  and  grouted  with  cement  . . 

24'  0"  run,  raking,  cutting  and  waste 
Paving  of  3"  best  blue  Staffordshire  grooved 

paving  bricks  in  cement 

41'  0"  run,  raking,  cutting  and  waste  ..  j 

1 

i 

| 

! d. 


Wall  Tiling. — Measure  the  exact  area  covered,  and  describe 
as  “ measured  net.”  State  the  size,  colour  and  quality  of  the  tiles, 
and  how  fixed,  and  if  from  any  particular  manufacturer  give  the 
address.  Measure  at  per  foot  run,  cutting  around  openings  occur- 
ring in  the  surface  measured,  up  the  angles  and  to  the  upper  edges, 
where  the  height  is  not  a multiple  of  the  size  of  the  tile.  Measure 
angle  tiles  per  foot  run,  and  take  cutting  and  waste  to  each  edge. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

J 

"24 

supl. 

j 75 

II  1 

- 

! 

run 

Bill 

I 

Minton’s  best  6"  white  glazed  tiles,  set  and 
pointed  in  Parian  cement  (measured  net) 
100'  0"  run,  cuttiug  and  waste  to  edges  . . 

20'  0"  ditto,  raking,  ditto 

100'  0"  ditto,  cutting  and  waste  to  internal 

angles 

Minton’s  best  white  glazed  angle  tile  set 
and  pointed  in  Parian  cement,  and  allow 
for  cutting  and  waste  j 


£ 


s.  d. 


BRICKLA  YER. 


7i 


Floor  Tiling. — Measure  as  for  wall  tiling,  state  price  por  yard 
superficial  at  manufactory , and  that  it  shall  include  packing,  car- 
riage, profit  and  fixing.  Measure  at  per  foot  run,  the  cutting 
around  voids  and  to  edges. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

26 

supl. 

Maw  & Co.’s  (Bentliall  Works,  Jackfield, 
Shropshire)  floor  tiling,  P.C.  10s.  per 
yard  at  manufactory,  and  allow  for  pack- 
ing, carriage,  profit  and  laying  in  cement, 

measured  net  

35'  0"  run,  cutting  and  waste  to  edges 
20'  0"  ditto,  raking  

18 

»> 

Tiling,  p.  c.  20s.  per  yard  at  manufactory, 
and  allow  as  last,  in  small  quantities  in 

hearths,  measured  net  

18'  0"  run,  cutting  and  waste  to  edges 

£ 


s.  d. 


Some  surveyors  bill  wall  tiling  and  all  tile  paving,  except 
common  quarries,  at  the  end  of  the  plasterer’s  bill ; plasterers 
usually  fix  them  unless  the  manufacturer  does  it.  Some  of  the  tile 
merchants  keep  men  who  do  nothing  else  but  lay  tiles,  and  they 
generally  do  it  very  well. 

Asphalte  Paving. — State  thickness,  kind,  if  to  falls,  if  vertical, 
if  on  arches,  if  laid  by  any  particular  company’s  own  men,  if  in 
two  thicknesses. 

Measure  forming  channel  at  per  foot  run  extra  upon  the  area 
measured,  number  making  good  to  bases,  gullies,  &c. 

Measure  skirting  at  per  foot  run,  state  thickness,  height,  whether 
square  or  chamfered,  and  number  the  mitres,  stopped  ends,  &c. 

Measure  angle  fillet  at  per  foot  run. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

350 

- « 

supl. 

202 

run 

70 

i _ 

99 

No.  I 

4 

>»  i 

1 

4 

Bill 

I 

Seyssel  Asphalte  Co.’s  (38  Poultry,  E.C.)  I 
asphalte  paving  1"  thick,  laid  in  two 

thicknesses  to  falls 

94'  0"  run.  Extra  labour  forming  gutter 
Ditto  skirting  6"  high,  and  allow  for 
angle  fillet  and  letting  into  joint  of 
brickwork  including  raking  out  mortar 

joint 

No.  84  mitres •• 

Extra  for  forming  shallow  channel  9"  wide 
Making  good  to  column  bases  9"  diameter 
Labour  and  materials  to  outlets  through 
14"  wall  


£ 1 s.  d. 


7 2 <2  UANT1TY  S UR  VE  YING. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  FOOT  SUPERFICIAL. 

Rough  Cutting. — Measure  it  all  to  rakes,  skewbacks,  and  other 
positions  where  the  brickwork  requires  cutting.  If  cuttings  are 
fair  they  are  taken  with  the  facings.  If  under  6 inches  measure 
per  foot  run.  (See  facings,  p.  86.) 

Rough  cutting  to  brickwork  bonded  with  masonry  is  usually 
covered  by  a clause  in  the  preamble  of  the  bricklayer’s  bill.  A 
lineal  dimension  of  cutting  to  facings  is  assumed  to  be  4J  inches 
wide.  Consequently  to  the  upper  edge  of  a 9-inch  brick  parapet  to 
a gable  surmounted  by  a coping  there  would  be  a superficial  dimen- 
sion of  the  length  by  5 inches  of  rovgh  cutting  besides. 


ft. 

in. 

95 

— 

Bill 

Rough  cutting  to  rakes,  skewbacks,  &c. 


£ 


d. 


Rough  Relieving  Arches. — Some  surveyors  simply  take  a 
superficial  dimension  of  the  rough  cutting,  which  is  billed  with 
the  other  rough  cuttings,  others  measure  the  quantity  in  them  and 
describe  them  as  “ reduced  brickwork,  extra  only  in  rough  reliev- 
ing arches.”  Observe  that  if  the  cutting  be  taken  it  will  be  to 
extrados,  intrados  and  skewbacks,  and  if  in  cement,  a dimension  of 
brickwork  extra  only  in  cement.  The  best  way  is  to  number  them, 
describing  their  length,  width  of  soffit,  and  depth  (about  6 inches 
longer  than  the  lintel  is  about  the  average  length),  and  describing 
them  as  “ extra  labour,  cutting  and  waste  to  relieving  arches, 
5 feet  by  1 brick  by  1 brick,”  or,  as  the  case  may  be,  averaged  in 
abstract.  (See  p.  249.) 

Rough  Segmental  Arches  are  measured  in  the  same  manner  as 


No. 

j 45 

Extra  labour,  cutting  and  waste  to  relicv-  [ 

ing  arches  5'  3"  x 1 brick  x 1 brick 
(averaged) 

24 

Ditto,  segmental  arches  3'  0"  x 1£  brick  x 

ft. 

1 brick  (averaged) 

in. 

or. 

145 

- 

supl. 

Reduced  brickwork  extra  only  in  rough 

relieving  arches | 

72 

I - 

! 

Ditto,  segmental 

Quantities  roughly  prepared  sometimes  de-  ' 

scribe  the  brickwork  as  “ reduced  brick-  | 

work  in  mortar,  including  all  cuttings  J 
and  rough  relieving  and  segmental 

i 

arches”  .,  

£ 5. 


d. 


I 


BRICKLA  YER. 


73 


Trimmer  Arches. — Measure  the  length  between  the  floor 
trimmers  by  the  width  of  the  hearth  plus  3 inches;  state 
whether  in  mortar  or  cement,  and  if  levelled  up  with  concrete, 
and  include  the  concrete  with  the  item. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

60 

- 

supl. 

Half-brick  trimmer  arches  in  cement  and 

levelling  up  with  fine  concrete  ,, 

Damp-proof  Course. — Refer  to  the  collection  of  walls  for  the 
length,  and  multiply  by  the  width ; state  if  asphalte,  asphalted 
felt,  tar  and  sand,  or  slates ; if  latter,  say  if  it  is  in  cement,  whether 
one  or  two  courses,  and  that  it  is  measured  net,  including  cuttings. 
(See  also  Chapter  XII.) 


Bill 


ft. 

120 

| in. 

1 

supl. 

96 

- 

” 

116 

- 

run 

45 

1 

- 

1 

Damp-proof  course  thick  of  Claridge’s 
(Victoria  Embankment)  asphalte,  and 

laying  on  walls 

Ditto  thick,  of  pitch,  tar  and  sand 
boiled  together  and  laid  hot  on  walls  .. 
Damp-proof  course  of  two  courses  of  stout 
slates,  laid  breaking  joint  in  cement  to 
9"  wall,  measured  net,  and  allow  fur  cut- 
ting and  waste 

Ditto  to  14"  walls 


d. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

Rough  Cut  Birdsmouth,  &c.  (Fig.  13),  or  Squint  Quoin 
(Fig- 14). — In  both  many  surveyors  simply  call  it  rough  chamfer ; 
in  the  latter  case  correctly,  in  the  former 
incorrectly,  if  it  is  properly  done,  but  in  the 
majority  of  cases  rough  chamfer  is  all  that 
is  done  for  birdsmouth.  When  on  facings  it 
would  be  described  as  fair  cut.  PIG-  13*  Fig.  14  • 

The  words  “ rough  chamfer : on  brick,” 
should  be  used  when  only  one  brick  is  cut;  where  more  than 
one,  it  should  be  called  “rough  splay  on  brick,’  and  the  width 
thereof  stated,  or  measured  superficial. 


74 


Q UANTITY  S UR  VE  YING. 


Bill. 


i ft. 
1 65 

in. 

run 

I 

Rough  cut  birdsmouth  or  squint  quoin  .. 

65 

_ 

» 

or, 

Rough  cut  chamfer  on  brick  

65 

_ 

»» 

or 

Rough  cut  splay  one  course  of  bricks 

45 

- 

supl. 

Rough  cut  splay  on  brick 

50 

- 

run 

or 

Rough  cut  splay  9"  wide  on  brick  .. 

-p 


d. 


Filleting  to  Slating  or  Tiling. — State  whether  in  mortar  or 
cement,  and  if  twine  or  nails  or  both  are  used. 


I ft 

143 


Bill. 


run 


Cement  filleting  to  tiling  

Some  surveyors  bill  this  with  the  tiler 
instead  of  bricklayer. 


s.'  d. 


Raking  out  and  Pointing  Flashings  with  Cement. — Take  the 
same  length  as  the  lead  flashings.  Keep  that  to  stepped  flashings 
separate. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

100 

- 

run 

Rake  out  and  point  flashings  with  cement 

75 

1 

>» 

Ditto,  stepped  

Cutting  and  Pinning  Landings  in  Cement. — State  thickness 
of  landing,  and  if  in  old  wall  say  so. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

24 

- 

run 

Cut  and  pin  4"  landing  in  cement 

15 

i 

>» 

Ditto  to  old  wall 

Cutting  and  Pinning  Edges  of  Shelves  (if  this  is  done  after 


the  plastering  take  also  an  item  of  plastering  made  good  to  shelf 
edge). 

Bill. 


1 

ft. 

in. 

30 

- 

run 

20 

- 

»» 

50 

>» 

Cut  and  pin  edge  of  slate  shelf  in  cement 
Ditto  to  old  wall 


Make  good  plastering  to  edge  of  slate 
shelf 


£ 


r.  d. 


BRICKLA  YER . 


75 


Cutting  or  Forming  Chase  for  Pipe.— If  in  old  work  state  it. 
Take  this  to  all  pipes  which  adjoin  brick  walls. 


ft. 

in. 

35 

- 

run 

22 

- 

Bill. 

Cut  or  form  chase  in  brickwork  for  pipe  .. 
Ditto  in  old  wall  ..  , 


£ 


d. 


Extra  Labour  and  Materials,  Cutting  and  Bonding  New 


Wall  (stating  Thickness)  to  Old. — In  this  case  measure  new 
work  up  to  face  of  old  wall  only,  or  sufficient  brickwork  may  bo 
measured  to  allow  for  bonding,  and  the  words  “ and  materials  ” 


omitted. 


ft. 

in. 

1 

25 

- 

run 

30 

_ 

>» 

25 

»» 

Bill 

Extra  labour  and  materials,  cutting  and 
bonding  new  1-brick  wall  to  old 

Ditto  1^-brick  

Extra  labour,  cutting  and  bonding  new 
1-brick  wall  to  old 


“ Chase,  Cut  and  Parget,”  in  which  case  measure  sufficient 
brickwork  to  allow  for  the  bonding. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

15 

_ 

run 

Cut  and  parget,  chase  in  old  wall  for  1-brick 

new  wall  

20 

- 

Ditto  1 J-brick  ditto 

£ ! s. 


d. 


“ Labour  Rough  Oversail  or  Set  Back  One  Course.” — A course 
of  brickwork  20  feet  in  length  projecting  from  the  face  of  a wall 
would -appear  in  the  bill  as  40-feet  run,  the  brickwork  measured  in 
the  usual  way  and  included  in  the  item  of  reduced  brickwork. 


Bill 


! ft. 

in.  j 

40 

i 

run 

Labour  oversail  or  set  back  one  course 

£ I 


d. 


Cores  to  Columns. — Describe  as  “ Brick  in  cement  core  to 
shafts  to  columns,  14  inches  mean  diameter,  including  cutting. 
If  diminished  or  swelled  state  it. 


76 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

40 

- 

run 

Brick  in  cement  core  to  diminished  shafts 

of  columns,  14"  mean  diameter,  including 
all  cutting 

£ 


d. 


Level  and  Prepare  Old  Wall  to  Receive  New  Work. — State 
thickness  of  wall. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

70 

- 

run 

Level  and  prepare  old  lj-brick  wall  to 

receive  new  work  

22 

»» 

Ditto  2-brick 

£ 


s.  d. 


Extra  Labour  to  Beam  Filling. — State  height  and  thickness 
of  such  part  of  the  wall  as  it  affects. 


ft. 

in. 

100 

Bill 

Extra  labour  to  beam  filling  6"  high  to  9" 
wall  


£ 


d. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  YARD  RUN. 

Iron  Hooping. — Give  size,  length  may  be  obtained  from  collec- 
tions of  walls,  and  add  5 per  cent,  to  length  to  allow  for  laps. 
State  if  tarred  and  sanded,  if  Tyerman’s  patent,  and  that  it  includes 
laying  in  walls.  Make  no  deduction  for  the  parts  cut  out,  and 
measure  right  through  openings.  Measure  one  line  of  hooping  to 
each  half  brick  in  thickness  of  wall  at  the  levels  specified.  This 
length  would  be  multiplied  by  the  number  of  tiers  ; it  is  usual  to 
state  the  weight  as  well  as  the  length. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

; 333 

run 

1£"  x No.  15  B.  W.  gauge  hoop-iron, 

lapped  together  at  joints  and  angles,  and 
laying  in  walls  by  bricklayer  (weight, 
3 cwt.  1 qr.)  

d. 


BRICKLAYER, 


77 


WORKS  NUMBERED. 

Frames,  Bed  and  Point.— State  if  screeded  in.  Keep  window 
frames  separate  if  the  sills  are  bedded  in  white-lead.  Call  frames 
over  24  feet  superficial  large ; over  36  feet,  extra  large.  In  the 
case  of  loophole  frames  measure  at  per  foot  run.  Some  surveyors 
measure  all  frames  per  foot  run. 


1 1 1 

£ 

No. 

20 

Frame  bed  in  lime  and  bair,  and  point  with 

cement  

)> 

24 

Ditto,  large 

** 

6 

Ditto,  extra  large 

ft. 

in. 

or, 

100 

- 

run 

Frame  bed  and  point  in  lime  and  hair,  and 

1 

point  with  cement 

Parget  and  Core  Smoke  Flues. — When  of  a common  length 
the  dimensions  need  not  be  mentioned,  but  if  very  long — over  50 
feet — their  length  should  be  averaged  and  stated,  or  instead  of  each 
per  foot  run . 


No. 

I 

10 

” 

10 

ft.  1 in. 

J 

900  - 

1 

run 

Bill 

Parget  and  core  flues 

Parget  and  core  flues  90  feet  long  (aver- 
aged)   

or, 

Parget  and  core  flue 


£\s.'d. 


Parget  and  Core  Ventilating  Flues. — Average  their  length 
and  state  size,  or  instead  of  each  per  foot  run. 


Bill 

No.  3 Parget  and  core  ventilating  flues  14"x  14' 
and  40  feet  long  (averaged) 


s.  d. 


Setting  Stoves  or  Ranges. — State  kind  of  stove.  Give  size  of 
openings,  and  state  that  it  includes  the  necessary  firebricks.  If 
slow  combustion  stoves,  such  as  Barnard  and  Bishop’s,  state  that 


78 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


they  include  fire-lumps  also,  and  if  any  extra  firebricks.  Average 
the  widths  of  similar  stoves. 


Bill 


No. 


6 


Set  register  stoves  in  hard  stocks  and  mor- 
tar to  3 feet  opening  (averaged)  .. 
Ditto  range  to  5 feet  opening,  and  form  flues 
and  supply  any  necessary  firebricks 
Set  slow  combustion  stoves  in  hard  stocks 
and  mortar,  and  set  any  extra  firebricks 
supplied  with  them  18"  fire-bars  .. 

Set  copper  and  furnace  work  in  hard  stocks 
in  mortar  and  connect  with  flue,  and 
render  and  float  the  brickwork  with  Port- 
land cement,  including  all  labour  and 
materials 


£ I s.  d. 


Window  Sills. — Where  very  large  sills,  as  in  Gothic  work,  take 
“ sills  bedded  hollow,  made  up  and  pointed  at  completion,”  counting 
each  light  of  the  window  as  one  sill. 


Bill 


No. 

45 

Bed  sills  hollow  and  make  up  and  point  at 

completion  ; where  this  item  is  not  taken 

take  “ making  good  to  window  sills,”  and 

bill  with  the  facings  

£ s.  d , 


Cut  and  Pin  Ends  of  Steps,  Thresholds,  &c. — State  whether 
to  new  or  old  walls  or  to  facings. 

Note. — “ Cut  and  pin  ” should  be  taken  to  any  ends  of  timber 
or  stone  which  go  into  a wall,  as  in  the  majority  of  cases,  whether 
built  in  and  made  good  to,  or  cut  away  for , the  labour  is  about 
equal. 

Ends  of  stone  treads  and  risers  may  be  described  together  as 
ends  of  steps  cut  and  pinned. 


Bill 


No. 

74 

Ends  of  steps,  thresholds,  curbs,  &c.,  cut 

and  pinned  in  cement  

20 

Ditto  to  old  walls 

10 

Ditto,  iron  joists 

• 

1 

1 ” 

12 

Ditto,  girders 

1 

£ : s. 


d. 


BRICKLA  YER. 


79 


Setting  Air-bricks  or  Gratings  and  Forming  and  Rendering 
Openings. — State  thickness  of  wall  and  size  of  grating,  and  if 
grating  is  more  than  9 inches  long,  that  it  is  to  include  the 
necessary  cover  stones,  and  whether  the  opening  is  cranked. 

Small  metal  items  which  are  fixed  by  bricklayer  are  most 
conveniently  billed  with  the  labour  to  them. 


9"  X 3"  cast-iron  ornamental  air-brick  and 
fixing,  and  forming  and  rendering  with 
cement  opening  through  2^-brick  wall 

(averaged)  

18"  X 12"  cast-iron  ornamental  grating 
thick,  Macfarlane’s  (Glasgow)  No.  — , 
and  fixing,  and  forming  and  rendering 
with  cement  cranked  opening  through 
2-brick  walls  (average)  3 bricks  thick, 
and  including  any  necessary  self-faced 
York  cover  stones  


Chimney  Pots  and  Fixing.  — State  height  and  material,  or 
provide  a sum  for  each,  or  state  number  from  a trade  list.  State 
that  they  are  bedded  and  flaunched  with  cement. 


No.'  20 


I 14 


Bill 


No. 

I 

10 

No. 

10 

Chimney  pots,  Brown’s  (Braintree),  No. 
230,  and  bedding  and  flaunching  with 

cement  

or, 

Chimney  pots,  p.c.  4s.  6d.  each  at  manu- 
factory, and  allow  for  packing,  carriage, 
profit,  and  bedding  and  flaunching  with 
cement  


£!  s. 


d. 


Small  Cesspools,  Grease  Traps,  &c. — Describe  length,  breadth, 
and  depth  in  clear,  thickness  of  brickwork,  if  in  cement,  if  rendered 
in  cement,  cover,  grating,  if  any,  how  many  ends  of  pipes  mado 
good  thereto,  and  connection  or  connections,  stating  how  many 
with  drain,  and  state  that  they  include  digging. 

Rain-water  tanks  are  best  taken  out  in  detail,  and  billed  in 
all  trades  as  a separate  section  after  the  drains. 

Inspection  pits  and  turning  chambers  are  best  taken  out  in 


8o  Q UANTITY  S UR  VE  YING. 


detail,  and  the  work  to  them  included  in  the  bill  “ Drains  in  all 
Trades.” 


Bill. 

Brick  cesspool  14"  x 14"  and  12"  deep  all 
in  clear  of  9"  brickwork  in  cement,  with 
brick  flat  bottom  on  6"  of  cement  con- 
crete and  2£"  self-faced  York  cover,  in- 
cluding digging  and  connecting  with 
drain 


s.  d. 


Perforations  in  Walls  for  Pipes  and  Making  Good. — State 
thickness  of  wall.  Thickness  to  he  averaged  in  abstract. 

Eyelets,  stating  thickness  of  wall  and  what  they  are  for,  as 
“ for  6-inch  drain  pipe  through  1 J-brick  wall  (averaged).” 


No. 

10 

10 

Bill 

Perforations  for  pipes  in  walls  l£-bricks 
thick  (averaged),  and  making  good 
Eyelets  for  4"  drain  in  walls  2-bricks  thick 
(averaged),  and  making  good 


£ 


d. 


Wells. — Describe  in  one  item,  state  diameter  and  depth  in 
clear,  if  steined  dry  or  in  mortar  or  cement,  or  part  in  either,  and 
that  it  includes  digging.  The  curb  may  be  included  in  the  descrip- 
tion. Sometimes  in  addition  to  this  the  quantities  are  given  in 
detail  “ written  short.”  (See  Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing.) 

Treat  large  cesspools  in  the  same  manner. 


No. 


Brick  cesspool  6'  0"  diameter  and  1 2 feet 
deep,  both  in  clear,  of  9"  brickwork, 
steined  dry,  the  bottom  6"  thick  in 
cement,  on  cement  concrete  9"  thick, 
domed  over  in  9"  brickwork  in  cfment, 
with  eye  24"  diameter  in  same  covered 
with  a 3"  tooled  York  cover  3'  0"  x 3'  0" 
with  strong  iron  ring  and  fanged  eye  let 
in  and  leaded,  including  curb,  digging 
and  connecting  with  drain,  all  labour 
and  materials  complete 


BRICKLA  YER. 


81 


FACINGS. 

Facings  at  per  foot  superficial , measure  the  net  quantity  as  extra 
on  common  brickwork,  and  the  pointing  measured  with  it ; state 
the  kind  of  bricks,  the  bond,  the  kind  of  pointing,  deduct  all 
openings  and  gauged  arches,  allow  3 inches  below  surface  of 
ground.  If  gauged  arches  are  measured  extra  on  facings  they 
must  not  be  deducted. 

Be  sure  of  the  architect’s  intention  as  to  pointing,  whether 
“Joints  struck  fair  as  the  work  proceeds,”  or  “Bake  out  and 
point  ” is  meant. 

If  facing  is  filled  in  between  relieving  arches  and  window  heads 
after  the  general  facing  is  done,  it  should  be  kept  separate  and  its 
position  described. 

Measure  the  whole  depth  of  the  reveals  as  facing ; some  sur- 
veyors allow  only  half  the  reveals,  but  the  majority  allow  the 
whole.  When  the  reveals  are  cemented  the  facings  should  not  be 
measured.  Where  there  are  dressings,  cornices,  &c.,  of  better 
bricks,  measure  first  the  whole  surface  of  the  walls,  including  the 
dressings,  &c.  The  deduction  of  facings  may  be  made  when  the 
cornices,  &c.,  are  measured.  Work  which  has  been  built  in  cement 
must  have  its  face  measured  in  addition,  and  described  as  “ Baking 
out  cement  joints,  and  pointing  to  match  facing,”  a similar  quantity 
of  the  ordinary  facing  and  pointing  being  deducted. 

In  measuring  facings,  collect  the  whole  round  of  the  walls  of 
the  same  height,  add  to  the  length  inches  at  each  internal 
angle,  and  multiply  by  the  total  height  from  3 inches  below  the 
finished  ground  line  to  eaves. 

It  is  best  to  begin  with  the  chimney  shafts,  follow  with  the 
gables,  measuring  them  down  to  the  eaves.  The  whole  surface  of 
the  walls  from  eaves  to  3 inches  below  ground  can  then  in  many 
cases  be  brought  into  one  dimension.  (See  also  Chapter  II.) 


ft. 

1850 

in. 

supl. 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  facings  of 

picked  stocks,  laid  old  English  bond, 
finished  with  a neatly  struck  bevelled 
joint  as  the  work  proceeds  

d. 


G 


82 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Extra  on  Facings  for  Gauged  Arches  at  per  foot  superficial. — 
Measure  the  whole  surface  of  face  and  soffit ; for  the  face  the  mean 
length  midway  between  the  soffit  and  top  of  arch.  Describe  the 
bricks  and  the  pointing  and  whether  straight,  cambered,  or  Gothic, 
if  set  in  cement  or  putty,  and  how  pointed.  Measure  the  cuttings 
to  facings  with  the  arches.  According  to  this  treatment  the 
ordinary  facings  should  not  be  deducted. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

100 

supl. 

100 

- 

Extra  on  picked  stock  facings  for  gauged 
arch  in  Brown’s  best  red  rubbers  set  in 
cement,  and  raked  out  and  tuck-pointed 

with  putty 

or, 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  gauged  seg- 
mental arches  in  Brown’s  best  red  rub- 
bers set  in  cement,  and  raked  out  and 

tuck-pointed  with  putty  

This  treatment  involves  the  deduction  of 
the  facing. 


£ 


d. 


When  the  bricks  for  dressings  are  of  better  bricks  than  the 
general  facings,  measure  the  former  and  deduct  the  latter.  For 
quoins,  average  the  width  of  the  two  faces,  and  multiply  by  the 
height.  A running  length  of  “ extra  for  bonding  quoin  with 
common  facings  ” should  also  be  taken,  or  a general  clause  may  be 
put  in  the  bill  stating  that  the  better  facings  are  to  include 
bonding  with  the  commoner  ones. 

If  a better  kind  of  facing  is  confined  to  bands  and  quoins  in 
small  proportion  to  the  general  facing,  it  should  be  measured  in 
the  usual  way,  and  the  common  facing  which  has  been  previously 
measured  over  it  deducted ; when  facing  is  in  glazed  bricks  it 
should  be  similarly  treated. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

150 

Facings  of  Lawrence  (Bracknell)  best  red 
facing  bricks  laid  Flemish  bond  in 
small  quantities  in  quoins  and  bands,  and 
raking  out  and  pointing  with  blue  ash 
mortar 


Observe  that  facing  in  coloured  mortar  is  almost  invariably 
raked  out  and  pointed. 

Brickwork  in  Rubbers  closely  set  in  Shellac  or  Putty  for 
Carving,  measure  per  foot  superficial  as  extra  on  common  brick- 


BRICKLA  YER. 


83 

work,  usually  projected  from  the  general  surfaco  of  the  wall. 
Measure  the  projection  extra  as  common  brickwork. 


£ s.  d 


Bill 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  rubbed  and 
gauged  facings  of  Lawrence’s  best  red 
rubbers,  set  Flemish  bond,  in  shellac 
(or  putty)  for  carving  


Battering  Face  at  per  foot  superficial , state  amount  of  batter. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

20 

supl. 

ft. 

in. 

40 

supl. 

Extra  on  red  facings  for  battering  face  3" 
to  each  foot  of  rise,  including  all  cutting 
and  waste 


£ s.  d, 


Diapers. — Measure  these  at  per  foot  run  if  not  exceeding 
12  inches  in  width,  per  foot  superficial  if  over  12  inches;  describe 
as  “Extra  on  common  brickwork,”  deducting  the  general  facing. 
Say  how  bricks  are  arranged,  if  any  of  them  project,  and  how 
much,  and  what  setting  and  pointing.  They  are  best  selected  by 
number  from  a trade  list. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

40 

supl. 

d. 


Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  diaper  of 
Brown’s  (Braintree)  No.  428  diaper  bricks 
pointed  to  match  facings 


Carving  on  Brickwork  varies  so  much  in  quality  that  it  is 
best  treated  as  a provision. 

Bill 


Provide  for  carving  20  feet  supl.  of  gauged 
brickwork 


Cornices  and  String  Courses  are  measured  in  two  ways,  extra 
on  facings  and  extra  on  common  brickwork.  If  treated  as  extra  on 
facings , the  projection  is  measured  as  ordinary  brickwork ; if  in 
cement,  the  extra  only  in  cement  is  also  measured.  The  string 
course  or  cornice  is  girt  and  billed  with  the  similar  facing.  The 
general  facing  behind  it  is  deducted,  and  the  lineal  length  of  the 
feature  measured,  and  the  mitres,  &c.,  counted. 

g 2 


84 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ft.  in. 
50  - 


Bill 


run 


Extra  on  facings  for  one  course  of  moulded 
bricks,  all  headers  as  string  3"  high,  in- 
cluding setting  out  and  raking  out,  and 

pointing  to  match  facings  

No.  20  mitres 

„ 4 ditto  irregular 

4 returned  mitred  ends  


d. 


If  treated  as  extra  on  Common  Brickwork,  the  projection  is 
measured  as  ordiuary  brickwork,  and  if  in  cement  the  extra  only  in 
cement  is  also  measured,  the  general  facing  behind  it  is  deducted, 
and  the  lineal  length  of  the  feature  measured,  and  the  mitres,  &c., 
counted. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

50 

run 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  labour-moulded 
bricks  and  facing  for  one  course  of 
moulded  red  bricks,  all  headers  as  string 
3"  high,  including  setting  out,  raking 
out,  and  pointing  to  match  facings 

No  20  mitres 

„ 4 ditto  irregular 

„ 4 returned  mitred  ends  

This  latter  method  is  less  liable  to  mis- 
apprehension by  the  builder. 

£ 


s.  d. 


If  the  maker  of  the  moulded  bricks  is  named  in  a preamble  to 
the  section  facings,  and  the  height  of  the  member  stated  in  the 
item,  the  numbers  in  the  trade  list  need  not  be  quoted,  as  the 
value  of  the  various  sections  varies  but  little.  If  the  bricks  are 
enriched,  the  price  is  higher  than  for  ordinary  facing  bricks,  and 
the  numbers  in  the  trade  list  should  be  stated. 


ft.  ' 

1 in. 

35 

run 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  labour-moulded 
bricks,  and  facing  for  cornice,  in  red  bricks 
12"  high,  8"  projection  of  one  course 
plain,  one  course  (No.  44)  enriched, 
two  courses  moulded,  including  setting 
out,  raking  out,  and  pointing  to  match 

facings  

No.  4 mitres 

„ 2 returned  mitred  ends 

„ 2 stopped  ends  

£ 


s.  d. 


BRICKLAYER. 


85 


Oversailing  Courses  of  Facing  are  described  as  oversail  or 
set  back  one  course  of  facings,  if  in  short  lengths  say  so,  and  make 
the  item  include  square  angles.  Measure  the  projection  as 
common  brickwork. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

S. 

d. 

130 

- 

run 

Labour  oversail  or  set  back  one  course  of 

facings,  including  square  angles  .. 

Moulded  Courses  as  Strings  or  Cornices,  when  cut  and 
rubbed,  would  be  treated  in  a similar  manner  to  the  foregoing,  but 
describing  the  work  as  in  rubbers. 


ft. 

in. 

35 

run 

Bill. 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  best  red 
rubbers,  as  cornice  12"  high,  8"  projec- 
tion, moulded  18"  girth,  set  in  putty  .. 

No.  4 mitres 

„ 2 returned  mitred  ends 

„ 2 stopped  ends  


£ 


s.  d. 


Cut  and  Bubbed  Mouldings  on  brick  would  be  measured  as 
extra  on  facing  per  foot  superficial  when  over  12  inches  girth,  per 
foot  run  when  not  exceeding  12  inches  girth. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

29 

run 

Extra  on  facings  for  cut  and  rubbed  mould- 
ing 9"  girth,  raked  out  and  pointed  to 

match  facings 

No.  2 mitres 

„ 2 moulded  stops 

£ 3. 


d. 


Brick  on  Edge  Coping  at  per  foot  run. — Measure  as  “extra  on 
brickwork  for  brick  on  edge,  and  double  plain  tile  creasing  in 
cement,”  and  state  the  thickness  of  wall,  and  if  cement  fillet  on 


each  side  (this  will  have  been  measured  before  as  common  brick- 
work). 


Bill. 


ft. 

1100 

in. 

Extra  on  brickwork  for  brick  on  edge,  and 
double  plain  tile  creasing  all  in  cement 
to  9"  wall,  and  cement  fillet  on  each 
side  

24 

Ditto,  circular  to  ramps  

No.  3 angles 

£ s. 


d. 


86 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Or  the  ordinary  brickwork  may  be  measured  up  to  under  side 
of  creasing,  and  the  foregoing  description  altered  by  omitting  the 
words  “ extra  on  brickwork  for.” 

Brick  sills  per  foot  run , state  how  many  courses,  if  on  edge,  if  in 
cement,  if  all  headers,  and  the  depth  of  reveal,  and  describe  as 
including  fitted  ends. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

55 

_ 

run 

Window  sill  of  red-splayed  bricks  on  edge, 

all  headers  in  cement  to  4£"  reveal,  in- 
cluding fitted  ends 

d. 


It  is  the  practice  of  some  surveyors  to  measure  all  the  better 
facings  as  “ extra  on  common  facings,”  but  this  leads  to  confusion. 

Measure  at  per  foot  run  — Fair  cut  and  rubbed  splay  not 
exceeding  12  inches,  stating  width  over  12  inches  per  foot 
superficial. 


Bill 


ft. 

25 

in. 

run 

Extra  on  facings  for  labour  to  cut  and 

rubbed  splay  9"  wide,  including  two 

arrises  

No.  4 mitres 

£ 


d. 


Measure  at  per  foot  run , “ circular  and  skewback  cutting,”  “ fair 
cut  and  rubbed  squint  quoin,”  ‘‘fair  cut  and  rubbed  birdsmouth,” 
“ mouldings  under  12  inches  girth.”  Extra  labour  plumbing 
angles  of  battering  facing,  stating  the  amount  of  batter  in  each 
foot  of  rise. 


1 

ft. 

in. 

110 

- 

run 

15 

- 

99 

44 

- 

99 

Bill 

Circular  and  skewback  cutting  to  facing  . . 
Labour  fair  cut  and  rubbed  squint  quoin  or 

birdsmouth 

Ditto  to  battering  face  1"  batter  to  12" 
rise  


£ 


d. 


Terra-cotta  per  foot  cube. — Each  piece  is  measured  as  a cube 
of  the  size  which  will  contain  it.  Only  two  kinds  of  terra-cotta 


BRICKLA  YER. 


87 


are  recognised  in  the  trade,  one  kind  'plain  or  moulded , the  other 
enriched;  keep  the  two  kinds  separate.  State  the  colour,  the 
general  thickness  of  the  terra-cotta,  if  chambered,  the  composition 
of  filling  in,  if  of  Portland  or  Roman  cement,  or  cement  concrete, 
and  whether  filled  in  before  or  after  fixing,  the  kind  and  colour  of 
the  mortar  in  which  it  is  to  be  set.  Make  no  deduction  of  the 
brickwork,  but  state  this  fact  in  the  bill,  and  although  the  greater 
proportion  of  the  terra-cotta  will  be  chambered,  it  is  measured  as  if 
solid.  State  if  pieces  of  hoop  iron  are  used  for  the  bonding  of 
blocks  together,  and  if  galvanised,  or  whether  the  blocks  are 
joggled  together,  and  if  it  includes  modelling. 

Take  care  to  arrange  for  plenty  of  vertical  joints.  If  the  plan 
of  a moulded  jamb  can  be  divided  into  several  pieces  the  adjusting 
of  the  lines  of  moulding  will  be  so  much  the  easier. 

Where  in  considerable  quantity,  an  estimate  is  sometimes 
obtained  from  a modeller  for  the  modelling,  and  the  amount  for 
modelling  included  in  the  estimate  as  a provision ; or  the  models 
for  enriched  work  only  may  be  thus  treated  (the  estimate  being 
obtained  from  a stone  carver  or  a decorative  plasterer),  the  general 
contractor  preparing  and  supplying  the  remainder. 

A model  must  be  taken  for  every  piece  of  terra-cotta,  except 
where  exact  repetitions  of  shape  ; but  observe  that  in  some  cases 
the  same  model  will  be  usable  for  two  pieces  apparently  different, 
as  for  right  and  left  jambs  of  an  opening  when  moulded  on  one 
face  only.  Plain  pieces  can  generally  be  reversed,  in  which  case 
one  model  serves  for  two  pieces. 

If  a separate  contract  is  entered  into  with  the  terra-cotta 
manufacturer,  it  will  be  stipulated  that  certain  proportions  of  the 
material  shall  be  delivered  by  given  dates,  as  “ all  the  terra-cotta 
below  first  floor,”  that  “ between  first  and  second  floor  level,”  &c., 
and  it  will  be  necessary  to  keep  these  sections  distinct  in  dimen- 
sions, abstracts  and  bills. 

Per  foot  run,  “ clean  off  reveal  of  terra-cotta  door  and  window 
jambs  to  receive  wooden  frames.” 

“ Clean  up  and  straighten  groove  for  lead  lights.” 

Number  notchings,  ends  cut  and  pinned,  copper  cramps  or 
dowels  and  mortises,  &c. 

Although  the  contract  may  be  a separate  one,  the  manufacturer 
should  price  every  item  of  the  bill. 


88 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in.  I 

1350 

cube 

400 

»» 

285 

- 

20 

run 

110 

M 

No. 

4 

19 

3 

19 

6 

99 

210 

Terra-cotta  in  mortar,  including  hoisting 

and  setting  at  various  levels 

Ditto,  enriched  

Ditto,  extra  only  for  setting  in  cement 
Clean  off  reveal  or  door  and  window  jambs 

to  receive  frames  

Clean  up  and  straighten  grooves  for  lead 

lights 

Cut  or  form  mortises  for  dowels 

Ditto,  perforations  6"  diameter  through  9" 

terra-cotta 

Mortises  and  lead  plugs  

Copper  cramps  8"  long,  weight  £ lb.  each, 
and  letting  in  and  running  with  cement 
About  100  models  will  be  required  for  the 
plain  and  moulded  work,  and  about  30 
for  the  enriched. 


£ 


d. 


The  foregoing  arrangements  are  the  most  reasonable  when  the 
intended  quantity  is  large ; when  small  the  pieces  may  be  num- 
bered, stating  the  size  and  giving  sketch,  or  may  be  selected  from 
a trade  list,  as  Doulton  of  Lambeth  or  Edwards  of  Kuabon. 


Bill. 


ft.  1 
100 

in. 

run 

Cornice  18"  (average)  on  bed  12"  high,  9" 

No. 
” 1 

»> 

1 

3 
2 

4 

1 

projection,  moulded  18"  girth  to  detail, 
and  hoisting  and  setting  in  fine  mortar.. 

No.  2 mitres 

„ 2 returned  mitred  ends 

Pier  caps,  14"  x 14"  x 12",  as  sketch 
Edwards’  (Ruabon)  No.  391  window  heads, 
and  allow  for  packing,  carriage,  profit, 

and  setting  in  fine  mortar  

Doulton’s  (Lambeth)  No.  49a  terminals, 
and  ditto  and  setting  in  cement  . . 

£ s. 


d. 


Faience.— When  in  the  form  of  tiles,  cappings  or  skirtings,  and 
used  as  a wall  lining,  it  may  be  selected  at  such  manufacturers  as 
Burmantoft  s or  Doulton’s  at  a price  per  yard  at  manufactory,  and 
treated  in  the  same  manner  as  a tile  wall  lining. 

When  in  large  quantity  and  specially  designed  it  must  be 
measured  and  carefully  described,  brought  into  a bill  of  quantities, 
and  bent  to  the  manufacturer  to  price  ; a sum  may  then  be  provided 
in  the  bill  of  quantities ; each  of  the  items  should  be  priced  for  the 


BRICKLA  YER. 


89 


convenience  of  adjusting  variations.  The  same  amount  of  care 
must  be  exercised  as  to  arrangement  of  times  of  delivery,  and  the 
definition  of  the  respective  duties  of  general  contractor  and  separate 
contractor  as  is  recommended  for  terra-cotta. 

Concrete  Buildings. — Measure  the  concrete  per  yard  cube,  state 
how  it  is  mixed,  and  the  proportions  of  the  materials  and  that  it  is 
in  walling;  keep  the  9-inch  and  the  4J-inch  walls  separate,  and 
measure  them  at  per  superficial  foot.  Number  the  openings  as 
“ extra  labour  to  forming  openings  average  . . . feet  superficial 
each,  with  square  (or  segmental,  as  the  case  may  be)  heads  in 
walls  . . . inches  thick,  including  moulds  and  centering.” 

Lintels  of  angle  iron  are  often  specified  for  openings  in  the 
walls  of  concrete  buildings  ; these  would  be  taken  with  the  openings 
and  reduced  to  weight  as  described  for  iron  joists.  The  outer  faces 
of  external  walls  are  generally  finished  “ plain  face  in  Portland 
cement,”  which  should  be  described  as  “ on  concrete  walls  else- 
where taken.”  The  internal  plastering,  instead  of  “ render  float 
and  set,”  will  be  “ float  and  set  on  concrete  walls.” 


Bill. 


1 yds. 

ft. 

in. 

400 

- 

- 

cube 

Concrete  as  described  in  walls,  including 

25 

all  necessary  boarding  and  apparatus  . . 

- 

- 

supl. 

Ditto  in  4£"  partitions 

40 

- 

- 

1) 

Ditto  6"  ditto 

50 

- 

- 

** 

Ditto  9"  walls  

No. 

10 

Extra  labour  forming  openings  with  seg- 
mental heads  externally  in  12"  wall, 
average  3'  0"  x 6'  9",  including  all 

centering  and  boarding 

»> 

20 

Ditto,  with  square  heads  in  4$"  partitions 
and  ditto,  2'  9"  x 6'  9"  (averaged) 

Ditto,  6"  ditto  and  ditto  3'  0"  x T 0"  ditto 

» | 

10 

I 

>» 

12  | 

Ditto,  9"  walls  and  ditto  3'  3"  x T 3"  ditto 

£ 


d. 


MASON. 

The  usual  London  practice  of  measuring  stonework,  and  by  far 
the  best  method,  is  to  take  out  all  the  labours  upon  it ; this  is  the 
only  way  to  arrive  at  the  exact  value  of  the  work  in  question. 
The  labour  of  the  surveyor  is,  however,  frequently  not  appreciated 
as  it  should  be,  the  builder  simply  reading  through  the  labours  or 
looking  at  the  drawings,  and  afterwards  pricing  the  items  of  cube 


9o 


quantity  surveying. 


stone  at  a price  which,  in  his  opinion,  will  pay  for  stone  and  labour, 
and  leaving  the  labour  items  unpriced.  In  such  a case  the 
estimator  would  read  the  list  of  labours  and  regulate  his  price 
mainly  by  the  proportion  of  the  moulded  work  to  the  other  labours. 

Another  way,  which  has  arisen  as  a consequence  of  the  un- 
certainty as  to  the  extent  to  which  preliminary  faces  have  been 
measured  by  the  surveyor  (and  this  varies  very  much),  is  to  omit 
beds  and  joints  and  sawing  entirely,  and  to  describe  the  stone  as 
including  “ all  plain  beds  and  joints,  and  preliminary  faces  ” ; when 
this  course  is  adopted  every  other  labour  is  measured  as  it  finishes, 
including  sunk  joints  and  sunk  beds,  and  as  to  these  labours  there 
is  rarely  any  difference  of  opinion. 

A reasonable  average  of  beds  and  joints  to  each  cubic  foot  of 
stone  is  in  Classic  and  Classic  Renaissance  work  1 J superficial  feet, 
Gothic  work  2 superficial  feet. 

Another  method  is  to  take  out  the  stone,  including  labour,  and 
to  divide  it  into  a few  main  items,  each  composed  of  stone  upon 
which  the  labour  is  similar,  and  giving  sketches  to  the  more  ornate 
parts,  as  “ stone  and  labour  in  chamfered  jambs  ” ; “ ditto  in 
moulded  ditto  ” ; “ ditto  in  chamfered  plinths  and  strings,  &c.” ; 
“ ditto  in  sedilia,  as  sketch,  &c.” 

To  measure  stone  properly,  the  surveyor  should  know  all  the 
processes  through  which  the  stone  must  pass. 

State  in  all  cases  how  finished,  whether  rubbed  or  dragged,  if 
any  stones  are  in  scantling  lengths  (6  feet  long  and  over  for  most 
stones  except  Mansfield),  if  hoisted  over  40  feet,  after  which  divide 
into  heights  of  20  feet,  describing  as  40  feet  to  60  feet,  60  feet  to 
80  feet,  &c.,  if  bedded  in  mortar  or  cement,  or  the  stone  may  all  be 
put  together  and  the  extra  hoisting  charged,  as  “ 100  feet  0 inches 
cube.  Extra  hoisting  to  stone  between  40  and  60  feet  of 
height,”  or  as  the  case  may  be. 

This  division  of  heights  is  sometimes  modified  when  a well- 
defined  feature  of  the  building  occurs  within  a few  feet  of  the 
limit,  but  the  real  state  of  the  case  should  be  clearly  stated. 

State  if  any  of  the  labour  or  materials  is  in  small  pieces, 
although  the  aggregate  quantity  may  be  large. 

The  adherence  to  the  order  of  length,  breadth,  depth,  in  taking 
off  is  more  important  in  this  trade  than  in  any  other,  for  the  sake 
of  after  identification  of  dimensions. 


MASON. 


9i 


Measure  all  stone  not  exceeding  3 inches  thick  per  foot  super- 
ficial. 

In  cases  where  plastering  stops  against  quoins,  jambs,  &c.,  as 
in  the  interior  of  some  churches,  the  surveyor  must  observe  to 
measure  the  stone  sufficiently  large  to  leave  it  flush  with  surface 
of  plaster.  Sometimes,  in  case  of  the  restoration  of  an  old  building, 
the  stones  of  jambs  are  kept  flush  with  the  inside  surface  of  the 
walling,  and  the  plastering  stands  its  whole  thickness  in  front  of 
the  stone,  in  such  a case  a lineal  length  of  arris  and  J inch  or 
1 inch  return  must  he  measured. 

Cube  Stone  measured  per  foot  cube . — The  stone  is  measured,  the 
net  size  of  a cube  which  will  contain  the  proposed  finished  stone  ; 
claims  for  waste  are  frequently  made,  and  builders  will  argue  for 
an  allowance  beyond  this,  but  the  custom  is  firmly  established,  and 
although  two  stones  of  irregular  shape  may  often  be  cut  out  of  one 
cube  (see  preamble  of  a masonry  schedule  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment), that  treatment  of  the  measurement  can  only  be  adopted  by 
an  express  stipulation  in  the  quantities  or  schedule.  When  any 
dimension  includes  a fraction  of  an  inch  call  it  another  inch,  thus 
10 J x Hi  X Hi  should  be  called  11"  X 12"  x 12".  In  all  cases 
describe  the  stone  as  cube  stone,  including  hoisting  and  setting. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

540 

- 

cube 

Stone  as  described,  including  hoisting  and 
setting 

55 

- 

») 

Ditto  in  scantling  lengths 

396 

— 

Ditto  and  hoisting  between  40  and  60  feet 
from  street  level  

40 

- 

99 

Ditto  in  scantling  lengths  and  ditto 

75 

- 

99 

Extra  only  for  setting  in  cement 

150 

Extra  only  for  hoisting  between  40  and  60 
feet  

£ s. 


d. 


In  some  parts  of  the  country  the  facing  bricks  are  so  large  that 
four  courses  will  rise  13  inches  and  upwards  instead  of  12  inches. 
Quoins  and  jamb  stones  will  be  affected  accordingly.  Observe  that 
the  height  of  each  stone  agrees  with  a certain  number  of  courses. 

In  taking  off  intricate  stonework,  the  surveyor  will  sometimes 
find  the  labour  of  description  of  position  saved  by  numbering  the 
stones  in  pencil,  but  if  he  adopts  these  numbers  he  should  make  a 


92  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

tracing  showing  the  stones  with  the  numbers,  to  deposit  with  his 
dimensions. 

In  taking  off  a long  length  of  string  or  plinth,  &c.,  where  there 
are  exceptional  pieces  of  stone,  as  splayed  angles  or  stones  of  extra 
size,  take  all  these  before  taking  the  main  length,  the  bed  of  which 
latter  may  be  averaged. 

All  labours  (except  preparatory  faces)  are  measured  over  the 
finished  surface  shown,  except  beds  and  joints,  in  which  one  face 
measured  represents  two  faces. 

When  a number  of  stones  are  measured  in  one  dimension  state 
on  your  dimensions  how  many  there  are. 

In  all  cases  of  “ stone  and  labour  ” state  what  faces  of  the  stone 
are  rubbed,  tooled,  &c. 

As  the  stone  of  different  kinds  and  its  labour  appears  in  cate- 
gories under  different  headings , any  reference  in  the  bill  item  to 
the  kind  of  stone  is  unnecessary. 

Waste  in  Conversion. — The  waste  on  stone  varies  with  its 
quality  and  the  character  of  the  architecture ; some  of  this  waste 
is  allowed  for  in  all  systems  of  measurement  by  the  general  rule 
of  measuring  all  stones  as  square.  The  rules  of  the  Manchester 
Society  of  Architects  (elsewhere  quoted)  prescribe  an  allowance 
of  an  “ inch  each  way  beyond  the  net  dimensions  of  each  block 
when  worked.”  The  London  surveyor  measures  the  stone  net,  and 
sometimes  states  it  thus  in  the  preamble  of  the  mason’s  bill : — 

“ The  stone  is  measured  net  as  set,  and  no  allowance  has  been 
made  for  waste.” 

Half-Sawing  measured  per  foot  superficial , described  as  “ all 
measured .” — It  is  the  surface  produced  on  each  of  the  two  pieces  of 
stone  which  a saw  divides  in  converting  the  block  of  stone  as  raised 
from  the  quarry  into  rough  cubes ; the  foreman  examines  the  quarry 
block  when  it  comes  to  the  works,  and  decides  for  what  purposes  it 
will  best  cut  up.  Supposing  that  he  decides  to  cut  the  stone  for 
jambs  of  windows,  he  would  settle  the  varieties  of  depth  required 
as  12  inches,  15  inches,  &c.,  and  direct  it  to  be  sawn  into  slabs  of 
those  thicknesses.  The  zinc  moulds  for  the  various  sizes  of  beds 
would  then  be  worked  on  the  faces  of  the  slabs,  and  the  stone  again 
sawn  into  pieces,  each  a trifle  bigger  than  the  plan  of  the  mould. 

The  sawing  of  many  of  the  oolites  is  done  with  a toothed  saw. 
The  harder  stones,  as  York,  Portland,  &c.,  are  sawn  with  a saw 


MASON. 


93 


without  teeth,  by  the  aid  of  sand  and  water.  Others,  still  harder, 
cannot  be  sawn,  but  are  split.  Even  some  soft  stones  have  so  much 
grit  in  them  that  they  soon  render  a toothed  saw  useless,  and 
must  be  sawn  with  a wet  one.  After  the  block  is  divided,  many 
of  the  surfaces  of  the  cubes  will  be  simply  the  quarry  faces 
untouched,  other  pieces  will  be  sawn  all  round. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

100 

- 

supl. 

Half-sawing 

150 

>» 

Labour  to  back  

The  examples  of  the  measurement  of  stonework  in  Reid’s 
‘Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor,’  published  in  1848  (a  book  to  which 
all  the  succeeding  writers  on  systematic  quantity  surveying  owe 
considerable  obligations),  commence  by  taking  half-sawing  to  all 
the  six  faces  of  the  original  cube,  and  over  some  of  these  same 
surfaces  measures  plain  work  in  addition.  Very  few  surveyors 
measure  half-sawing  now.  They  call  such  faces  half-bed  or  half- 
joint. 

Other  surveyors  take  half-sawing  to  all  sawn  surfaces  to  which 
no  other  labour  has  been  taken.  This  will  usually  confine  it  to 
the  back  of  the  stone,  and  as  this  face  is  very  frequently  the  quarry 
face,  many  surveyors  describe  it  as  labour  to  back,  and  the  estimator 
prices  it  at  a lower  rate  than  half-sawing. 

Stopped  Work. — When  a labour  on  a piece  of  stone  is  not  con- 
tinued for  the  whole  length  of  such  stone,  it  is  said  to  be  stopped. 
The  splay  on  a Gothic  window  sill  of  one  or  two  stones,  the  lower 
part  of  the  moulding  on  a jamb  which  runs  down  to  such  a splay, 
the  mouldings  or  splays  on  the  stool  of  a mullion,  are  instances  of 
stopped  work.  Sometimes  such  work  is  stopped  at  both  ends; 
the  difference  is  of  such  small  value  that  the  distinction  is  not 
worth  notice.  Stopping  will  qualify  both  superficial  and  lineal 
dimensions. 


ft. 

in. 

45 

- 

supl. 

10 

- 

» 

18 

- 

run 

5 

>1 

Bill 

Sunk  face  stopped 
Ditto  in  short  lengths  . . 
Moulding  3"  girth  stopped 
Ditto  in  short  lengths  . . 
No.  4 stopped  ends 


d. 


94 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Preparatory  Faces. — Preparatory  faces  comprise  any  surfaces 
required  to  set  out  upon,  such  as  plain  face  on  tracery,  plain  work 
all  around  small  mullions  and  transomes,  rough  sunk  work  to  the 
face  of  undercut  mouldings  to  sunk  angles  of  cornices  and  to  sunk 
work  above  a certain  depth. 

In  arguments  about  labour  on  stonework  these  are  the  chief 
points  of  difference,  and  because  of  this,  various  methods  have 
been  adopted  in  the  attempt  to  avoid  the  difficulty. 

One  expedient  is  to  exclude  them  by  a clause  in  the  preamble 
of  the  mason’s  bill,  “ all  finished  surfaces  to  include  preparatory 
labours,”  and  to  measure  only  the  beds  and  joints  and  the  labours 
on  the  finished  surfaces.  Another  way  is  to  exclude  the  beds  and 
joints  also  from  the  specific  measurement,  including  them  with  the 
description  of  the  stoDe,  thus  : — 

Bill 


ft. 

1800 

in. 

cube 

Stone,  including  hoisting  and  setting,  pre- 

1800 

- 

yy 

liminary  faces  and  plain  beds  and  joints 
Or  by  a clause  in  the  preamble  to  the  bill, 
“ All  stone  to  include  plain  beds  and  joints 
and  preliminary  faces,”  and  in  the  bill . . 
Stone,  including  hoisting  and  setting 

£ 


d. 


Sawing. — Sawing  is  always  considered  to  be  included  for  any 
face  on  which  any  finished  labour  has  been  taken.  If  the  attempt 
were  made  to  measure  it  exactly  it  could  not  be  done,  as  the  sizes  of 
blocks  of  stone  (and  consequently  the  sawing)  vary  considerably. 

Rough  Sunk  Face.— Rough  sunk  face  occurs  when  mouldings 
are  undercut  thus,  measured  on 
the  face  A to  B,  Fig.  15.  In 
cases  where  a stone  has  a re- 
entering angle,  as  Fig.  16,  the 
girth  from  A to  B by  the  height 
and  to  the  splays  of  sills  which 
are  3 inches  or  more  below  the  general  face 
of  the  stone. 

Plain  Face. — Plain  face  all  four  faces  of  mullions,  afterwards 
the  finished  faces  of  moulded  or  sunk  work  would  be  measured, 
the  plain  face  on  the  finished  mullion  would  be  covered  by  the 
preparatory  face.  Both  faces  of  the  stone  in  tracery  heads  are 
measured  as  plain  face,  and  are  also  preparatory,  but  these  should 


MASON, 


95 


not  be  excluded  from  the  bill  even  when  the  above  stipulation  as 
to  preparatory  faces  is  used.  " 

Although  sawing  done  with  judgment  reduces  the  labour  on 
the  beds  and  joints,  it  is  not  generally  sufficient  to  enable  the  mason 
to  square  the  stonework  without  further  labour ; in  soft  stones 
with  the  chisel  and  the  drag,  in  hard  stones  with  the  chisel. 

Beds  and  Joints  measured  per  foot  superficial , described  as  “ one 
face  measured  for  twoS — Half-bed  is  the  upper  and  lower  surface 
of  a stone,  half-joint  is  the  surface  of  its  sides.  Bed  is  made  up 
of  the  upper  and  lower  surface  of  a stone  in  contact  with  a stone 
above  or  below  it,  the  two  touching  surfaces  being  two  half-beds. 
Joint  is  made  up  of  the  surface  of  the  side  of  a stone  in  contact 
with  a stone  adjoining,  the  touching  surfaces  being  two  half-joints. 

It  is  the  custom  to  take  a bed  and  a joint  to  each  stone,  which 
will  be  equal  to  half-bed  or  joint  on  four  out  of  six  of  the  surfaces 
of  the  cube,  that  is,  to  top,  to  bottom  and  to  two  sides.  When  plain 
work  occurs  on  a surface  coincident  with  one  already  measured  as 
half-bed  or  joint,  measure  the  plain  work  and  deduct  half-joint  or 
half-bed.  In  the  measurement  of  the  stonework  of  a building  it 
will  be  convenient  sometimes  to  take  a dimension  of  half- bed,  at 
others  of  bed,  sometimes  a dimension  of  half-joint,  at  others  of  joint. 
The  beds  and  joints  are  abstracted  in  one  item  and  described  as 
“plain  beds  and  joints,  one  face  measured  for  two.”  The  half-  beds 
and  ^aZ/-joints  abstracted  together,  divided  by  two,  and  the  result 
added  to  the  total  of  beds  and  joints,  thus : — 


Bed  and  Joint. 

Half -beds  and  Joints. 

20 

0 

10 

0 

25 

0 

13 

0 

3 

0 

2 

0 

2 

0 

14 

0 

50 

0 

2)39 

0 

19 

6 

— 

- 

69 

6 

19 

6 

In  long  lengths  of  stonework,  as  in  plinths,  strings,  cornices, 
&c.,  where  the  joints  are  not  indicated  on  the  drawings,  allow  one 
to  each  3 feet  in  length. 

For  mullions  and  small  columns  take  two  beds  to  each  stone. 
To  save  dimensions  the  bed  and  joint  are  not  infrequently  taken 
together  (see  Chapter  XIII.). 


96 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bill. 


ft. 

1540 

in.  j 

" I 

supl. 

Labour  in  plain  beds  and  joints,  one  face 
measured  for  two  


d. 


When  there  is  much  stone  in  a building  the  quantity  surveyor 
should  be  supplied  with  tracings  of  the  details  of  the  stonework, 
upon  which  he  should  mark  (preferably  in  red)  the  bed  of  each 
stone  of  the  size  when  it  comes  to  the  banker. 

Some  surveyors  call  the  surface  above  described  as  half- beds 
and  joints,  bed  and  joint.  The  above  quantity  would  appear  in 
their  bills  thus,  the  amount  being  exactly  double. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

3080 

supl. 

Labour  in  plain  beds  and  joints,  each  sur- 
face measured  


d. 


Rough  Sunk  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial,  described  as  “ all 
measured .” — This  should  be  measured  in  addition  to  the  sunk  face 
to  the  general  face  of  all  mouldings  or  sunk  faces  which  are 
3 inches  or  more  below  the  general  surface  of  the  stone. 


ft. 

in. 

35 

— 

supl. 

Bill. 

Rough  sunk  work,  all  measured 


£ s.  d. 


Sunk  Beds  and  Joints  measured  per  foot  superficial , described  as 
“ all  measured .” — These  are  the  beds  and  joints  which  are  sunk 
below  the  general  surface  of  a true  cube.  Some  schedules  define 
the  treatment  of  arch  stones  in  this  respect  thus : “ ordinary  arch 
stones  to  be  considered  as  having  one  plain  bed  and  one  sunk  bed,” 
and  in  the  treatment  of  a stone  of  irregular  shape  it  is  necessary 
to  decide  which  bed  shall  be  treated  as  a plain  one,  for  on  this 
decision  the  description  of  the  other  surfaces  depends. 


ft.  t in. 

75  1 - 

8Upl. 

Bill. 

Sunk  beds  and  joints,  all  measured 


£!  s.  d. 


Circular  Beds  and  Joints  measured  per  foot  superficial , described 
as  “ all  measured .” — These  are  beds  and  joints  which  are  sunk  below 


MASON. 


97 


the  general  surface  of  a true  cube,  and  may  be  either  concave 
or  convex.  The  extrados  and  intrados  of  a relieving  arch  are  a 
familiar  illustration. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in.  1 

22 

_ 1 

supl. 

Circular  bed  and  joint,  all  measured 


£ 


d. 


Circular  Sunk  Joint  measured  per  foot  superficial , described 
as  “ all  measured. — These  are  joints  which  are  sunk  below  the 
surface  of  a circular  face ; for  example,  a rebate  for  a frame  in  the 
soffit  of  an  arch  ; if  stopped  say  so,  and  keep  it  separate. 


Bill 


ft. 

37 

in. 

supl. 

Circular  sunk  joint,  all  measured 

10 

— 

Ditto  stopped  

£ 


d. 


Plain  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial , and  described  as  “ all 
measured.” — This  is  taken  to  all  exposed  plain  surfaces,  like  the 
exposed  plain  surfaces  of  a true  cube.  When  the  face  involved  is 
identical  with  either  of  the  four  faces  dealt  with  in  the  regulation 
beds  and  joints,  deduct  a corresponding  quantity  of  half-bed  or 
half-joint,  i.e.  wherever  plain  face  is  taken  no  bed  or  joint  should 
be  allowed  for  that  face,  it  includes  it.  (See  description  of  beds  and 
joints.)  In  all  cases  state  the  kind  of  finish,  as  plain  work  dragged, 
plain  work  rubbed,  plain  work  tooled,  &c. 

It  is  customaiy  to  measure  plain  work  on  both  faces  of  the 
original  stones  out  of  which  tracery  is  worked,  this  is  necessary  for 
setting-out  upoD. 

Also  on  all  four  faces  of  the  original  stone  out  of  which  a 
mullion  is  worked. 

Plain  work  in  widths  not  exceeding  3 inches  is  measured  per 
foot  run,  stating  the  width,  and  if  stopped  describe  it  so. 


ft. 

in. 

40 

- 

supl. 

25 

— 

run 

12 

- 

» 

15 

Bill. 

Plain  work  rubbed,  all  measured 

Plain  rubbed  margin  3"  wide  

Ditto  2"  wide,  stopped 

Ditto  2"  wide,  sunk  and  stopped  (as  in  a 

sunk  panel)  

No.  4 mitres 


£ s.  d. 


H 


98 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Sunk  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial , described  as  t(  all 
measured” — This  is  work  to  fair  surfaces  sunk  below  the  general 
surface  of  a true  cube.  The  girth  by  the  length  is  measured  ; when 
the  sinking  cannot  be  worked  straight  through  the  stone  it  is 
called  sunk  face  stopped. 

Weatherings  to  string  courses  and  cornices,  rebates,  channels, 
are  familiar  instances  of  sunk  work.  Sunk  work  not  exceeding 
3 inches  wide  is  measured  lineally,  and  the  width  stated.  If 
stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it  separate. 


Bill . 


ft. 

95 

in. 

supl. 

Sunk  work,  all  measured  

45 

- 

» 

Ditto  stopped 

3"  sunk  margin  

50 

- 

run 

20 

» 

3"  ditto  stopped 

£ 


d. 


Circular  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial , and  described  as  “ all 
measured.” — This  is  taken  to  convex  surfaces,  such  as  to  shafts  of 
columns.  If  stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it  separate. 


ft. 

in. 

44 

- 

supl. 

22 

~ 

Bill . 

Circular  work,  all  measured 
Ditto  stopped 


£ 


s.  d. 


Circular  Work  Sunk  measured  per  foot  superficial , and  described 
as  “ all  measured” — This  labour  is  taken  to  concave  surfaces,  such 
as  soffits  of  arches,  and  the  concave  surfaces  of  copings  or  curbs, 
circular  on  plan  or  elevation.  If  stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it 
separate. 


ft. 

in. 

37 

- 

supl. 

36 

~ 

u 

Bill . 

Circular  work  sunk,  all  measured 
Ditto  stopped  . ! 


£ 


s.  d. 


Circular  Circular  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial , and 
described  as  “ all  measured.”— This  labour  is  taken  to  the  convex  sur- 
faces of  domes  or  spheres.  If  stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it  separate. 


ft. 

in. 

21 

- 

supl. 

11 

" 

Bill. 

Circular  circular  work,  all  measured . . 
Ditto  stopped 


dt 


MASON. 


99 


Circular  Circular  Work  Sunk  measured  per  foot  superficial , and 
described  as  “ all  measured .” — This  labour  is  taken  to  the  concave 
surfaces  of  domes  or  niche  heads.  If  stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it 
separate. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

24 

- 

supl. 

13 

Circular  circular  work  sunk,  all  measured 
Ditto  stopped  


£ s. 


d. 


Moulded  Work  measured  per  foot  superficial , and  described  as 
“ all  measured.” — This  labour  is  taken  to  the  profiles  of  cornices,  to 
strings,  caps  and  bases,  panel  mouldings,  &c.  Undercut  mould- 
ings or  those  on  stones  which  contain  mitres  should  always  be 
described  as  stopped. 

Mouldings  not  exceeding  6 inches  in  girth  are  measured  per 
foot  run  and  the  girth  stated. 

In  measuring  the  superficial  quantity  of  moulding  on  cornices 
or  strings  with  external  mitres,  measure  the  extreme  length  along 
the  “ nib  ” of  the  moulding,  as  that  length  of  moulding  is  worked 
and  partially  cut  away  afterwards  to  form  the  mitre. 

Mouldings  not  exceeding  9 inches  in  length  would  be  described 
as  in  short  lengths,  and  kept  separate. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

supl. 

20 

- 

» 

10 

- 

20 

- 

„ 

25 

- 

»> 

12 

- 

» 

10 

-• 

5 

- 

>> 

18 

- 

»» 

10 

- 

» 

5 

- 

>» 

5 

- 

» 

6 

- 

» 

18 

_ 

run 

10 

- 

» 

9 

■ ~ 

20 

1 

V 

Moulded  work,  all  measured  

Ditto  stopped  

Ditto  in  short  lengths 

Ditto  ditto  stopped  

Ditto  circular  

Ditto  ditto  stopped  

Ditto  ditto  in  short  lengths 

Ditto  ditto  ditto  stopped  

Ditto  ditto  sunk . 

Ditto  ditto  stopped  

Ditto  ditto  in  short  lengths 

Ditto  ditto  stopped  

Moulded  work,  circular,  continuous  in  small 

quantities  in  caps  and  bases 

Moulding  4"  girth 

Ditto  4"  ditto  stopped 

Ditto  4"  ditto  circular 

No.  5 mitres 

„ 2 returned  mitred  ends 

Ditto  6"  girth  


£ 


h 2 


s.j  d. 


IOO 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

Throat. — State  if  it  includes  stops,  if  not,  number  the  stops. 

Bill. 


it. 

in. 

95 

- 

run 

95 

- 

99 

Labour  throat,  including  stops 
or. 

Labour  throat  

No.  20  stops  


d. 


Rebate  or  moulding  not  exceeding  6 inches  girth.  State  if  it 
includes  stops. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

26 

- 

run 

10 

- 

>» 

84 

_ 

>» 

20 

Back 

Joint. 

ft. 

in. 

10 

Labour  to  rebate  4"  girth 

Ditto  stopped  

No.  10  stops 

Moulding  5"  girth  

Ditto  stopped  

No.  3 mitres 

„ 2 stopped  ends  on  splay  

„ 2 external  mitres,  with  one  6 " return 
and  one  stopped  end  to  each 


Bill. 

Labour  back  joint  to  4"  landing 


d. 


d. 


Mitre  to  Splay  either  per  foot  run  or  by  number  averaged  on 
abstract  for  width. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

20 

- 

run 

No. 

40 

Labour  mitre  to  splay 


Mitres  to  splay,  6"  wide  (averaged)  . . 


d. 


Chamfer  not  Exceeding  3 Inches  Wide. — State  width,  and  if 
stopped  state  it,  and  keep  it  separate. 


ft. 

1 in- 

74 

run 

25 

- 

>» 

'I 

it 

Bill. 

Labour  to  chamfer  2"  wide , 

Ditto  stopped  

Ditto  circular  

No.  6 mitres 

„ 10  splayed  stops  .. 


d. 


MASON. 


101 


Joggles. — State  kind. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

74 

- 

run 

74 

_ 

20 

- 

» 

25 

Double  arris  joggle  and  cement 

or, 

Double  arris  joggle,  pebbles  and  cement  . . 
Joggle  joint  in  cement  to  6"  landing.. 
Ditto  on  solid  in  cement  to  6"  landing  . . 


£ 


d. 


Groove  for  Lead  Lights  and  Pointing. — The  rebate  on  sills 
is  included  with  it. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

140 

- 

run 

Groove  or  rebate  for  lead  lights,  and  point- 

ing on  both  sides  with  cement 

Groove  for  Flashing  and  Burning  in. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

5 

— 

run 

Cut  groove  for  flashing  and  burn  in  . . 

£ 


d. 


Rustic  Groove. — State  width  and  depth. 


Bill. 


ft. 

420 

in. 

run 

Labour  to  rustic  groove  1£"  wide  and  1" 

15 

deep 

Ditto  circular  

20 

- 

>» 

Ditto  in  short  lengths 

10 

~ 

V 

Ditto  ditto  circular  

£ 


d. 


Margins. — State  width,  if  stopped,  if  circular,  if  sunk.  Number 
the  mitres.  Plain  work  not  exceeding  3 inches  wide,  is  called 
plain  margin. 


ft. 

in. 

15 

- 

run 

10 

- 

15 

_ 

»» 

3 

Bill. 

Plain  margin  2"  wide 

Ditto  sunk  and  stopped  

No.  4 mitres 

Plain  margin  1 wide,  circular 

Ditto  stopped  


£ 


d. 


102 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ITEMS  NUMBERED. 


Perforations. — State  diameter  and  thickness  of  stone.  If 
square,  if  rebated,  whether  fair  or  rough. 


Bill 


No. 

2 

Rough  perforations  through  3"  stone  for  4” 

pipe 

Fair  rebated  ditto  in  4”  stone  for  14”  coal 

plate  

Fair  square  perforations  through  6”  stone 
for  4”  x 3”  pipe  

99 

1 

2 

£ 


d. 


Mitres  to  Moulding. — State  girth.  Stopped  Ends  to  Mould- 
ings.— State  girth.  Stopped  Ends  on  Splay  to  Mouldings.  — 
State  girth.  Splayed  or  Moulded  Stops  to  Chamfer. — State 
width  of  chamfer.  Mitres  to  Chamfer. — State  width  of  chamfer. 

These  are  generally  “ written  short  ” after  the  lineal  item  to 
which  they  apply.  When  the  moulding  or  chamfer  exceeds 
6 inches  girth,  this  cannot  be  done,  and  such  items  would  be  billed 
with  Numbers. 


No. 

100 

70 

»» 

75 

J* 

20 

I 

Bill 

Mitres  to  moulding  13"  girth,  averaged  . . 
Stopped  ends  to  mouldings  11"  girth, 

averaged 

Mitres  to  splay  9"  wide  

Moulded  stops  to  splay  7”  wide 


£ 


d. 


Mortises  and  Sulphur 
for.  Large  Ditto. 


or 


Lead  and  Running,  stating  what 


No. 


110 


Bill 

for  balusters  and  lead  and  run- 


Mortises 

ying 

Ditto  large  for  newels 

Note. — This  order  of  the  words,  “ and  lead 
and  running,”  is  more  exact  than  “ and 
running  with  lead.”  In  the  districts 
where  it  is  customary  to  let  the  work  to 
separate  trades,  it  settles  which  trade 
shall  supply  the  lead  for  such  purposes. 


MASON. 


103 


Iron  Dowels  and  Mortises. 


Bill. 


No. 

20 

Iron  dowels  and  mortises  

Described  in  the  taking  off  as  iron  dowels 

and  mortises  in  York  and  fir. 

9) 

20 

Mortises  in  fir  for  dowels  

£ 


s.  d. 


Slate  Dowels,  Mortises  and  Cement. — State  size  of  dowel. 


No. 

200 

• 

Bill 

1"  x 1"  x 4"  slate  dowels,  mortises  and 
cement  


£ 


8.  d. 


Copper  Cramps. — State  weight  and  size,  and  mortises  and  lead 
and  running. 

Bill. 


No. 

10 

Copper  cramps  2"  x f"  and  12"  long  (weight 

5 lbs.  each),  and  letting  in  flush  and  lead 
and  running  

£ 


s.  d. 


Copper  Dowels. — State  size  and  weight. 


Bill. 


No. 

2 

Copper  dowels  1"  x 1"  and  12"  long  (weight 

4 lbs.  each),  and  mortises  and  cement  . . 

£ 


d 


Galvanised  Iron  Cramps. — State  size  and  weight. 


Bill. 


No. 

45 

Galvanised  wrought-iron  cramps  2"  X f" 

and  15"  long  (weight  6^  lbs.  each),  and 
letting  in  flush  and  running  with  sulphur 

£ 


d. 


Mortises  for  Door  Frames. 


No. 


Bill. 


£ s. 


d. 


Mortises  3"  x 3"  and  3"  deep  for  frames  .. 


1 04  Q UANTITY  S UR  VE  YING. 

Lead  Plugs  and  Mortises. 


No. 


12 


Bill . 

Mortises  and  lead  plugs 


d. 


Small  Metal  Articles  connected  with  Masonry. — Describe 
the  labour  with  them. 

Bill 


No. 


Polished  brass  gratings  9"  X 9"  and 
thick,  P.O.  7s.  6d.  each  at  manufactory, 
and  forming  fair  rebated  opening  through 
9"  stone,  and  bedding  in  cement  . . 

6 " X 2”  x Y wrought-iron  socket  plates 
for  bolts,  and  letting  in  flush,  and  lead 
and  running  


d. 


Templates. — State  size,  if  rough,  self-faced,  tooled,  or  tooled  or 
rubbed  where  exposed. 

Bill 


9"  x 9"  X 3"  templates  tooled  where  ex- 
posed   

14"  x 9"  x 3"  ditto  rubbed  on  longer  edge 
and  tooled  elsewhere  


No. 

22 

14 

Bases. — State  size,  and  the  labour  on  the  various  faces  and 
elsewhere. 

Bill 


No.  4 Column  bases  18"  x 18"  x 6",  tooled  on 
top  and  edges,  and  jointed  on  bed  sunk 
1"  deep  for  12"  x 12"  base  plate,  and 
with  two  mortises  for  Lewis  bolts  and 
lead  and  running  


Corbels. — State  size,  and  description  of  labour. 

Bill 


No. 


Corbels  18"  x 9"  x 9",  rounded  on  front 
edge,  projecting  9"  from  wall,  tooled  on 
all  faces  except  back  


£ s.  d. 


£ s.  d . 


Sink  Stones. — State  size  and  thickness,  and  how  many  holes, 


MASON. 


105 


if  dished,  if  tooled  or  rubbed,  if  with  iron  grating  include  it  with 
the  description,  and  state  if  it  is  run  with  lead  or  cement. 


Bill. 


No. 


4 


v 


4 


4"  x 18"  X 18"  5-hole  sink  stones  finely 
tooled  on  top  and  edges,  dished  and  set 

in  cement 

4"  X 15"  x 15"  cover  stones  finely  tooled 
on  top  and  edges  and  set  in  cement, 
dished,  perforated  and  rebated  for  and 
including  6"  x 6"  x wrought-iron 
grating  .. 


£ 


d. 


Sinks. — State  size  and  thickness,  how  many  rounded  corners, 
if  perforated  for  bell  trap,  on  how  many  sides  cut  and  pinned 
to  wall,  whether  on  and  including  brick  or  stone  piers,  or  measure 
at  per  foot  superficial,  and  state  rounded  corner,  perforation,  and 
cutting  and  pinning  separate,  state  if  tooled  or  rubbed. 


Bill. 


No.  1 


5"  rubbed  York  sink  4'  0"  x 2'  0",  sunk 
and  with  two  quadrant  comers  and  re- 
bated hole  for  bell  trap,  pinned  on  back 
edge  into  brickwork  on  and  including 
two  half-brick  piers  in  best  white  glazed 
bricks  in  cement,  with  semicircular  front 
edges 


£ s. 


d. 


Chimneypieces. — For  these  provide  a sum,  to  include  fixing,  or 
take  the  fixing  separately  and  state  that  it  is  to  include  the 
necessary  cramps,  or  they  may  be  measured  in  detail. 


Bill. 


No. 

2 

* 

jt 

2 

ft. 

in. 

26 

- 

run 

12 

- 

” 

Enamelled  slate  boxed  chimneypieces  to 
36"  opening,  P.C.  SI.  108.  0 d.  at  manufac- 
tory, and  allow  for  packing,  carriage, 

profit  and  fixing  

or, 

Provide  for  two  slate  chimneypieces,  11. 
P.C.  at  manufactory,  and  allow  for 

packing,  carriage  and  profit 

Fixing  only  slate  boxed  chimneypieces  to 
36"  opening,  and  allow  for  any  necessary 

cramps  

1£"  X 7"  rubbed  and  chamfered  mantel 
and  jambs,  and  allow  for  any  necessary 

cramps  

H"  x 9"  ditto  shelf  rubbed  both  sides  .. 
No.  2 small  quadrant  corners  


£ s. 


d. 


io6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


WORK  USUALLY  MEASURED  AND  DESCRIBED 
AS  STONE  AND  LABOUR. 

Ashlar  per  foot  superficial. — State  the  average  thickness;  for 
instance.,  if  the  courses  are  alternately  9 inches  and  4J  inches  the 
average  would  he  6f  inches  and  would  he  called  7 inches ; if  there 
are  bond  stones  state  their  average  length,  width  and  height,  and 
how  many  to  a superficial  yard,  and  how  the  stone  is  finished  on 
face  and  hack;  describe  as  including  all  beds  and  joints,  or  the 
ashlar  may  be  measured  as  stone  and  labour,  as  for  other  stone- 
work, i.e.  stone  per  foot  cube,  labour  per  foot  superficial. 


1 ft. 

in. 

1 110 

- 

supl. 

Ashlar,  average  7"  on  bed,  rubbed  on  face, 
sawn  at  back,  and  including  all  beds 

and  joints,  stone  and  labour,  and  all 
cutting  and  fitting  to  dressings 

£ s. 


a 


Filling  in  to  Groined  Roofs  per  foot  superficial. — State  the 
kind  of  stone,  the  width  and  thickness  of  the  courses,  what  it  is  set 
in,  how  finished,  and  state  that  the  price  includes  cutting  and 
centering.  An  alternative  is  to  take  out  all  the  labours,  which  is 
often  a very  intricate  process  and  generally  unsatisfactory,  as 
most  estimators  would  prefer  to  have  it  presented  in  the  other  way, 
as  follows : — 


ft 

946 


Bill. 


supl. 


Bath  stone  filling  in  to  cells  of  groining  in 
spandrils  of  various  sizes,  in  mortar,  in 
courses  2£"  to  5"  wide  and  4£"  thick, 
slightly  arched  or  cambered,  the  face 
finely  dragged,  cleaned  off  and  pointed 
(or  the  joints  struck  as  the  work  pro- 
ceeds), including  all  cutting,  waste  and 
fitting  to  the  stone  ribs,  and  all  necessary 
centering  or  laths 


£ 


d. 


The  ribs  and  bosses  would  he  measured  in  detail. 

Stone  Tracery  Heads  per  foot  superficial. — These  are  sometimes 
measured  per  foot  superficial ; state  the  kind  of  stone,  its  thickness, 
and  what  other  elements  it  includes  ; it  is  by  this  treatment  usually 
.measured  squaro,  if  measured  net  the  fact  must  he  mentioned. 


MASON. 


107 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

143 

supl. 

Bath  stone  sunk  tracery-heads  7"  thick, 
including  all  dowels,  cement  plugs,  and 
strutting  and  ribbing,  measured  square 
Ditto  9"  thick  

70 

- 

» 

39 

It 

Bath  stone  cusped  and  moulded  tracery 
heads  8"  thick,  and  all  as  last 

£ 


d. 


Bosting. — To  enriched  mouldings  not  exceeding  6 inches  girth 
at  per  foot  run  ; when  exceeding  6 inches  girth  at  per  foot  super- 
ficial. 

Number  bases,  terminals,  finials,  caps,  &c.,  giving  the  three 
dimensions. 

Or,  the  bosting  may  be  included  with  the  carving,  which  is 
probably  the  better  way  if  contractor  does  both. 

Carving. — The  value  of  this  depends  so  much  upon  the  skill  of 
the  workmen  employed  that  the  usual  method  is  to  provide  a sum 
for  it,  an  estimate  being  first  obtained  from  a carver  selected  by 
the  architect. 

If  it  should  be  necessary  to  measure  it,  measure  it  as  described 
for  bosting  and  refer  to  sketches  in  margin,  but  take  care  that  it 
is  carving  and  not  mere  mason’s  work. 

The  ordinary  mason  will  do  almost  any  work,  however  intricate, 
so  long  as  it  is  not  enriched. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

40 

- 

supl. 

49 

- 

run 

50 

- 

• • - 

No. 

4 

a 

6 

Bosting  and  carving  diaper  in  low  relief  . . 
Ditto  enrichment  4"  girth,  including  mitres 

Ditto  6"  girth,  ditto  

Ditto  foliated  capitals  to  columns,  12"  x 12" 
and  15"  high,  extreme  dimensions 
Ditto  Gothic  crocketed  finials  15"  x 15"  and 
24"  high,  extreme  dimensions 


£ 


d. 


YORKSHIRE  STONE. 

The  use  of  Yorkshire  stone  in  London  for  dressings  is  exceed- 
ingly rare ; when  so  used  the  same  principles  of  measurement  may 
be  adopted  as  directed  for  other  kinds  of  stone.  Its  uses  in  London 
are  for  such  things  as  pavings,  landings,  steps,  thresholds,  copings, 
hearths,  window  sills,  templates,  bases  for  columns  and  stancheons. 
As  nearly  all  these  are  worked  at  the  quarry,  it  is  customary  to 


io8 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


bill  the  stone  and  labour  in  one  item,  except  in  the  case  of  such 
labours  as  must  be  done  later. 

State  how  finished,  self-faced,  tooled,  quarry  worked,  or  rubbed. 

Pavings  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  in  parallel 
courses,  if  the  stones  are  to  be  not  less  than  a certain  number  of 
superficial  feet  each,  if  bedded  in  mortar,  if  bedded  and  jointed  in 
cement ; it  is  usual  to  measure  irregular  shaped  stones  as  square 
stones  of  the  smallest  size  out  of  which  it  is  possible  to  obtain 
them.  It  is  sometimes  convenient  where  stones  are  of  triangular 
shape,  and  many  of  them,  to  number  them,  and  state  the  extreme 
dimensions,  or  measure  net  and  describe  as  in  “ triangular  shapes 
measured  net.” 

Measure  at  per  foot  run  tooled  edges,  coped  edges,  rubbed  edges, 
sunk  edges,  splayed  edges,  notching,  splayed  cutting  and  waste, 
circular  cutting  and  waste  ; in  all  cases  state  the  thickness  of  the 
stone. 

Landings  at  per  foot  superficial. — When  not  over  30  feet  super- 
ficial. Any  stone  of  15  feet  superficial  or  over  should  be  called 
landing,  also  any  stone  of  whatever  area  if  more  than  3 inches  thick. 
Measure  portion  tailed  into  wall  and  allow  in  the  measurement 
for  each  joggle  joint. 

When  over  6 feet  in  length,  state  the  exact  size,  as  7 feet  by 
4 feet,  state  thickness  and  how  finished. 

When  landings  are  thinner  than  the  rise  of  step  observe  that  a 
riser  must  be  taken  and  a stopped  rebate  in  the  edge  of  landing  to 
receive  it. 


ft. 

in. 

120 

- 

supl. 

28 

99 

50 

- 

ii 

No. 

4 

94 

_ 

supl. 

56 

— 

99 

70 

- 

19 

No. 

2 

” 1 

4 

Bill. 

3"  tooled  paving  in  parallel  courses  (no 
stone  less  than  14  feet  superficial)  bedded 
in  mortar  and  jointed  in  cement  .. 

2£"  rubbed  paving  

ditto  in  triangular  shapes,  measured  net 
Pieces  of  2£"  rubbed  paving  of  triangular 
shape  4'  3"  x 2'  6",  and  bedding  and 

jointing  with  cement  

3"  tooled  both  sides  landings  

4"  rubbed  both  sides  ditto 

4"  ditto  in  stones  over  30  feet  superficial 

each 

4"  rubbed  one  side  and  tooled  the  other, 

landing  each  T 6"  x 4'  3"  

6"  rubbed  both  sides,  landings  each  8'  0"  x 
5 0"  . . 


£ 


d. 


MASON. 


log 


ft. 

40 

in. 

run 

Labour  tooled  edge  to  3"  paving 

12 

- 

» 

Ditto  rubbed  edge  to  4"  landing 

5 

- 

»> 

Ditto  circular  sunk  and  rubbed  edge  to  6" 

12 

» 

landing  

Ditto  moulded  edge  to  6"  landing 

4 

- 

v 

Ditto  circular  

7 

- 

»> 

Ditto  stop-splayed  edge  to  4"  lauding,  in- 

10 

_ 

»» 

cluding  stops  

Raking,  cutting  and  waste  to  3"  paving  .. 

10 

»» 

Joggle  joint  on  solid  to  6"  landing  . . 

£ 8. 


d. 


Treads  and  Risers  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  de- 
scribe whether  rubbed  or  otherwise,  take  the  tooled  edges  separately, 
or  include  them  in  the  description,  keep  winders  separate,  measure 
them  net,  and  describe  them  as  such. 


ft. 

in. 

74 

- 

supl. 

20 

- 

» 

Bill. 

2"  tooled  treads  and  risers,  including  tooled 

or  jointed  edges 

2"  ditto  in  winders,  measured  net 


£ s. 


d. 


Hearths  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  describe  whether 
tooled  or  rubbed,  and  as  including  jointed  edges.  Number  the 
notchings  to  chimneypieces,  state  whether  single  or  double.  Hearths 
should  never  be  measured  less  than  12  inches  longer  than  width  of 
opening  and  15  inches  wide.  They  are  generally  measured  18  inches 
longer  than  the  width  of  opening  and  18  inches  wide.  If  hearth 
and  back  hearth  in  one,  measure  the  notching  per  foot  run. 


ft. 

in. 

44 

- 

supl. 

No. 

12 

2 

« 

Bill. 

2"  rubbed  hearths  and  jointed  edges 
Notohings  for  chimneypieces 
Ditto  double 


£ 


d. 


Shelves  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  take  tooled  edges 
per  foot  run,  or  include  them  in  description. 


Bill. 


ft. 

34 

in. 

supl. 

2"  self-faced  shelves  

17 

- 

run 

Tooled  edge 

or, 

2"  self-faced  shelves,  including  tooled  edges 

| 

34 

— 

supl. 

£ 


d. 


I IO 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Coyer  Stones  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  state  if 
bedded  and  jointed  in  mortar  or  cement,  either  measure  tooled  or 
coped  edges  per  foot  run  or  include  in  description. 


ft. 

in. 

45 

- 

supl. 

60 

- 

V 

80 

- 

run 

Bill 

3"  self-faced  coyer  stone,  including  coped 
(or  tooled)  edges,  and  bedding  and  joint- 
ing in  cement 

3"  tooled  cover  stone,  and  bedding  and 

jointing  with  cement  

Tooled  edge 


£ 


s.  d. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  RER  FOOT  RUN. 


In  dealing  with  a long  length  of  either  of  the  following  items, 
if  the  description  does  not  include  joints,  take  two  “jointed  ends  ” 
where  each  joint  occurs,  stating  sectional  size  of  stone. 

Assume  that  joints  of  curbs  and  copings,  in  long  lengths,  are 
about  3 feet  apart.  The  joints  of  curbs,  copings  and  steps  in 
ordinary  cases  would  be  regulated  by  the  rule  as  to  scantling 
lengths,  the  stones  generally  being  measured  as  under  6 feet  in 
length  where  convenient. 

Curbs. — State  size,  if  joints  joggled  with  cement,  or  plugged 
with  lead,  and  whether  joints  are  included,  if  rounded,  rebated, 
chamfered,  or  throated.  Take  fair  throated  ends  where  they 
occur. 


ft. 

in. 

40 

run 

Bill 

9"  x 4"  curb  rubbed  ou  top  and  two  edges, 
including  joints  and  bedding  and  joint- 
ing with  cement  

No.  2 fair  ends  

„ 4 sunk  joints 


£ 


d. 


Copings. — State  size,  if  weathered,  twice  weathered,  throated, 
twice  throated,  circular  on  plan  or  elevation,  if  circular  state  that 
the  size  given  is  finished  size,  state  how  jointed,  and  if  bedded  in 
cement,  and  if  including  joints. 

Number  the  angles  or  knees,  and  state  if  out  of  solid  and  the 
size  of  stone  out  of  which  they  are  obtained,  sunk  joints,  fair  ends 


MASON. 


hi 


ft. 

95 


104 


Bill 


run 


>» 


12"  x 2£"  parallel  coping,  twice  throated, 
bedded  and  jointed  in  cement,  including 

joints 

No.  6 sunk  joints 

„ 4 fair  throated  ends  

16"  x 3"  rubbed  feather-edge  coping, 
throated  both  edges,  bedded  and  jointed 

in  cement,  including  joints  

No.  20  sunk  joints  

„ 6 fair  throated  ends  

„ 6 apex  stones  out  of  solid,  sunk  1£" 
on  two  faces,  18"  x 16"  x 12"  extreme 
dimensions,  and  to  match  the  coping, 
including  joints 


£ s. 


d. 


Steps. — State  extreme  size,  whether  solid  or  spandril,  on  which 
faces  worked,  if  sunk  rebated,  if  hack  jointed,  if  rubbed  all  round. 
State  if  moulded,  and  if  spandril,  whether  with  square  wall  hold. 
Steps  of  spandril  section  should  generally  be  illustrated  by  a 
sketch  in  bill. 

Number  the  winders,  giving  extreme  size,  and  state  if  soffits  are 
flueing. 

Number  steps  with  curtail  ends,  stating  size  and  describing  the 
labour  upon  them. 

Sometimes  the  plan  of  staircase  and  the  sections  of  the  steps 
will  make  it  necessary  to  measure  the  steps  as  directed  for  general 
masonry,  i.e.  cube  stone,  beds  and  joints,  moulding,  &c.,  but  this 
is  very  rarely  done,  although  the  text-books  describe  this  method 
of  measuring. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

105 

run 

5 

- 

99 

13"  x 8"  spandril  steps  rubbed  all  round, 
splayed  and  splay  rebated  (as  sketch)  . . 


£ s. 


d. 


No.  26  fair  ends 

13"  x 7"  step,  rubbed  top  and  two  edges.. 
No.  1 fair  semicircular  end 


1 1 2 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ft. 


in. 

No. 


20 


15"  x 8"  spandril  steps  with  moulded  nos- 
ings rubbed  all  round,  splayed  and  splay 
rebated,  and  with  two  square  ends  for 
building  in  (as  sketch),  and  4'  0"  long  . . 


s.  d. 


5* 


6 

1 


Ditto,  but  spandril-shaped  on  plan  as 
winders,  6'  0"  x 18"  x-8"  extreme  di- 
mensions, and  with  flueing  soffits  . . 

15"  x 8"  step,  5'  6"  long,  with  moulded 
nosing,  rubbed  top  and  two  edges,  splayed 
and  underjointed,  and  with  one  moulded 
curtail  end  and  one  square  end  for  build- 
ing in 


Window  Sills  of  the  usual  section.  — State  size,  if  sunk, 
weathered,  throated,  if  grooved  for  iron  tongue  (to  every  joint  take 
two  jointed  ends). 

Number  fair  ends. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

50 

- 

run 

11"  x 4"  rubbed,  sunk,  weathered  and 

throated  sills  

24 

r 

» 

11"  x 4"  ditto  in  scantling  lengths  .. 

No.  20  fair  ends 

„ 10  sunk  joints  

„ 2 jointed  ends  

£ 


d. 


Thresholds. — State  size,  and  that  they  include  jointed  edges. 

Bill. 


3"  x 9"  rubbed  thresholds  and  jointed  edges 
3"  x 14"  ditto  


ft. 

in. 

35 

- 

run 

20 

~ 

» 

GRANITE. 

In  London  and  its  vicinity,  granite  when  in  considerable  quan- 
tity is  usually  separately  tendered  for,  and  would  in  such  case 
form  a separate  bill. 

Even  when  the  amount  is  inserted  as  a provision  it  should  be 


MASON. 


!I3 


measured  and  billed  and  every  item  priced  by  the  person  tendering, 
because  of  the  convenience  of  that  course  in  the  event  of  variations. 

Granite  is  measured  as  described  for  other  stones,  except  that 
the  beds  and  joints  are  all  measured  instead  of  “ one  for  two.” 
Describe  whether  “ axed,”  “ finely  axed,”  “ nidged,”  or  “ sparrow 
picked  ” on  face. 

In  cases  such  as  corbels  or  bases,  number  the  stone  and  describe 
all  the  labours  on  it  in  one  item,  and  bill  it  as  “ stone  and  labour.” 

Take  polishing  by  the  foot  superficial. 

When  granite  is  a provision,  the  bill  must  state  clearly  who  is 
to  fix,  unload,  get  in,  and  protect,  and  if  it  is  desired  that  the 
general  contractor  shall  fix,  the  items  must  appear  in  the  general 
bill  headed  “ fixing  only,  including  unloading,  depositing  and 
protecting.” 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

128 

- 

cube 

7 

- 

j» 

10 

- 

ft 

175 

- 

supl. 

12 

- 

ft 

360 

- 

ft 

49 

- 

ft 

2 

- 

ft 

5 

- 

ft 

9 

- 

ft 

228 

- 

ft 

21 

- 

ft 

16 

- 

75 

- 

run 

53 

_ 

>5 

4* 

- 

ft 

53 

ft 

56 

ft 

41 

- 

ft 

35 

ft 

108 

- 

It 

Grey  Aberdeen  Granite. 

Stone  as  described  

Ditto  in  6'  6"  lengths 

Ditto  in  9'  0"  lengths 

Roughly  axed  back  

Ditto  sunk  

Finely  axed  beds  and  joints  (all  measured ) 

Ditto  sunk  

Finely  axed  plain  face 

Ditto  sunk  and  stopped  

Ditto  circular  sunk  

High  shine  polished  face 

Ditto  circular  

Ditto  suuk  and  stopped  

High  shine  polished  margin  wide 

Ditto  1"  wide  

Ditto  2"  wide  

High  shine  polished  moulding  3"  girth  . . 

No.  2 mitres 

„ 2,  2"  returns  with  one  internal  and  one 

external  mitre  to  each  

High  shine  polished  moulding  4"  girth  . . 

Ditto  stopped  

Ditto  circular  

No.  4 mitres 

„ 4 stopped  ends  on  splay  

„ 10  moulded  stops 

„ 2,  2"  returns  with  one  internal  and  one 

external  mitre  to  each  

„ 4,  stopped  ends  to  rebate  5"  girth 
Double  V-groove  in  joints  for  cement  and 
pebble  joggles 

Total  


£ 


d. 


£ 


I 


1 14 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bill. 


1 ft. 

in.  j 

]22o 

- 

cube 

84 

|150 

— 

supl. 

i 28 

! run 

55 

1 

- 

1 ^ 

Fixing  only. 

Setting  only  granite,  including  all  rough 
cutting  on  brickwork  (the  brickwork  de- 
ducted), and  all  casing  and  cleaning 

down  at  completion 

Ditto  in  courses  9"  high  

Building  in  granite,  dressings  average  10" 
thick,  and  casing  and  protecting  same, 

the  brickwork  not  deducted 

Clean  up  reveals  against  joinery 

Clean  up  joggles 


£ s.  d. 


A few  of  the  simpler  processes  of  working  stones  after  the  first 
operation  of  sawing  the  qnarry  blocks  into  pieces  as  nearly  as 
possible  of  the  sizes  and  shapes  of  the  finished  pieces,  may  here  be 
referred  to.  When  the  stone  in  question  is  a “ free  stone,”  like 
Bath,  Teynton,  Doulting,  Painswick,  &c.,  the  further  superfluous 
stone  is  saion  off  with  a mason’s  ordinary  toothed  saw,  but  when 
the  stone  is  Portland  and  such  harder  stones,  it  must  be  removed 
by  the  tool,  a much  longer  process. 

The  working  of  any  stone  must  begin  by  the  production  of  one 
plane  surface,  if  it  does  not  already  exist.  In  the  case  of  a piece  of 
stone  cut  out  of  a large  block  this  would  generally  be  a sawn  face, 
which  would  require  but  little  more  labour  to  produce  a plain 
surface  sufficiently  true  to  square  from.  On  this  surface  is  laid 
the  zinc  mould,  which  is  of  the  shape  of  the  plan  of  the  intended 
stone,  and  its  outline  is  marked  on  the  surface. 

The  working  of  a true  cube  fair  all  round  with  the  chisel  would 
begin  with  the  top  plain  face  first  referred  to.  Assuming  it  to  be 
true,  on  this  would  be  marked  two  lines  crossing  at  right  angles, 
and  by  measurement  a rectangle  of  the  intended  size  would  be 
marked  out.  A chisel  draft  would  then  be  worked  along  one  side 
on  the  end  of  the  stone,  and  by  the  use  of  the  mason’s  square  other 
similar  drafts  would  be  worked  along  the  other  edges  of  this 
“ end,”  and  a second  plain  face  produced. 

If  the  surface  selected  as  the  starting  point  is  not  true,  there 
are  two  ways  of  making  it  so.  For  a large  stone  a chisel  draft  is 
worked  along  two  edges  of  the  top,  two  chisel  drafts  diagonal  to 
the  sides,  and  crossing  each  other,  would  then  be  worked.  Two 
other  drafts  are  then  worked,  one  at  each  end  of  the  stone. 


MASON. 


The  stone  between  these  drafts  is  then  worked  off  and  the 
whole  surface  tested  by  a straight-edge,  Fig.  17.  Another  way 
(generally  used  for  small  stones)  is  to  sink  a chisel  draft,  tested  by 
a straight-edge  or  rule,  along  one  edge  of  the  top  surface,  another 
chisel  draft  is  worked  along  the  edge  parallel  to  the  last,  using  a 
rule  of  the  same  size  as  the  first.  When  the  upper  edges  of  the 
two  rules  are  in  the  same  plane  the  drafts  are  each  in  the  same 


Fig.  17. 


plane,  and  the  rough  stone  between  the  drafts  is  worked  off, 
Fig.  18,  or  a line  may  be  worked  in  the  same  plane  all  round 
the  stone.  The  stone  above  this  line  is  then  removed  and  a chisel 
draft  worked  along  the  edges  of  the  top  face,  the  remainder  is 
levelled  with  two  equal  straight  edges  as  before. 

When  a surface  not  at  a 
right  angle  with  the  first  plane 
is  required,  it  is  produced  by 
using  a bevel  instead  of  a 
square. 

When  a winding  or  twisted 
surface  is  required,  the  process 
is  similar  to  those  before  de- 
scribed, but  one  ordinary  rule 
and  one  rule  wider  at  one  end  than  the  other,  called  a twisting  rule, 
is  used*  Fig.  19. 

For  a curb  of  which  the  upper  face  is  of  circular  section  the 
stone  is  first  brought  roughly  by  the  chisel  or  saw  to  a parallelo- 
piped,  and  the  ends,  bed  and  one  side  worked  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  labour,  technically  half-bed,  so  that  the  mould  may  be 
applied  to  each  end  of  the  stone  ; the  contour  of  the  ends  is  then 
marked  and  formed  on  each  end  by  a chisel  draft,  the  sectional 
shape  is  then  obtained  by  removing  the  stone  between  these  drafts 
and  testing  by  a straight-edge,  Fig.  20. 

i 2 


„6  Q UANTITY  SUR VE  YING. 

For  a moulded  cornice  or  string  course,  Fig.  21,  the  stone 
would  first  be  brought  roughly  by  the  chisel  or  saw  to  a parallelo- 
piped,  and  the  ends,  bed  and  one  side  worked  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  the  labour  on  these  faces  would  be  half-bed  or  half- 
joint ; the  mould  would  then  be  applied  to  each  end  of  the  stone, 
the  contour  marked  and  formed  on  each  end  by  a chisel  draft, 
the  triangular  pieces  of  stone  ABC  DEF  removed  by  the  hand-saw 


B A 


if  free  stone,  and  by  the  chisel  if  hard  stone,  the  stone  then 
removed  between  the  drafts  to  the  contour  of  the  moulding  and 
tested  by  the  straight-edge. 

The  voussoirs  of  arches  would,  wherever  possible,  be  sawn 
nearly  of  the  shape  required,  Fig.  22,  out  of  a slab  previously 
sawn,  of  thickness  equal  to  the  dimension  of  the  arch  from  back 
to  front,  and  the  circular  faces  worked  afterwards,  the  front 
and  back  faces  of  stone  being  worked  first,  the 
“\  7 \ mould  applied  and  marked  on  each,  a chisel  draft 

\ / \ sunk  of  the  curve  required,  the  circular  faces 

\ worked  at  right  angles  to  the  front  and  back 

Fig  22  face  by  the  use  a S(luare  and  a straight- 
edge. 

In  the  case  of  an  unsawn  stone,  the  workman  would  first  work 
a plain  bed,  then  the  two  ends.  On  these  last  the  shape  of  the 
voussoir  would  be  marked  from  the  template,  then  the  bed  oppo- 
site to  that  first  named  would  be  worked,  curved  chisel  drafts  would 
then  be  sunk  at  the  ends  of  the  stone,  the  rough  stone  knocked 
off  to  produce  extrados  and  intrados  and  tested  by  straight-edges. 

The  stones  forming  the  courses  of  a dome  would  first  be  sawn 
into  cubes  or  parallelopipeds,  then  worked  roughly  as  if  forming 
parts  of  an  upright  circular  ring.  The  other  surfaces  would  be 
set  out  on  the  plain  surfaces  and  brought  to  shape  or  tested  by 
circular  rules  or  straight-edges.  Each  course  would  require  a 
special  set  of  winding  rules. 


WALLER. . 


1 17 


The  nature  of  the  beds  of  each  course  which  are  circular  circu- 
lar (the  top  being  concave  and  the  lower  convex)  may  be  conceived 
as  produced  by  the  revolution  of  an  inverted  cone  the  apex  of 
which  in  a hemispherical  dome  is  identical  with  the  centre  of  the 
plane  at  the  base  of  the  dome. 

In  work  of  this  kind  curved  templates  and  curved  rules  (concave 
or  convex)  are  frequently  used  with  advantage.  For  the  wing 
walls  of  bridges  which  are  circular  on  plan,  every  stone  involves 
special  twisting  rules,  a bevel  and  a face  mould. 

There  are  very  few  stones  which  cannot  be  worked  from  two 
preparatory  faces,  consequently  the  orthodox  half-bed  and  half- 
joint is  sufficient. 

WALLER. 

RUBBLE  WALLING. 

In  the  stone  districts  the  majority  of  the  walls  are  entirely 
built  of  local  rubble  for  the  commoner  buildings,  and  with  a thin 
backing  of  brickwork  for  the  better  ones.  The  walls  are  rarely 
built  less  than  18  inches  thick,  and  those  of  less  thickness  always 
cost  a higher  price  per  cubic  yard,  so  that  the  saving  by  adopting 
thinner  walls  is  but  small.  In  exposed  situations,  there  should  be 
a cavity  between  the  stone  and  the  brick,  but  often  the  brickwork 
is  bonded  to  the  stone.  In  some  districts,  rubble  walls  are 
measured  by  the  perch  of  18  superficial  feet,  reduced  to  a thickness 
of  24  inches,  in  others  by  the  rod  of  36  superficial  yards  reduced  to 
24  inches  in  thickness,  in  others  by  the  perch  of  16^  superficial 
feet  of  18  inches. 

In  Glasgow  and  its  neighbourhood,  by  the  superficial  yard, 
24  inches  thick,  walls  exceeding  that  thickness  being  reduced  to 
it,  and  those  under  24  inches  classed  according  to  their  respective 
thicknesses.  In  Ireland,  by  the  perchnf  21  feet  run,  stating  height 
and  thickness,  or  by  the  square  perch  of  21  feet  superficial  at  a 
standard  thickness  of  18  inches.  In  some  districts  no  deduction 
is  made  for  openings.  The  London  surveyor,  however,  invariably 
measures  rubble  by  the  cubic  yard,  keeping  any  walls  under 
18  inches  thick  separate,  and  stating  their  thickness. 

The  various  kinds  of  coursing  and  their  descriptions  are 
illustrated  in  ‘ Notes  on  Building  Construction  ’ (Longmans),  and 
Seddons,  ‘Builders’  Work’  (Batsford). 


1 18 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


In  the  case  of  rubble  walls  where  stone  of  the  same  kind  as 
that  used  for  the  rubble  is  used  for  the  facings  and  dressings,  the 
best  plan  is  to  measure  the  whole  of  the  walling  at  per  yard  cube. 
The  facing  per  foot  superficial  as  extra  on  rubble,  giving  a 
description  of  the  coursing,  pointing,  &c.  The  dressings  as  extra 
on  facings,  stating  what  they  are,  as  jamb,  string,  quoins,  &c.,  and 
stating  the  labours  upon  the  stone,  and  that  it  includes  joints,  beds 
and  all  labours. 

Where  rubble  walls  with  comparatively  thin  brick  backing  are 
used,  measure  the  whole  wall  as  solid  rubble  and  afterwards 
measure  the  brick  backing  as  extra  thereon  per  foot  superficial. 
If  hollow,  measure  the  cavity  in  the  cubic  content  and  describe  it 
with  the  extra  for  backing. 

Rubble  Foundations  per  yard  cube. — State  whether  in  mortar 
or  cement,  whether  random,  random  coursed,  or  coursed,  and  if  the 
stones  are  of  unusual  size. 

Walls  18  inches  thick  and  under  should  be  measured  per  yard 
superficial.  Describe  fully,  and  state  if  fair  both  sides. 

Facings  per  foot  superficial. — State  all  as  last,  how  finished,  also 
the  average  thickness  and  the  number  of  through  stones  per  yard 
superficial,  whether  galleted  joints,  the  kind  of  mortar,  and  how 
pointed. 

Archks. — Number  extra  only  on  facings , stating  the  length  and 
depth  (including  cutting  in  the  description),  and  the  kind  of  arch, 
as  segmental,  pointed,  semicircular,  &c. 

Take  levelling  up,  wherever  a damp-proof  course 
or  level  bed  of  masonry  occurs,  or  mention  it  in  the 
preamble  of  the  bill. 

Some  architects  insist  upon  the  internal  angles 
of  rubble  walls  being  solid,  Fig.  23,  in  which  case 
an  extra  labour  should  be  measured  lineal. 


Fig.  23. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

— 

cube 

50 

20 

- 

- 

143 

- 

supl. 

1505 

Bill. 

Irregular  coursed  rubble  brought  up  to  level 
courses  in  mortar,  with  one  through  stone 
14"  square  in  bed  to  each  superficial  yard 

Ditto  in  16"  walls  ..  ..  

Ditto  in  10"  parapet  walls  fair  both  sides 

Raking  rough  cutting 

Extra  on  rubble  walling  for  local  stone 
lacing  roughly  hammer-dressed,  and  rak- 
ing out  and  pointing  with  blue  ash  mortar 


£ 


s.  d. 


WALLER. 


yds. 

ft. 

190 

in. 

1 

run 

526 

- 

710 

No. 

** 

35 

1760 

l 

supl. 

| 

1425 

- ! 

” 

Extra  on  facing  for  dressing  quoin,  with  a 
tooled  chisel  draft  1"  wide  on  each  return 
Levelling  wall  for  stonework  12"  on  bed 

(averaged) 

Ditto  20"  wall  for  damp-proof  course 
Extra  on  facing  for  segmental-pointed  re- 
lieving arch  (averaged)  5'  0"  long,  12"  on 
bed  and  10"  high,  including  all  cuttings 
Extra  on  rubble  walling  for  brick  backing 
three  courses,  stretchers,  and  one  of 

headers  alternately 

Extra  on  rubble  walling  for  half  brick  in- 
ternal lining,  with  2"  cavity  between  it 
and  the  stone,  bonded  together  every 
sixth  course  with  Jennings’  patent  No.  6 
stoneware  bonding  bricks  2 feet  apart, 
and  allow  for  leaving  openings  at  bottom 
of  hollow  for  properly  cleaning  out  hollow, 
and  filling  up  openings  at  completion  . . 


The  rubble  most  commonly  used  in  London  is  of  Kentish  rag, 
this  is  measured  by  the  foot  superficial ; as  it  is  more  generally 
used  as  a facing  with  a thick  brick  backing,  the  walls  should 
be  measured,  first  their  whole  thickness  as  of  brick,  and  after- 
wards the  stone  measured  superficially  of  an  average  thickness 
and  described  as  “ extra  on  brickwork  for  facing,”  describing  the 
coursing  and  pointing. 

The  extras  would  be  described  as  for  other  kinds  of  rubble. 
The  dressings  are  commonly  of  some  kind  of  freestone. 


119 


£ s.  d. 


Bill. 

Extra  on  brickwork  for  facing  of  Kentish 
rag  stone  in  irregular  hammer-dressed 
courses,  average  7"  on  bed,  in  mortar, 
raked  out  and  pointed  with  a bevelled 
joint  in  blue  ash  m >rtar 


Flint  Facing,  measured  per  foot  superficial. 


ft. 

in. 

1354 

supl. 

£ ; s.  d. 


ft. 

| in. 

1210 

1 

supl. 

54 

” 

»> 

Bill. 

Extra  on  brickwork  for  facings  of  approved 
knapped  flints,  set  and  pointed  in  cement 
Extra  on  brickwork  for  facing  of  black 
flints  3"  x 3",  accurately  squared  on  beds 
and  joints,  and  face  filled  in  to  panels  of 
i-tonework  set  in  cement  with  a close  joint 
and  neatly  pointed  with  cement,  including 
all  cutting  and  fitting  in  small  quantities 


s.'d. 


I2o  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

ARTIFICIAL  STONE. 

Granolithic  Stone. — There  are  several  firms  who  make  this 
material,  and  it  may  either  be  treated  as  a provision,  or  measured 
and  put  into  the  bill  as  items ; it  is  usual  to  prescribe  the  maker. 
Whether  treated  as  a provision  or  not,  it  should  be  measured  and 
every  item  priced,  either  by  the  specialist  or  the  general  contractor. 

Copings,  strings  and  cornices  may  be  measured  per  foot  run, 
stating  thickness  and  width. 

Pavings,  landings,  &c.,  may  be  measured  per  foot  superficial, 
pier  caps,  finials,  steps,  &c.,  numbered  and  described. 

Generally  the  treatment  should  be  like  that  suggested  for 
items  of  stone  and  labour. 

As  the  manufacturers  adopt  different  methods,  some  sending 
such  things  as  landings  ready  cast  to  the  building,  others  casting 
them  in  situ , it  will  be  advisable  to  enquire  of  the  particular 
maker  what  his  process  may  be,  as  attendance,  centering,  chases, 
&c.,  will  be  affected  thereby. 

For  the  bill,  the  items  given  for  stone  and  all  labour,  in 
Mason,  will  be  a sufficient  guide. 

SLATER. 

Slating. — Per  square  of  100  feet  superficial. 

Measure  the  exposed  surface,  describe  the  kind  of  slates,  if  in 
promiscuous  sizes,  if  from  any  particular  quarry,  the  gauge  or  lap, 
the  kind  of  nails,  whether  composition  or  otherwise,  and  number 
to  each  slate,  and  weight  of  nails  per  thousand  if  of  copper,  if 
screwed  with  copper  screws,  if  torched  or  pointed  underneath,  if 
circular  or  vertical,  or  in  small  quantities.  When  in  surfaces  of 
irregular  shapes,  measure  the  exact  superficial  content  and  describe 
as  measured  “ net.”  If  diagonal  or  fancy  keep  separate. 

It  is  better  to  describe  the  size  of  the  slates  as  well  as  their 
designation. 

Slating  to  steep  roofs,  as  spires  or  roofs  similar  to  spires, 
costs  more  than  ordinary  slating  and  should  be  billed  separately. 

It  is  an  established  custom  to  allow  a certain  superficial 
quantity  to  cover  extra  labour  as  well  as  waste.  As  to  eaves,  hips 
and  valleys,  and  cuttings  around  voids,  this  is  not  in  accordance 
with  the  best  principles  of  quantity  taking,  i.e.  that  extra  labour 
and  waste  on  anything  should  be  so  described ; the  allowance  of 


SLATER. 


I 2 I 


superficial  quantity  for  troublesome  work  is  deceiving.  As  a general 
rule  labour  and  waste  on  any  work  should  be  described  in  a bill  of 
quantities,  and  the  contractor  can  then  judge  its  value  for  himself. 

The  practice  as  to  deductions  varies.  The  merchant  deducts 
all  voids  and  measures  the  cutting  around.  Many  London  sur- 
veyors make  no  deduction  unless  it  exceeds  a yard  superficial. 

Some  of  the  schedules  of  prices  of  public  bodies  define  their 
intention  thus : 

“ Deductions  will  be  made  for  all  openings  above  5 feet  in  area, 
as  chimney  shafts,  skylights,  dormer-windows  or  the  like,  but  no 
allowance  will  be  given  for  what  is  called  workmanship  for  any  open- 
ings.” In  Manchester,  nothing  is  deducted  under  6 feet  superficial. 

It  is  best  to  deduct  all  voids. 

Allow  for  cuttings  to  deductions  the  length  of  the  edges  of 
the  void  by  6 inches. 

Allow  for  cutting  to  all  irregular  lines  of  edge  the  length  by 
6 inches. 

No  allowance  is  made  for  cutting  when  the  slating  abuts 
against  a wall  or  gable  if  the  plan  is  at  right  angles. 

No  allowance  is  made  for  cutting  at  ridge. 

A roof  however  hipped  has  the  same  area  as  the  simplest  roof 
with  gables  at  ends,  provided  that  the  pitches  are  similar. 

Allow  for  double  course  to  eaves  and  edges  of  curbs,  the  length 
by  the  gauge  of  the  particular  denomination  of  slates  used. 

This,  in  the  case  of  Countesses,  to  a 2j-inch  lap  would  be 
8J  inches,  but  the  majority  of  surveyors  allow  12  inches. 

If  the  lap  is  prescribed,  the  gauge,  or  exposed  part  of  the  slate, 
is  readily  found.  Thus,  for  Countess  slates,  20  X 10  inches  to 
a 2J-inch  lap,  the  gauge  would  be  half  the  difference  between 
2£  inches  and  20  inches,  i.e.  8 } inches. 

Observe  that  where  vertical  slating  occurs 
in  dormer  cheeks,  the  allowance  for  both  eaves 
and  cutting  should  be  made  along  the  lower 
edge  adjoining  the  slope  of  main  roof  A to  A, 

Fig.  24. 

The  slate  merchants  always  stipulate  for 
an  allowance  for  eaves  equal  to  one-half  the 
length  of  the  particular  size  of  slate  used,  by  the  length  of 
the  eaves,  i.e.  for  Countesses  (20  X 10  inches),  10  inches; 
Duchesses  (24  x 12  inches),  12  inches,  &c. 


122 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Allow  for  cutting  to  hips  the  length  by  6 inches  on  each  side. 

Allow  for  cutting  to  valleys  the  length  by  6 inches  on  each  side. 

When  there  is  a large  number  of  dormers,  skylights,  &c.,  to  a 
building,  the  space  they  occupy  should  be  deducted,  and  some 
such  item  as  the  following  should  appear  in  the  bill:  “No.  24, 
allow  for  slater  attending  on  plumber  and  making  good  after  him 
around  skylights  and  dormers.”  When  there  is  nothing  un- 
common this  item  need  not  be  taken. 


Bill 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in.  ! 

1 

40 

25 

1 supl. 

Best  Bangor  Countess  slating  (20"  x 10") 
laid  to  a 2£"  lap  with  two  1£"  copper 
nails,  weight  10  lbs.  per  thousand,  to 
each  slate 

6 

55 

- 

»» 

Ditto  to  steep  roofs  

10 

15 

» 

Best  Bangor  Doubles  slating  (12"  x 8") 
laid  to  a 4£"  gauge,  with  two  1J"  copper 
nails,  as  last,  circular  to  an  average  radius 
of  10  feet 

55 

5 

V 

Best  green  Westmoreland  slating  laid  to  a 
3"  lap  in  courses  diminishing  from  eaves 
to  ridge,  with  two  1£"  copper  nails  to  each 
slate 

d. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 


“ Double  Course  of  Slates  (where  no  gable  parapet)  and 
Bedding  in  Cement  and  Cement  Hollow  Fillet  to  Verge.” 


ft.  1 

in. 

40 

run 

1 

Bill 

Double  course  of  slates  and  bedding  and 
slate  soffit  and  hollow  fillet,  all  in 

cement,  to  verge 

No.  5 apex  mitres 


Close  Cut  and  Mitred  Hip. 


ft.  | 

in. 

74 

»» 

Bill 

Extra  labour  for  close  cut  and  mitred  hip 
and  bedding  in  red-lead  cement  and 
screwing  with  copper  screws 


s.  d. 


d. 


Slate  Ridge  and  Hips. — Describe  the  diameter  of  roll  and 
thickness  and  width  of  wings,  if  screwed  with  copper  screws,  if 
bedded  in  red-lead  cement. 

Number  the  fitted  ends  and  intersections  of  ridges  and  hips. 


SLATER. 


123 


Bill. 


ft. 

120 

I in. 

1 

run 

Slate  ridge  of  2£"  roll  screwed  with  2" 

copper  screws  and  sawn  slate  wings  6" 
wide,  in  lengths  of  not  less  than  4 feet, 
bedded  and  jointed  with  cement 

No.  6 ends  fitted 

„ 4 ditto,  splayed  and  fitted 

„ 2 mitres 

„ 1 fourway  intersection 

£ 


d. 


NEW  TRADES  RULES  FOR  MEASURING  SLATING. 


The  leading  firms  of  slaters  who  make  sub-contracts  with 
builders  (and  it  may  be  here  remarked  that  the  majority  of 
contractors  sublet  slating)  have  agreed  upon  certain  rules  which 
are  here  given,  not  that  the  surveyor  is  recommended  to  adopt 
them,  the  rules  elsewhere  stated  being  at  present  those  almost 
uniformly  observed  by  London  surveyors. 


Rules  of  Measurement 


For  every  description  of  slating , including  Westmoreland. 


Eaves 


Cuttings 

Valleys  

Hips 

Dormer  sides 

Skylights  and  other  openings  

Chimneys 

All  irregular  or  run  out  cuttings,  except  eaves  . . 

Circular  cuttings  

Mitre  cuttings  to  hips  or  valleys 


Deductions 


Circular  work 


The  length  by  half  the  length 
of  full-sized  slate  used  at 
eaves  over  the  undereaves. 
The  length  by  6 inches  on 
each  side. 

Ditto  by  6 inches  on  ditto. 
Ditto  by  6 inches  on  ditto. 
Ditto  by  6 inches  on  ditto. 
Ditto  by  6 inches  on  ditto. 
Ditto  by  6 inches  on  ditto. 
The  length  by  6 inches  wide. 
Ditto  by  12  inches  wide. 

The  running  length  for  both 
sides  extra  to  the  usual 
measurement  of  6 inches 
each  side. 

All  openings  containing  more 
than  4 super,  feet.  Hinged 
skylights  not  to  be  deducted. 
Measure  on  face  as  other 
slating,  and  allow  one-third 
or  one-half  extra  in  price 
according  to  radius — if  cir- 
cular on  face  or  elevation 
add  one-fourth  extra. 


124 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Schedule  of  Charges. 

Bedding  eaves,  labour  only  

Filleting  ditto  

Undercloak  of  slate  to  verge  bedded  in  cement,  but  not  in- 
cluding cement  

Mitred  hip,  including  requisite  wide  slates,  and  bedding  in 

oil  cement  

Ditto  to  Westmoreland  and  ditto 

Fixing  only  zinc  soakers,  including  zinc  nail  

Ditto,  if  lead  and  copper  nail 

Slater 

Labourer  

Vertical  slating  extra , 


per  foot  run, 

Id. 

ditto 

Id. 

ditto 

4 d. 

ditto 

9 d. 

ditto 

Is. 

per  dozen 

6 d. 

ditto 

8 d. 

per  hour 

lid. 

ditto 

Id. 

per  square 

Is. 

Including  shop  time.  Travelling  expenses  extra. 


SLATE  MASON. 

Slate  Slabs  per  foot  superficial,  allow  in  the  measurement  any 
portion  let  into  wall.  State  whether  rubbed  or  sawn,  and  if  rubbed 
on  both  sides,  or  enamelled  one  or  both  sides.  Give  the  size  of 
each  slab  if  more  than  5 feet  long  and  if  more  than  2 feet  6 inches 
in  width.  State  if  bedded  against  walls,  and  if  in  cement,  if 
screwed  with  copper  screws  to  and  including  oak  plugs. 

Or  slate  slabs  may  be  billed  in  accordance  with  the  merchant’s 
classification,  or  described  as  not  exceeding. . . .feet  superficial ; the 
classification  is  as  follows  : 

From  3 feet  to  5 feet  long  and  1 foot  to  2 feet  6 inches  wide. 

From  5 feet  to  7 feet  long  and  1 foot  to  3 feet  6 inches  wide. 

From  7 feet  to  9 feet  long  and  1 foot  to  4 feet  wide. 

From  9 feet  to  10  feet  long  and  1 foot  to  5 feet  wide. 


WORK  MEASURED  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

Rounded  Edge,  state  thickness  of  slate.  Bevelled  Edge,  state 
thickness  of  slate.  Sawn  Edge,  state  thickness  of  slate.  Groove. 
Rebate,  state  girth.  Rebated  Joint  and  state  if  in  cement  or  oil 
cement,  and  to  what  thickness  of  slate.  Double  Grooved  Joint 
and  Copper  Tongue,  and  state  if  in  cement  or  oil  cement,  and  to 
what  thickness  of  slate. 


SLATE  MASON. 


125 


Slate  Skirtings. — State  height,  thickness  and  finish,  whether 
bedded  in  cement,  whether  fixed  with  brass  screws  and  including 
plugging.  Number  mitres  or  rebated  angles. 

Slate  Louvres  per  foot  run,  state  width,  thickness  and  finish. 
Number  ends  housed  on  rake,  or  any  labours  to  ends. 


ft. 

in. 

54 

— 

No.: 

ft. 

in. 

20 

_ 

10 

_ 

15 

- 

20 


supl. 

1 

run 


Bill 

11"  sawn  and  rubbed  both  sides  slate 
shelves  not  exceeding  5 ft.  long  and  2'  6" 
wide  (or  not  exceeding  12'  6"  supl.)  in- 
cluding rubbed  edges  

11"  do.  triangular  shaped  4/  0"  x 4'  0"  ex- 
treme dimensions  

Rebated  joint  and  red-lead  cement  to  11" 

shelf 

Rubbed  rounded  edge  to  11"  

x 7"  rubbed  and  chamfered  skirting, 
fixed  with  and  including  copper  screws, 
with  countersunk  heads  and  oak  plugs 

in  brickwork  

No.  6 rebated  angles 

„ 6 rubbed  and  shaped  ends 

1J"  x a"  copper  tongue,  and  two  grooves 
in  slate,  and  bedding  in  red -lead  cement 


£ s.  d. 


WORKS  NUMBERED. 


Rounded  Corners  to  Slabs,  state  girth  and  the  thickness  of 
slate.  Perforations  for  Basins,  state  diameter  and  thickness  of 
slate,  and  if  rebated,  rounded  or  dished,  if  for  screws  state  if  counter- 
sunk and  size  of  screw.  Notchings  (stating  thickness  of  slate  and 
size).  Lead  Plugs  and  Screws,  state  if  brass  or  copper  screws  and 
size  of  screw.  Brass  or  Galvanised  Iron  Angle  Plates  and 
Screws,  state  size  of  plates  and  number  and  size  of  screws. 

Lavatory  Tops. — State  size  and  thickness,  and  whether  per- 
forated and  with  rounded  edge  or  of  irregular  shape. 

Slate  Cisterns. — State  length,  width  and  depth,  all  in  clear, 
or  to  hold  water  so  many  inches  deep,  or  the  number  of  gallons  it 
shall  hold,  stating  thickness  and  description  of  slate,  if  grooved 
together,  if  put  together  in  red-lead  cement,  and  describing  the 
ironwork  and  including  in  the  description  all  holes  cut  for 
supplies  and  wastes,  or  take  the  holes  separately.  State  the  height 
of  hoisting  and  include  fixing. 


126 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Chimnf/ypieoes. — For  enamelled  slate  chimneypieces  a sum  is 
generally  provided,  and  the  fixing  included  in  the  amount,  or  the 
fixing  may  be  stated  separately,  and  that  it  is  to  include  all 
necessary  cramps.  They  may  also  he  conveniently  designated  by 
a number  in  a trade  list. 


Bill 

Rubbed  and  rounded  quadrant  corners  6" 

girth  to  1\"  slate  

Countersunk  perforations  through  1 J"  slate 

for  2"  screw  

Rebated  rubbed  perforations  for  basins  14" 

diameter  in  1 £"  slate 

Rubbed  notchings  9"  girth  (averaged)  in 

1§"  slate  ..  ..  

Lead  plugs  and  mortises,  and  1£"  copper 

screw,  and  driving 

Sets  of  two  brass  angle  plates,  2"  x 2" 
and  4"  long,  each  set  including  3 holes 
through  1|"  slate  and  3"  brass  bolts, 
with  heads  and  nuts;  six  mortises  and 
lead  plugs  in  slate,  and  six  1^"  brass 
screws,  the  heads  countersunk 
1£"  rubbed  slate  lavatory  top,  with  moulded 
front  edge,  and  perforation  for  12"  basin 
with  rounded  edge,  4'  0"  x 21",  and  fix- 
ing on  deal  top  (elsewhere  taken)  . . 

1J"  rubbed  both  sides  slate  cistern  to  hold 
150  gallons,  grooved  together,  jointed  in 
red-lead  cement,  and  bolted  together 
with  Y'  galvanised  iron  bolts,  with  all 
necessary  holes,  and  hoisting  and  fixing 

40  feet  above  street  level 

Black  enamelled  slate  chimneypiece,  P.C. 
51.  at  manufactory,  and  allow  for  packing, 
profit,  carriage  and  fixing  with  the 
necessary  iron  cramps  


£ 


t.  d. 


Stone  Slates  measured  at  per  square  of  100  feet  superficial. — 
These  must  always  have  laths  whether  there  is  boarding  or  not, 
and  they  are  almost  always  bedded  in  lime  and  hair. 

The  superficial  allowances  in  the  districts  where  they  are  used 
are,  for  eaves,  12  inches  by  the  length ; hips  and  valleys,  24  inches 
by  the  length  ; cuttings,  6 inches  by  the  length.  If,  however,  the 
same  system  of  allowances  be  adopted  as  recommended  for  Welsh 
slating,  such  a clause  should  appear  in  the  bill  as  may  be  found  in 
Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing.  “ In  all  trades  the  London  mode 
of  measuring  has  been  adopted,  &c.” 


TILER. 


127 


It  is  generally  reasonable  to  say  where  stone  slates  are  to  be 
quarried. 

Bill. 


sqrs.  ft. 
95  10 


in. 


supl. 


Stone  slating  of  the  best  quality  from 
Finch’s  quarries  (Barton,  near  Winch- 
comb,  Gloucestershire)  in  promiscuous 
sizes,  laid  diminishing  from  eaves  to 
ridge,  bedded  in  lime  and  hair  to  a 3" 
lap,  and  each  slate  nailed  with  two  2" 
galvanised  steel  nails  on  and  including 
X H"  sawn  fir  laths 


£ 


s.1  d. 


TILER. 


Plain  Tiling,  per  square  of  100  feet  superficial. 

Describe  the  kind  and  gauge  of  the  tiling,  if  laid  with  gauge 
diminishing  from  eaves  to  ridge,  whether  laid  dry  or  pointed,  or 
torched,  the  nails  or  pins,  if  of  oak,  iron,  galvanised  iron,  the  laths 
(described  and  included  with  the  tiling),  if  vertical  or  circular,  and 
in  the  latter  case  what  radius,  if  screwed  with  copper  screws,  if 
bedded  on  straw,  if  laid  in  lime  and  hair  mortar. 

Deduct  chimneys,  skylights,  &c.,  and  allow  3 inches  by  the 
length  around  same  for  cuttings. 

Allow  for  cutting  to  irregular  angles  3 inches  by  the  length. 

Allow  for  eaves  the  length  by  6 inches. 

Allow  for  cutting  to  hips  the  length  by  6 inches,  viz.  3 inches 
on  each  side. 

Allow  for  cutting  to  valleys  the  length  by  6 inches  on  each 
side ; or  where  purpose-made  valley  or  hip  tiles  are  used,  let  the 
cutting  be  included  in  the  description,  thus : — “ Extra  for  purpose- 
made  valley  tiles  to  course  and  bond  with  general  tiling,  and 
allow  for  all  cutting  and  waste.”  Observe  that  where  hip  or 
valley  tiles  are  used  for  roofs  of  different  pitch  the  tiling  must 
be  laid  to  different  gauges,  so  that  the  tiles  on  one  slope  may 
course  with  those  on  the  other. 

Vertical  Tiling  per  square  of  100  feet  superficial. — Describe 
kind  of  tiles,  the  gauge,  the  battens,  and  if  plugged,  and  whether 
the  tiles  are  secured  with  screws,  copper  screws,  or  tenter-hooks. 
If  with  bands  of  ornamental  tiles,  state  what  proportion  in  quantity 
they  bear  to  the  plain  ones — either  a fraction  or  a percentage. 
Make  the  same  allowance  for  cuttings  as  to  roof  tiling. 


128 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


MEASURE  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

Extra  on  Tiling  for  purpose-made  Hip  or  Valley  Tiles,  and 
state  if  bedded  in  cement  or  mortar,  state  if  to  various  slopes. 
Observe  that  this  will  not  obviate  the  necessity  of  making  allow- 
ance for  cutting ; the  use  of  valley  tiles  where  the  pitches  of  the 
intersecting  roofs  vary  is  exceedingly  inconvenient.  Extra  for 
Bedding  Eaves  in  Cement.  Extra  value  of  “ tile  and  half  ” 
at  verge  to  break  joint.  State  if  bedded  in  cement  or  mortar,  if 
with  cement  fillet  underneath.  Filleting.  State  if  mortar  or 
cement.  Ridge  tiling,  describe  by  reference  to  a trade  list,  state 
if  to  varied  angles,  number  the  splayed  and  fitted  ends  (where 
lower  ridges  run  into  plane  of  main  roof).  Intersections,  and 
state  of  how  many  ridges. 

Number.  Hip  Hooks. — State  if  ornamental,  if  of  unusual  shape, 
give  sketch,  and  if  possible  the  weight. 

Tile  Hip  Knobs,  giving  sketch  or  providing  a sum  for  each. 
Apex  Tiles  to  top  of  hips,  allow  for  the  fixing. 

Where  ridges  or  hip  knobs  are  to  be  obtained  from  a particular 
manufacturer,  or  if  to  special  design,  it  is  best  to  state  it. 


1 sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

55 

55 

supl. 

Best  Broseley  tiling  of  true  shape  and  even 
colour,  free  from  fire  cracks  and  other 
defects,  laid  to  a 3£  gauge,  with  two  stout 
1£"  zinc  nails  to  each  tile,  on  and  includ- 
ing 2£"  x sawn  fir  laths  

10 

10 

- 

»» 

Ditto  to  steep  tower  roofs 

422 

run 

Extra  on  tiling  for  purpose-made  hip  and 
valley  tiles  accurately  fitted  to  slopes  of 
roof,  and  to  course  and  bond  with  general 
tiling  (and  allow  for  cutting  and  waste  to 

tiling) 

If  the  words  in  parenthesis  are  adopted, 
the  superficial  allowance  for  cutting 
would  not  be  measured. 

100 

- 

Extra  for  bedding  eaves  in  cement  .. 

420 

- 

»> 

Extra  for  tile  and  half  to  break  joint . . 

100 

- 

» 

Cement  filleting 

104 

>» 

Tile  ridge,  Edwards’  (Ruabon)  No.  26,  and 
^ bedding  and  jointing  in  cement  .. 

No  6 ends  splayed  and  fitted  .. 

„ 4 ends  fitted 

„ 4 three-way  intersections,  purpose-made 
„ 2 hipped  ends,  ditto  4 

£ 


s.  d. 


TILER . 


129 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

2. 

Edwards’  No.  4 hip  knobs,  and  setting  in 

cement  

25 

15 

- 

supl. 

Best  Broseley  tiling  and  lathing,  as  before, 

but  4"  gauge  fixed  vertically,  and  the 
laths  plugged  to  brickwork  

74 

- 

Ditto,  but  without  laths,  fixed  to  boarding 

with  copper  screws  in  small  quantities  to 
dormer  cheeks 

90 

- 

run 

Extra  on  ditto  for  angle  tiles,  to  course  and 

bond  with  the  general  tiling 

d. 


NEW  TRADE  RULES  FOR  MEASURING  TILING. 

The  leading  firms  of  tilers  who  make  sub-contracts  with  builders 
(and  it  may  be  here  remarked  that  the  majority  of  contractors 
sublet  tiling)  have  agreed  upon  certain  rules  which  are  here  given, 
not  that  the  surveyor  is  recommended  to  adopt  them,  the  rules 
elsewhere  stated  being  at  present  those  almost  uniformly  observed 
by  London  surveyors. 


Rules  of  Measurement 
For  Broseley , Reading  and  Yorkshire  Tiling. 


Dripping  eaves 6 inches  per  foot  run. 

Valleys 6 inches  each  side  per  foot  run. 

Hips  6 inches  ditto  ditto. 

Dormer  sides  6 inches  per  foot  run  on  each  side. 

Skylights,  &c Ditto  ditto  ditto. 

Run  out  walls  6 inches  per  foot  run. 

Circular  cuttings 12  ditto  ditto. 

Circular  work  Measure  on  face  as  other  tiling,  and  allow  one 

half  or  double  extra  in  price  according  to 
radius — if  circular  on  face  in  elevation  add 
one-fourth  extra. 


Schedule  of  Charges. 

Mitred  hips,  extra  on  labour  lOd.  per  foot  run. 

Mitred  valleys,  extra  on  labour 10d.  per  foot  run. 

Under  verges,  bedded  in  cement,  but  not  including  cement . . 6d.  per  foot  run. 

Verges,  bedded  and  pointed  in  cement,  but  not  including 

cement 2 d.  per  foot  run. 

Bedding  eaves,  labour  only 2 d.  per  foot  run. 

Tiler per  hour  lid. 

Labourer per  hour  7 d. 


Travelling  expenses  extra.  Including  shop  time.  Vertical  tiling  extra. 

E 


I3o  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

Pantiling  per  square  of  100  feet  superficial.  Describe  the  gauge, 
the  laths,  and  whether  pointed  inside  or  out,  or  both. 

Allow  the  length  by  12  inches  for  cutting  to  hips  and  valleys; 
for  all  other  cuttings  the  length  by  6 inches. 

Note  whether  plain  tile  eaves  are  used,  if  so,  add  one  and  deduct 
the  other,  and  describe  it  as  “ plain  tiling  in  narrow  widths  to  eaves 
of  pantiling.” 


MEASURE  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

Plain  Tile  Heading,  Hip  and  Ridge  Tiles,  and  state  if  bedded 
in  mortar  or  cement.  Filleting. 

Number  Hip  Hooks,  and  describe,  stating  weight. 


Bill . 


sqrs. 

28 

ft. 

25 

in.  I 

supl. 

40 

- 

run 

80 

- 

100 

- 

» 

No. 

4 

Local  pantiles  laid  to  a 10"  gauge  in  lime 
and  hair,  on  and  including  2|"  x 1£" 

sawn  fir  laths 

Plain  tile  heading  to  pantile  roof,  bedded 

in  cement • . 

Plain  tile  eaves  to  a 4"  gauge,  nailed  with 
1£"  galvanised  iron  nails,  on  and  includ- 
ing laths  as  last,  four  courses  wide,  the 

lowest  laid  double .. 

Pantile  ridge  and  hip,  bedded  and  jointed 

with  cement  

Wrought-iron  hip  hooks,  weight  2|  lbs. 
each,  and  screwing  to  fir 


£ 


s.  d. 


CARPENTER. 

The  broad  distinction  between  carpentry  and  joinery  is  that 
the  latter  is  for  the  most  part  prepared  at  the  bench  and  brought 
to  the  building  ready  to  fix ; the  former  is  usually  prepared  and 
fixed  at  the  building. 

The  surveyor  should  have  ready  for  use  paper  scales  of  convenient 
lengths,  each  with  divisions  marked  upon  it  corresponding  with 
the  centre  lines  of  joists,  rafters,  or  quarters  at  the  usual  distance 
apart  (12  inches)  for  2-inch,  2£-inch,  2J-inch,  and  3-inch  joists 
respectively,  for  scales  of  inch  and  £ inch  to  a foot,  thus  : — 


CARPENTER. 


131 


123456  7-  89  10 

1 I I I I I I I 1 I &c. 

3-inch  joists.  Scale,  4 feet  to  an  inch. 


Or,  he  may  construct  a table  on  the  principle  of  the  following  one, 
which  may  be  extended  to  any  extent. 


No. 

H" 

2 

n 

2r 

2f" 

3' 

if 

Length  of  Room  or  Building. 

ft.'  in. 

ft. 

in. 

ft. 

in. 

it. 

in. 

ft.  in. 

ft. 

in. 

2 

1 1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 3 

1 

3 

3 

2 3 

2 

4 

2 

4 

2 

5 

2 5 

2 

6 

4 

3 4 

3 

6 

3 

7 

3 

7 

3 8 

3 

9 

5 

4 6 

4 

8 

4 

9 

4 

10 

4 11 

5 

0 

6 

5 7 

5 

10 

5 

11 

6 

0 

6 2 

6 

3 

7 

6 9 

7 

0 

7 

1 

7 

3 

7 4 

7 

6 

8 

7 10 

8 

2 

8 

3 

8 

5 

8 7 

8 

9 

9 

9 0 

9 

4 

9 

5 

9 

8 

9 10 

10 

0 

10 

10  1 

10 

6 

10 

7 

10 

10 

11  1 

11 

3 

11 

11  3 

11 

8 

11 

9 

12 

1 

12  3 

12 

6 

12 

12  4 

12 

10 

13 

0 

13 

3 

13  6 

13 

9 

13 

13  6 

14 

0 

14 

2 

14 

6 

14  9 

15 

0 

14 

14  7 

15 

2 

15 

4 

15 

8 

16  0 

16 

3 

15 

15  9 

16 

4 

16 

6 

16 

11 

17  2 

17 

6 

16 

16  10 

17 

6 

17 

9 

18 

1 

18  5 

18 

9 

17 

18  0 

18 

8 

18 

10 

19 

4 

19  8 

20 

0 

18 

19  1 

19 

10 

20 

0 

20 

6 

20  11 

21 

3 

19 

20  3 

21 

0 

21 

2 

21 

9 

22  1 

22 

6 

20 

21  4 

22 

2 

22 

5 

22 

11 

23  4 

23 

9 

21 

22  6 

23 

4 

23 

7 

24 

2 

24  7 

25 

0 

22 

23  7 

24 

6 

24 

9 

25 

4 

25  10 

26 

3 

23 

24  9 

25 

8 

25 

11 

26 

7 

27  0 

27 

6 

These  scales  or  tables  will  save  him  some  time  and  liability  to 
error  in  the  calculation  of  the  number  of  rafters  or  joists  required 
in  a given  space.  He  must  not  take  for  granted  that  the  number 
shown  on  the  drawings  is  the  correct  one. 

Where  the  work  is  framed,  make  allowance  in  the  length 
for  tenons,  and  observe  that  in  most  cases  the  tenon  passes 
right  through  the  timber  which  is  mortised.  In  this  respect 
carpentry  differs  from  joinery,  tenons  not  being  measured  in 
the  latter. 

Wrought  timbers  may  be  either  measured  at  per  foot  cube,  as 


i32  quantity  surveying. 

fir  framed,  in  floors  or  roofs  as  the  case  may  be,  and  tbe  “ planing 
on  fir  ” measured  superficially,  or  may  be  measured  at  once,  where 
there  is  much  planing  as  in  exposed  roof  trusses,  as  fir  wrought  and 
framed  ; the  latter  method  usually  produces  a lower  price. 

Measure  all  timbers  not  exceeding  3 inches  square  at  per  foot 
run , stating  what  they  are ; also  up  to  4J  by  3J  when  in  small 
quantities. 

When  there  is  anything  special  about  the  fixing  of  timbers  they 
are  better  billed  in  lineal  dimensions. 


Bill 


1 

1 ft. 

in. 

520 

- 

run 

44 

- 

120 

>5 

1 

254 

- 

3"  X 2£"  fir  framed  ceiling  joists 

4|"  x 3£"  fir  framed  quarters  in  short 

lengths  and  small  quantities 

3£"  x 2J"  fir  joists  in  short  lengths,  framed 
at  each  end  in  stepped  galleries  .. 

3J"  x 2|"  ditto,  fixed  radiating 


£ 


d. 


Specified  sizes  of  timber  (in  the  absence  of  any  stipulation  to 
the  contrary)  are  held  to  mean  those  sizes  minus  the  waste  caused 
by  the  saw  cuts. 

Where  timbers  are  specified  to  be  “ finished  sizes  when  fixed,” 
no  allowance  is  made  in  the  measurement  beyond  the  specified 
scantlings,  the  waste  in  sawing  will  be  met  by  a clause  in  the 
preamble  to  the  bill  of  the  trade,  stating  that  the  sizes  are  to  be 
“ finished  sizes,”  and  that  no  allowance  has  been  made  for  this  in 
the  measurement. 

If  the  timbers  are  wrought  and  “ finished  sizes  ” allow  of  an 
inch  for  each  wrought  face  for  loss  in  planing,  thus — 4 inches  by 
3 inches  wrought  all  round  will  appear  in  the  dimensions  as 
4J  inches  by  3J  inches,  or  the  timbers  may  be  measured  without 
allowance  for  waste,  and  a superficial  dimension  taken  of  “ wrought 
face  on  fir  including  waste.” 

In  measuring  wrought  face  on  a plate,  observe  to  take  it  on 
three  sides,  although  only  one  exposed.  Working  one  face  only 
leaves  rough  edges. 

Keep  different  kinds  of  wood,  as  fir,  oak,  teak,  &c.,  separate. 

Where  chamfers,  mouldings,  rebates,  &c.,  are  stopped  state  it. 

Keep  separate  any  part  of  the  work  which  is  in  small  quantities 
or  inserted,  or  both. 


CARPENTER. 


i33 


MEASURE  AT  PER  FOOT  CUBE. 


Fir  in  Plates. — Add  to  the  length  6 inches  for  lap  when  20  feet 
long  or  over.  Add  12"  to  the  length  at  angles. 

Fir  in  Lintels. — If  framed,  keep  separate;  in  default  of 
instructions  allow  9 inches  longer  than  width  of  internal  opening. 

Wood  Bricks. — Take  these  as  a running  dimension  ; as  they  are 
usually  all  of  the  same  scantling,  they  can  be  cubed  after  they  are 
collected  in  the  abstract.  In  the  absence  of  instructions,  assume 
that  they  are  2 feet  apart. 


ft. 

in. 

110 

— „ 

| cube 

Bill 

Fir  iu  plates,  lintels  and  wood  bricks 


£ 


s.  d. 


Fir  in  Ground  Joists  and  Sleepers,  kept  separate  from  other 
floor  joists. 


Bill 


j 

ft. 

in. 

1 

421 

- 

cube 

Fir  in  ground  joists 


£ 


s.  d. 


Fir  framed  in  Floors. — All  floors  are  taken  as  framed  except 
ground  floors.  Take  trimmers  and  deduct  joists  to  voids.  Collect 
the  joists  of  the  various  scantlings. 

The  different  lengths  of  joists  in  a room,  in  consequence  of  pro- 
jection of  chimney  breasts,  are  better  measured  as  they  present 
themselves  instead  of  deducting  for  chimney  breasts.  (See  Collec- 
tion of  Joists,  Chapter  XII.) 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

522 

- 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  floors  

Fir  in  Girders. — State  if  sawn  down  and  reversed,  if  bolted,  if 
fitted  to  iron.  Take  flitches,  bolts,  and  all  labours  upon  the  girder 
at  the  same  time. 

Ordinary  girders  and  binders  (i.e.  not  sawn  down  and  bolted) 
would  be  billed  with  the  item  “ fir  framed  in  floors.” 


*34 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 
Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

73 

_ 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  girders,  sawn  down,  reversed 

and  bolted 

25 

- 

5> 

Ditto  fitted  to  iron  and  bolted 

£ 


s.  d. 


Measure  all  timbers  2 inches  thick  and  under  at  per  foot  super- 
ficial. 

Bill 


ft. 

70 

in. 

supl. 

1 fir  framed  ridge  

44 

J! 

2"  ditto  hip 

£ 


d. 


For  scarfings  to  purlins,  &c.,  where  the  scarfing  is  not  over  a 
principal  or  other  bearer,  allow  a length  equal  to  four  times  the 
depth  of  the  timber  every  20  feet;  take  the  necessary  bolts  or 
straps  to  the  scarfings  and  let  an  item  appear  in  bill. 


Bill 


No. 


20 


Extra  labour  on  8"  X 5"  purlin  for  scarf 
2'  8"  long,  including  four  wrouglit- 
iron  bolts  10"  long,  with  heads,  nuts, 
washers  and  fixing 


£ 


d. 


All  timbers  over  25  feet  in  length,  or  more  than  15  inches  in 
depth,  should  be  kept  separate. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

124 

- 

cube 

Fir  in  joists  9"  deep,  and  between  27  and 

28  feet  in  length  

Keep  separate  items  of  fir  fitted  to  iron,  as  to  iron  joists  or 
stanchions. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

1 

£ 

s. 

d. 

115 

' 

run  j 4^"  x 3"  fir  plate,  fitted  and  bolted  to  iron 

Ironwork  in  straps  and  bolts  should  be  measured  with  the  timbers 
to  which  it  is  attached  ; it  is  either  described  as  “ ironwork  in 
straps  and  bolls,  including  perforations  and  fixing  by  carpenter,”  or 


CARPENTER. 


'35 


as  “ straps  and  bolts,”  and  the  fixing  made  a separate  item  in  the 
Carpenter’s  bill.  The  former  way  is  the  better  one.  (See  preamble 
Smith  and  Founder,  Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing.) 

Bill. 

Fixing  only , Ironwork.  £ s ' d 

f"  bolts,  with  heads,  nuts  and  washers,  11" 

long  (averaged)  

f"  ditto  15"  long 

Straps  average  3 feet  long 

King  1 leads  average  weight  64  lbs.  each  .. 

Iron  flitches  24/  3"  long  (averaged),  and 
12"  deep  


No. 


40 

25 

80 

20 

4 


Collect  joists,  rafters,  plates,  &c.,  as  much  as  possible,  as  it 
saves  much  labour  in  the  squaring  and  abstracting. 

An  alternative  to  collecting  on  the  dimensions  when  there  are 
timbers  of  similar  size,  is  to  write  them  lineally  and  leave  them  to 
be  squared  on  the  abstract,  as  in  the  case  of  wall  plates,  which 
may  be  written  in  the  dimensions  in  either  of  the  following 
ways : — 


100  0 

H 

3 

100  0 


or, 


Fir  plates. 

4|"  X 3"  fir  plates. 


Fir  Framed  in  "Roofs,  as  Purlins,  Ridges,  Valleys,  Hips, 
Dragon  pieces,  Rafters,  Pole-plates,  Angle-ties,  all  collected  into 
one  cubic  item  of  bill. 

Observe  that  in  the  case  of 
a hipped  roof,  the  rafters  may 
be  collected  from  the  extreme 
length  A to  B,  the  ends  of 
roof  being  disregarded,  except 
that  one  rafter  shall  be  added 
for  centre  of  each  end,  as  a roof, 

however  hipped,  has  the  same  surface  as  a gabled  roof,  provided 
that  the  slopes  are  similar. 

Bill. 

d. 


ft. 

in. 

644 

- 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  roofs 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


136 


Fir  Framed  in  Koof  Trusses.— Keep  separate.  Take  the  king 
or  queen  posts  at  their  largest  scantling.  It  is  a practice  with  some 
surveyors  to  deduct  one  shoulder  from  the  king  posts  and  half  a 
shoulder  from  the  queen  posts ; but  this  should  not  be  done  unless 
the  piece  cut  out  is  as  much  as  3 inches  wide  and  as  much  as 
3 feet  in  length,  and  should  be  measured  3 inches  short  of  the  length 
between  the  shoulders.  The  majority  of  surveyors,  and  rightly, 
deduct  nothing. 

Bill 


ft. 

212 

in. 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  roof  trusses  (including  hoist- 

ing), or  the  words  in  parentheses  may  be 
omitted  and  a separate  item  given  for 
hoisting  (see  items  numbered) 

£ s. 


d. 


Ceiling  Joists. — Stretches  and  Hangers. — If  small,  the  rule  as 
to  running  them  would  apply.  (See  introduction  to  this  trade.) 


ft. 

in. 

110 

- i 

cube 

Bill 

Fir  framed  ceiling  joists 


£ s. 


d. 


Fir  Framed  in  Quarter  Partitions. — Quarters,  heads  and 
sills;  posts,  interties,  braces,  &c.  (See  example  for  collection, 
Chapter  XII.)  If  trussed,  state  it,  and  keep  separate.  Measure  the 
noggin g pieces  at  per  foot  run , stating  size.  Number  the  bearers  or 
bridging  pieces  to  support  sill,  and  give  their  scantling  and  length, 
and  describe  them  as  framed  between  joists.  (These  are  taken  in 
cases  where  the  sill  runs  parallel  with  joists,  and  would  be  not  more 
than  2 feet  6 inches  apar  t.) 

In  default  of  special  directions  for  brick- 
nogged  partitions,  take  the  quarters  3 feet 
apart,  the  nogging  pieces  2 feet  apart. 

An  outline  sketch,  on  the  margin  of  the 
dimensions,  of  the  arrangement  of  timbers  in 
trussed  partitions  is  useful ; single  lines  with  the  scantling  of  each 
timber  marked,  are  sufficient,  Fig.  26. 


Fig.  26. 


I 

ft. 

722 

in. 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  quarter  partitions 

75 

- 

„ 

Ditto  trussed 

110 

- 

run 

4"  x 2"  nogging  pieces  

No. 

52 

4"  x 3"  fir  bridging  pieces  about  15"  long, 
framed  at  each  end  between  joists 

£ 


d. 


CARPENTER. 


i37 


Some  surveyors  measure  brick-nogged  partitions,  brickwork  and 
timber  together. 


Bill 


ft. 

120 

in. 

supl. 

4£"  brick-nogged  partition,  including  tim- 

ber and  nogging  pieces,  the  timbers 
measured  in  

£ 


d. 


Tho  alternative  is  to  bill  the  timber  with  the  fir  framed  in 


quarter  partitions. 

Half  Timbering. — Measure  the  length,  including  the  tenons ; 
when  diminished,  measure  the  extreme  width  ; the  circular  struts 
(if  any)  may  be  treated  as  described  for  circular  ribs  (see  p.  143). 


ft. 

533 


Bill. 


cube 


Selected  clean  fir  timber  wrought  on  all 
exposed  faces  and  grooved  where  re- 
quired to  receive  plastering,  framed  to 
detail  drawings  and  put  together  in 
white-lead,  aud  with  oak  pins  to  half 
timbered  portions  of  upper  part  of  build- 
ing, the  scantlings  measured  net,  and 
allow  all  waste  for  planing  


£ s. 


d. 


MEASURE  AT  PER  SQUARE  OF  100  FEET  SUPERFICIAL. 


Boarding  to  Roofs. — State  the  thickness,  if  edges  shot,  if 
traversed,  if  wrought  one  or  both  sides,  if  beaded  or  V -jointed  one 
side,  if  grooved,  if  matched,  if  tongued  with  hoop  iron.  If  in  small 
quantities  state  it,  and  keep  separate.  If  boarding  is  laid  on  felt 
keep  it  separate.  If  to  circular  roofs  or  cupolas,  keep  it  separate, 
and  describe  it  as  in  narrow  widths.  To  very  small  curves,  it  will 
require  saw-kerfing. 

Allow  for  cuttings  3 inches  by  the  length  on  each  side  of  all 
hips  and  valleys,  to  irregular  angles  and  around  all  deductions. 


sqr. 

ft. 

in. 

40 

10 

- 

supl. 

1"  rough  boarding,  edges  shot,  for  roofs  .. 

10 

5 

- 

5) 

1"  ditto  wrought  one  side 

4 

5 

- 

V 

11"  wrought  one  side,  grooved,  tongued  and 
V-jointed  boarding  to  roofs  

4 

30 

- 

>> 

]p'  wrought  one  side,  grooved  and  tongued 
with  iron  tongues,  boarding  to  roofs 

5 

20 

>> 

rough  boarding  in  4p'  width  to  circular 
roof  7 feet  radius  

£ s. 


d. 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


!38 


Battening  for  Slates. — State  the  size  of  battens  and  for  what 
slates  they  are  spaced.  Allow  for  waste  as  directed  for  roof 
boarding. 


Bill. 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

42 

35 

- 

supl. 

2£"  x f"  deal  battens  spaced  for  countess 

slating  

£ 


s. 


d. 


Boarding  to  Flats,  as  for  roofs,  but  state  that  it  is  to  flats  and 
that  it  includes  firrings. 

If  the  firrings  are  more  than  3 inches  deep,  call  them  deep 
firrings,  or  state  the  depth  of  firrings  or  take  them  separately  as  a 
superficial  dimension  and  state  their  average  depth. 


Bill 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

20 

15 

- 

supl. 

1"  rough  boarding  to  flats  traversed  for  lead 

and  firrings  to  falls 

10 

- 

- 

1"  ditto,  and  firrings,  average  4"  deep 

10 

~ 

Firrings  to  flat,  average  5"  deep  of  2|"  fir 

CENTERING. 

To  Vaults  at  per  square  of  100  feet . — State  that  it  includes 
horsing,  where  it  is  possible  to  strut  it  up  from  floor,  and  state 
height  of  story.  If  the  vaulting  is  groined  keep  the  centering 
separate,  and  state  that  it  is  to  groined  vaulting. 

Measure  at  per  foot  run.  Extra  for  Groin  Point  to  centering. 
Extra  for  Raking,  Cutting  and  waste  to  centering. 


Bill. 


sqrs. 

ft.. 

in. 

75 

5 

~ 

supl. 

Flat  boarded  centering  for  concrete  floors 
and  horsing  12  feet 

10 

10 

- 

»> 

Ditto  and  horsing  10  feet 

12 

55 

- 

» 

Centering  to  vault  and  horsing  7 feet 

5 

i 

40 

» 

Ditto  groined  

30  feet  run,  extra  for  groin  point 
20  ditto  ditto,  raking,  cutting  and  waste  .. 

£ $. 


d. 


To  Apertures  at  per  foot  superficial. — Where  the  soffits  exceed 


CARPENTER. 


139 


9 inches  in  width,  state  if  the  soffits  are  straight,  segmental, 
semicircular,  pointed,  segmental-pointed. 

At  per  foot  run  where  the  soffits  do  not  exceed  9 inches  in 
width,  stating  the  kind  of  curve  as  before,  and  these  are  some- 
times described  as  turning  pieces. 

In  the  case  of  relieving  arches  to  facings,  centering  will  be 
required  if  the  facing  below  them  is  filled  in  after  they  are 
constructed. 

Centres  to  arches  of  small  span  (18  inches  and  under)  or  to 
circular  openings  are  usually  numbered. 


Bill 


ft. 

69 

in. 

supl. 

Centering  segmental  soffit 

24 

- 

19 

Ditto  segmental -pointed  ditto 

70 

- 

run 

Ditto  4£"  flat  soffit  

20 

- 

99 

Ditto  4 segmental  ditto 

25 

- 

99 

Ditto  9"  semicircular  soffit 

106 

- 

*9 

Ditto  9"  Gothic-pointed  ditto  

No, 

2 

1 

Centres  to  semicircular  openings  18"  span, 

9"  soffit 

Ditto  to  circular  opening  24"  diameter,  4£" 
soffit  with  four  notchings  for  key-blocks 

£ 


s.  d. 


Some  surveyors  keep  centering  to  gauged  arches  separate,  as  it 
is  not  unfrequently  close  boarded  and  more  expensive  than 
centering  constructed  of  fillets  nailed  across  the  ribs,  lagged 
centering  as  it  is  called. 

• Observe  that  chimney  bars  will  serve  for  centres  to  openings 
of  fire-places. 

Sometimes  centering  is  unavoidably  left  in  position,  in  such 
case  it  must  be  so  described. 

To  Trimmers  at  per  foot  superficial. — State  if  the  centres  are 
left  in  for  lathing  to,  or  number  “ filleting  soffits  of  trimmers.” 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

42 

- 

supl. 

No. 

5 

£ s. 


Centering  for  trimmers  

Filleting  soffits  of  trimmers  for  lathing  to 


d. 


140 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Number.  Centres  to  openings  over  10  feet  span,  stating  width 
of  opening,  girth,  width  of  soffit  and  kind  of  curve. 


Bill. 


No. 


10 


Centres  to  Gothic-pointed  stone  arches  12 
feet  span,  10'  6"  high,  24'  6"  around, 
and  18"  soffit,  and  horsing  10  feet 


£ 


d. 


Strutting  to  Stone  Lintels. — (In  windows  of  several  lights 
take  one  to  each  light.)  Strutting  and  Ribbing  to  Traceried 
Windows,  giving  clear  width  and  height,  and  stating  the  number 
of  lights  or  averaging  the  superficial  contents,  and  describing  as 
“ strutting  and  ribbing  to  traceried  windows  ....  feet  superficial 
each  (averaged).” 


Bill 


1 

No. 

45 

Strutting  to  stone  lintels  

5) 

6 

Strutting  and  ribbing  to  three-light  win- 

dow, with  Gothic-pointed  traceried  head 
5 feet  wide,  15'  6"  high 

£ s. 


d. 


Extra  on  Centres  for  Notching  for  Keystones.  Extra  on 
Ends  of  Centres  for  Fitting  same  to  Jambs. — Where  centres 
can  be  re-used,  count  each  instance  of  taking  down  and  refixing, 
but  it  is  seldom  possible  to  do  this,  or  take  all  as  new  and  by  a 
clause  in  the  bill  call  the  contractor’s  attention  to  the  possibility 
of  re-using  some  of  them. 


Bill. 


No. 

20 

Extra  on  centres,  9"  soffit  for  notchings 

for  keystones  

10 

Ends  of  centres,  12"  soffit  fitted  to  splayed 

jambs 

£ s. 


d. 


Fences  at  per  lineal  rod  of  16^  feet , or  per  foot  run. — State  if  deal 
or  oak.  Give  size  of  posts  (length  and  scantling).  State  if  butts 
are  charred.  State  distances  apart  of  posts.  Give  size  of  rails  ; 
state  if  square,  arris  or  “ cant,”  and  their  number.  Describe 
gravel  boards.  Describe  the  pales,  state  whether  cleft  or  sawn, 
and  the  total  height  of  the  fence.  State  what  parts  are  wrought 


CARPENTER. 


141 

or  if  merely  sawn.  As  pales  are  generally  cleft  very  thin,  if  a 
substantial  fence  is  required  their  thickness  should  bo  stated. 
Number  the  digging  of  the  post-holes. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

100 

run 

Deal  wrought  fence  of  5"  x 5"  posts,  with 
large  butts,  and  8 feet  apart,  two  4"  x 3" 
arris  rails,  and  f " X 3"  pointed  pales  3" 
apart,  nailed  with  galvanised  steel  nails, 
and  5 feet  high  . . 

100 

Oak  fence  of  6"  x 6"  sawn  posts  9 feet  apart, 
with  substantial  chaired  butts  30"  in 
ground,  three  4"  x 3"  sawn  arris  rails, 
stout  cleft  pales  nailed  with  galvanised 
iron  nails,  two  rows  of  No.  16  B.W.G. 
galvanised  hoop  iron,  and  1|"  x 9"  sawn 
gravel  plank,  and  6 feet  high  in  all 

£ 


d. 


Sound  Boarding,  state  thickness  and  that  the  space  occupied 
by  the  joists  is  included  in  the  measurement ; give  size  of  fillets, 
and  state  if  single  or  double  fillets. 


Bill. 


sqrs. 

ft. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

29 

50 

supl. 

sound  boarding  and  stout  deal  fillets, 

the  joists  not  deducted 

10 

25^ 

— 

§"  ditto  and  double  fillets 

Wall  Battening. — State  size  of  battens  and  distance  apart, 
and  if  plugged. 


Bill 


sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

20 

15 

- 

supl. 

2£"  x 1"  deal  battens,  spaced  2 feet  apart 

to  partitions  

!0 

5 

— 

2£"  x 1"  ditto  plugged  to  walls 

When  intended  to  receive  boarding,  they  are  frequently 
included  in  the  description,  thus  : — 


I sqrs. 

ft. 

in. 

10 

5 

supl. 

matched  and  beaded  boarding  in  7" 
widths,  on  and  including  2£"  x 1"  deal 
battens  2 feet  apart,  plugged  to  walls  . . 

£ s. 


d. 


142 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Weather  Boarding. — State  thickness,  if  wrought  both  sides,  if 
headed,  the  width  of  hoards  and  the  lap ; measure  the  net  finished 
surface ; and  let  part  of  the  description  he  u allow  for  laps.” 


Bill 


sqrs. 

ft.. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

18 

45 

_ 

supl. 

1"  weather  boarding,  wrought  one  side, 

measured  net,  and  allow  for  laps  . . 

5 

15 

- 

1"  ditto  beaded  one  edge  

MEASURE  AT  PER  FOOT  SUPERFICIAL. 

Wrought  Face  on  Fir,  including  Waste,  where  no  allowance 
has  heen  made  for  size  of  timber  lost  in  the  planing. — Take  planing 
on  fir  when  an  allowance  has  heen  made ; measure  at  same  time 
mouldings,  rehates,  &c.,  nor  exceeding  6 inches  girth  per  foot  run 
over  6 inches  per  foot  superficial. 


Bill. 


| ft. 

in. 

'£ 

s. 

d. 

100 

- 

supl. 

Wrought  face  on  fir,  including  waste 

100 

1 

?> 

Labour  planing  on  fir 

Eaves  Boards,  Flashing  Boards  and  Valley  Boards. — State 
thickness  and  if  feather  edged,  state  that  the  valley  hoards  include 
tho  necessary  splaying  and  fitting. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

76 

— 

supl. 

1”  deal  valley  boards,  splayed  and  fitted  . . 
or  per  foot  run. 

108 

- 

run 

1"  X 9"  valley  boards,  splayed  and  fitted 

74 

» 

1"  X 7"  feather-edged  eaves  board  and 
fitting 

£ 


d. 


Felt.— State  the  kind,  describe  the  nails,  and  that  it  is 
measured  net,  and  that  allowance  is  to  he  made  for  laps. 

If  boiler  felt  is  required,  as  this  varies  very  much  in  quality, 
state  the  weight  per  foot  superficial  in  ounces,  or  the  weight  per 
sheet,  stating  size  of  sheet,  and  give  name  of  patentee. 


CARPENTER. 


M3 


ft. 

in. 

940 

supl. 

Stout  inodorous  felt  to  roofs,  measured  net, 
and  allow  for  laps  and  nailing  with  clout 
nails 

500 

55 

Boiler  felt,  16  oz.  per  sheet  (Croggon’s),  to 
roofs,  measured  net,  and  allow  for  laps 
and  nailing  with  clout  nails 

£ 


d. 


Firring s to  Cupolas,  Domes,  Etc. — These  are  generally  nailed 
to  the  backs  of  raking  rafters,  and  the  outer  edge  cut  to  the 
contour  of  the  roof.  Where  each  piece  is  not  more  than  5 or  6 feet 
in  length,  take  the  running  length  measured  along  back  of  rafter 
by  the  extreme  width ; when  more  than  this,  divide  it  into  similar 
lengths.  Measure  the  circular  cutting 


ft. 

in. 

74 

supl. 

Bill. 

2"  deal  in  firrings  to  ogee  roof  of  cupola, 
and  nailing  to  backs  of  rafters 
108'  0"  run,  labour  circular  sawing 


£ 


s.  d. 


Circular  Ribs  to  Roof  Trusses. — Measure  the  full  quantity  of 
timber  out  of  which  the  ribs  are  cut.  Keep  them  separate.  State 
thickness,  if  wrought  and  framed,  and  if  including  joints,  say  so ; 
if  not,  take  the  joints  separately,  and  in  either  case  say  if  the  joints 
are  dowelled  together.  If  more  than  14  inches  deep,  keep  separate 
and  so  describe  it. 

.Ribs  of  short  length  in  one  piece  may  be  numbered. 


Bill. 


.ft. 

154 

in. 

8Upl. 

2i"  wrought  selected  fir,  framed  in  circular 

74 

55 

ribs  

2£"  ditto  in  fir  18"  deep  

108 

- 

run 

Grooved  and  rebated  joint  to  2£"  rib,  and 

70 

55 

dowelling  with  oak  dowels  

Labour,  circular  sunk,  wrought  and  twice 

No. 

6 

moulded,  2"  girth  edge  to  2£"  fir  .. 

Fir  struts,  5 feet  long  out  of  3"  x 12",  twice 
chamfered  on  exposed  edges,  framed  at 
each  end  and  pinned  with  oak  pins,  as 
sketch 

£ s. 


d. 


144 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Or  the  timber  may  be  billed  to  include  a certain  proportion  of  the 
labours,  thus : — 


Bill 


ft. 

150 


supl. 


6"  pitch-pine  timbers  in  19"  widths, 
wrought  both  sides,  and  framed  in  cir- 
cular ribs  to  roof-trusses,  including  sunk 
and  wrought  framings  at  scarfings,  and 
all  other  secret  framings,  and  fixing  with 
oak  pins  (as  sketch),  the  circular  face 
and  die  mouldings  elsewhere  taken 


£ 


d. 


Ribs  in  Thicknesses. — Where  circular  ribs  are  formed  of  thick- 
nesses of  deal,  measure  the  net  superficial  area  of  them,  stating 
total  thickness,  and  describe  as  ribs  of  certain  thickness  bolted 
together  and  measured  net.  Take  the  cutting  to  edges  separately. 
Take  the  bolts  (if  any)  at  the  same  time. 


ft. 

in. 

90 

supl. 

Bill. 

Deal  ribs  to  roof  in  two  thicknesses  of  1" 
deal,  wrought  and  screwed  together, 

measured  net  

40'  0"  run,  circular  sunk  and  wrought  edge 
to  ditto  


£ 


d. 


Facias. — State  the  thickness,  and  if  rough  or  wrought  one 
or  both  sides,  if  beaded,  but  generally  better  measured  lineal. 


CARPENTER. 


*45 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

74 

— 

supl. 

1"  deal  rough  fascia  

or, 

178 

- 

run 

1"  X 5"  rough  fascia 

120 

• 

» 

1"  X 6"  wrought  one  side  and  beaded 

fascia  

No.  2 mitres 

„ 6 ends  splayed  and  fitted  

£ 


s.  d. 


Bracketing  to  Cornices. — Measure  the  girth  of  the  face  of 
the  bracketing  by  the  length.  Take  the  run  of  fillet  to  attach 
brackets  to,  stating  size.  Number  the  angle  brackets,  and 
describe  as  “ extra  for.”  Keep  that  which  is  circular  on  plan  or 
in  small  quantities  separate.  State  thickness  of  the  wood  used. 

Bracketing  is  sometimes  measured  at  per  foot  run,  stating  the 
girth  of  cornice  for  which  it  is  required. 

In  the  absence  of  details  of  cornices  about  two-thirds  of  the 
girth  of  the  cornice  may  be  taken  for  the  bracketing,  but  as  a rule 
none  will  be  required  for  cornices  under  12  inches  girth. 


ft. 

in. 

149 

- 

run 

15 

- 

» 

75 

- 

supl. 

Bill 

1£"  deal  bracketing  for  cornices  12"  girth 

1 ditto,  circular 

No.  6 extra  for  angle  brackets 

1"  deal  bracketing  for  cornices 

No.  4 extra  for  angle  brackets  15"  girth  .. 


d. 


Cradling,  and  state  what  to,  as  entablatures,  and  if  fitted  to 

iron. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

93 

— 

supl. 

Deal  cradling  fitted  to  iron  girders  . . 


d. 


Filleting  and  Counterlathing  to  Partitions,  including  the 
quarters  in  the  measurement,  and  stating  that  such  has  been  done. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

226 

- 

supl. 

54 

- 

Filleting  and  counterlathing  to  quarter 

partitions 

Ditto  fixed  between  quarters,  the  quarters 
measured  in  


£ 


L 


d. 


« 


146 


quantity  surveying . 


Gutter  Boards  and  Bearers. — State  thickness  of  boarding 
and  whether  bearers  are  framed. 

Where  gutters  do  not  exceed  6 inches  wide  take  them  at  per 
foot  run,  stating  the  average  width. 

Number.  “ Extra  to  Rebated  Drips  in  Gutter,”  or  “ Short 
Lengths  of  Rebated  Drip,”  Short  Lengths  of  Roll.  The  two 
latter  may  be  so  described  up  to  a length  of  30  inches,  over  that 
length  measure  at  per  foot  run.  Cesspools,  stating  thickness  of 
deal  and  length,  width  and  depth,  all  in  clear. 

Where  parapet  gutters  occur  take  rough  fillet  (giving  size)  and 
plugging  to  wall  to  receive  ends  of  bearers. 


Bill 


1 ft. 

in. 

110 

- 

supl. 

1|"  gutter  boards  and  framed  bearers 

34 

- 

run 

11”  ditto,  average  6"  wide 

42 

- 

99  i 

l|"  cross  rebated  drip 

140 

- 

99 

2"  deal  roll  for  lead  

No. 

10 

Short  lengths  1£"  cross-rebated  drip  .. 

” 

22 

Ditto  2"  deal  roll  for  lead 

” 

5 

1|"  deal  dovetailed  cesspools  10"  x 10"  x 6" 

I 

all  in  clear,  holed  and  fitted 

£ 


d. 


Snow  Boards. — State  size  of  battens  and  bearers,  and  the 
distance  apart  of  both,  and  that  they  are  to  be  made  movable,  and 
in  . . . feet  lengths.  Where  the  gutters  are  under  a foot  wide 
at  per  foot  run , stating  average  width,  and  describing  as  before. 


Bill. 


ft. 

175 

in. 

supl. 

Deal  wrought  snow  boards  of  1£"  x 2£" 

laths,  about  1"  apart,  on  and  including 
3£"  x 2"  cut  bearers  about  4 feet  apart, 
hollowed  for  passage  of  water,  all  screwed 
together  and  fixed  in  short  lengths  to 
remove  .... 

£ 


d. 


MEASURE  AT  PER  FOOT  RUN. 

The  Circular  Sunk  Edge  to  Ribs,  Chamfer,  Rebate,  Groove, 
stating  girth  or  width. 

Valley  Fillet,  Tilting  Fillet,  Eaves  Fillet,  giving  sizes 
in  each  case. 


CARPENTER. 


i47 


Mouldings. — State  girth  and  what  out  of , as  4 inches  by 
5 inches. 

Hip  and  Ridge  Rolls. — State  size,  if  birdsmouthed,  if  spiked 
on.  Take  two  rough  chamfers  to  ridge  and  hips  if  roll  is  birds- 
mouthed. 

Strutting. — State  if  herring-bone  and  give  size,  or  if  solid  give 
thickness ; state  depth  of  joists,  and  that  the  joists  are  measured 
in  the  length. 

Feather-edged  Springer  to  trimmers,  state  size. 


Bill. 


ft. 

124 

in. 

run 

Labour  circular  sunk  and  wrought  edge  to 

72 

99 

3"  fir t 

Ditto  and  twice  chamfered  1"  wide  . . 

104 

- 

M 

Ditto  groove 

720 

- 

99 

Ditto  chamfer  1|"  wide  

79 

20 

: 

99 

99 

Ditto  circular 

Ditto  chamfer  1 wide,  stopped 

10 



99 

4 moulded  stops 

Ditto  rebate,  2£"  girth 

24 

- 

99 

Ditto  stopped,  including  stops 

104 

- 

99 

Tilting  fillet 

95 

- 

99 

3"  x 2"  twice  splayed  valley  fillet  .. 

116 

- 

99 

4"  x 2£"  splayed  eaves  fillet  

30 

- 

99 

4£"  x 3"  feather-edged  springer 

25 

- 

99 

4"  x 3"  cornice,  moulded  6"  girth  finished 

25 

_ 

99 

or, 

4 x 3 cornice,  moulded  6"  girth . . 

43 

99 

No.  4 mitres 

„ 1 end  splayed  and  fitted  

2"  deal  roll  for  lead  spiked 

73 

- 

99 

2"  ditto  birdsmouthed 

. 

108 

99 

No.  4 mitres 

„ 2 three-way  intersections  

„ 2 four- way  ditto  

2"  herring-bone  strutting,  accurately  fitted 
and  nailed  to  9"  joists  (the  joists 

measured  in)  

2"  ditto  to  11"  joists  

140 

• 

- 

99 

£ 


s.  d. 


I 


NUMBER. 


Sprockets. — State  what  size  two  are  cut  out  of,  or  the  length, 
breadth  and  thickness  of  each. 


No. 

64 

99 

20 

Bill. 

Deal  wrought  sprockets,  two  out  of  2"  X 6" 

X 24",  and  nailing  to  rafters 

Ditto,  but  the  upper  edge  curved 


£ 


L 2 


s.  d. 


148 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Cut  Ends  to  Rafters. — State  if  moulded,  and  if  wrought  for 
what  length,  and  the  size  of  rafters. 


Bill. 


No. 

101 

Ends  of  4"  x 2£"  rafters,  wrought  for  a 

length  of  15",  and  shaped  to  detail 

£ 


d. 


Extra  Labour  to  Scarfings,  stating  size  of  timber,  and  in- 
clude the  bolts,  stating  their  number  and  size,  billing  all  together. 


Bill 


No. 

10 

Extra  labour  on  8"  x 5"  purlins  for  scarf- 

ings about  32"  long,  including  four 
bolts  9"  long,  and  fixing 

£ 


d. 


Hip  Knob. — State  size,  and  how  many  rafters  are  framed  into 
each,  if  firred  out  or  turned,  describe  it. 


Bill. 


No. 


2 


5"  x 5"  hip  knobs  5 feet  long,  framed  to 
ridge,  and  four  hips  turned  for  a length 
of  2 feet,  firred  out  at  base  for  a height  of 
about  2 feet,  and  prepared  to  receive 
lead  


£ 


s.  d. 


Cleats. — State  size  and  if  wrought. 


Bill. 


No. 

20 

Fir  wrought  cleats  for  purlins  12"x6"x6", 

1 

and  spiking  

£ 


s.  d. 


Hoisting  and  Fixing  Roof  Trusses. — State  width  and  height 
of  truss,  and  distance  from  ground  to  ridge  when  fixed.  (Some 
surveyors  only  take  this  item  to  very  large  trusses.)  Bell  cots  and 
fleches  are  often  hoisted  after  they  are  framed,  and  should  be  num- 
bered in  a similar  manner. 


JOINER. 


149 


No. 

10 

V 

1 

1 

Bill 

Hoisting  and  fixing  roof  trusses  22'  x 12', 

30  feet  from  ground  to  ridge 

Hoisting  and  fixing  fieche  10'  x 10'  X 18', 

59  feet  from  ground  to  finial 

Allow  for  extra  framing,  hoisting  and  fix- 
ing to  spire  roof  8'  6"  x 8'  6"  and  20  feet 
high,  the  apex  65  feet  from  ground 


£ 


s.  d. 


JOINER- 

Keep  the  different  kinds  of  wood  separate. 

Describe  all  work  as  cross-tongned  where  over  9 inches  in 
width  if  in  deal  or  pitch  pine,  12  inches  American  walnut. 

Where  the  work  is  in  small  quantities,  or  short  lengths,  or 
circular,  keep  it  separate,  and  observe  generally  that  very  small 
things  where  possible  should  rather  be  numbered  than  measured 
by  the  foot,  superficial  or  lineal. 

Circular  work  to  be  described  as  “ flat  sweep  ” when  the  rise  is 
J an  inch  to  a foot  of  chord  line  ; quick  sweep  when  more  than 
that.  Where  in  circular  cupboard  fronts,  wreathed  strings,  (fee., 
state  that  the  work  is  to  include  cylinder. 

The  custom  of  describing  the  radius  instead  of  using  the  terms 
quick  or  flat  sweep  is  becoming  very  general,  and  is  perhaps  to  be 
preferred. 

Observe  the  distinction  between  circular  work  of  various  kinds, 
as  curved  work  bent  in  fixing,  curved  work  in  cylinders,  work 
curved  on  plan,  as  to  ribs,  curved  work  glued  up  in  thicknesses,  &c. 

Circular  fillets  may  be  either  bent  .circular,  cut  circular  one 
edge,  or  cut  circular  both  edges. 

If*  work  is  screwed  instead  of  nailed,  if  secretly  nailed,  if  fixed 
with  brass  screws  and  cups,  state  it. 

If  work  is  to  be  of  selected  deal  and  to  be  stained,  keep  it 
separate  from  the  parts  painted. 

Where  work  is  unusually  constructed  and  cannot  be  quite 
intelligibly  described,  give  a sketch. 

In  collecting  dimensions  on  waste,  half  inches  will  be  used  in 
widths  only,  but  in  lengths  and  in  transferring  the  resulting 
length  to  your  dimension  column  call  any  part  of  an  inch  1 inch. 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


!5o 


Backings  are  sometimes  included  with  the  article  measured, 
state  in  all  cases  if  framed  or  dovetailed. 

Take  plugging  at  per  foot  run  to  the  edge  of  all  joinery  next 
brickwork,  where  there  are  no  grounds  or  other  attachment,  and 
add  the  word  plugged  to  the  description  of  any  other  joinery 
adjoining  brickwork  which  is  fixed  by  plugging,  but  observe  where 
wood  bricks  have  been  taken  for  fixing  of  frames,  &c.,  the  plugging 
will  not  be  necessary. 

Notching  should  be  measured  to  any  work  notched  to  fit  a pro- 
jection, the  thickness  of  the  wood  and  the  girth  of  the  notching  to  be 
stated ; notchings  to  materials  of  same  thickness  may  be  averaged. 

Where  work  is  of  irregular  shape  measure  it  net  (that  is,  the 
exact  superficial  quantity),  and  take  scribing  at  per  foot  run  to  the 
irregular  sides,  stating  the  thickness  of  the  wood.  Scribing  is 
sometimes  claimed  unjustly,  as  for  edges  of  shelves  against  plaster- 
ing. Where  the  plan  is  not  irregular  this  should  not  be  allowed, 
as  the  face  of  plastering,  if  floated,  should  be  sufficiently  near  to  a 
true  plane  to  obviate  the  necessity  of  scribing  ; but  if  the  plaster 
is  not  floated  scribing  may  be  allowed. 

Wrought  both  sides  includes  wrought  edges,  wrought  one  side 
includes  one  edge  wrought. 

Observe  to  use  the  words  tongued  or  rebated  in  their  proper 
places ; a familiar  instance  of  their  misapplication 
is  in  the  case  of  window  boards  and  window  nosings 
which  are  rebated  thus,  Fig.  27,  and  are  frequently 
described  as  tongued.  The  meaning  of  the  word 
tongued  is,  however,  generally  received  as  a rebated 
edge  and  a groove  to  receive  it. 

Let  the  words  “ splayed  edge  ” always  be  used  when  the 
wholo  thickness  is  dealt  with,  “ chamfered  edge  ” when  part  only. 
Thus : — 


Fig.  27. 


Fig.  28. 


Where  joinery  is  described  to  be  of  “ finished  sizes,”  no  allow- 
ance is  usually  made  in  the  measurement,  but  it  should  be  stated 
in  a clause  of  the  preamble  of  the  bill ; it  is,  however,  better,  in 
addition  to  the  statement  in  preamble,  to  give  in  the  bill  the 
actual  thickness  ot  the  work  as  1*  inch  floor  when  reputed  1^  inch 
floor  is  intended,  &c. 


JOINER. 


151 


Joiners’  work  is  generally  described  as  of  the  thickness  of  the 
stuff  it  is  produced  gfrom.  A 1^-inch  door  will  measure  about 
inch. 

Deal  framing  wrought  one  side  will  measure  |th  less  than  the 
reputed  thickness,  wrought  both  sides  T\ths.  Wainscot,  wrought 
both  sides,  £ to  J an  inch  less. 

In  some  cases,  where  the  sizes  generally  are  not  intended  to  be 
finished  sizes,  an  architect  produces  details  of  work  which  must  of 
necessity  be  finished  of  the  size  shown,  or  the  design  would  be 
altered ; in  such  cases  the  surveyor  must  state  it,  as,  for  instance, 
“ 20  feet  run,  5 inches  by  4 inches  (finished)  frame,  rebated  and 
moulded  3 inches  girth,”  and  where  much  work  is  moulded  to 
detail  finished  sizes  should  be  specified.  An  alternative  is  to 
describe  the  size  of  the  original  section  of  the  wood  used. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

20 

run 

5"  x 4"  (finished)  frame  rebated  and 

moulded,  3"  girth  

or. 

20 

» 

5J"  x 4|";frame,  rebated  and  moulded,  3" 
girth  .'.  

£ 


e.  d. 


The  same  principle  should  be  applied  to  mouldings  shown  by 
detail. 

The  sooner  this  anomaly  is  got  rid  of  the  better ; it  is  to  bo 
wished  that  all  architects  would  describe  their  work  as  of  finished 
sizes.  Scottish  architects  nearly  always  do  so. 

In  measuring  running  lengths  of  labours,  as  to  moulding, 
begin  with  the  words  “ Labour  to,”  as  otherwise  the  item  may 
be  mistaken  by  the  abstractor  for  an  item  of  labour  and  material. 

In  describing  joinery,  square  framed  is  always  held  to  mean 
square  framed  both  sides,  but  in  all  other  cases,  as  moulded,  bead, 
flush,  &c.,  it  is  better  to  describe  as  “ moulded  both  sides,”  bead- 
flush  both  sides,  moulded  and  square,  bead-flush  and  square,  &c. 

Some  country  builders  erroneously  argue  that  square  framed 
only  indicates  the  rectangular  shape  of  the  piece  of  framing,  not 
its  section. 

Where  the  panels  of  framings  are  very  small,  or  of  irregular 
shape,  it  should  be  stated,  and  the  average  superficial  contents 
given : thus,  “ 1^-inch  moulded  and  square  bath  enclosure  one 
panel  high,  the  panels  averaging  12  inches  superficial  each.  * 


152 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


All  doors  and  framings  under  5 feet  in  height  must  be  kept 
separate  and  described  as  dwarf,  unless  from  their  nature  they 
cannot  be  otherwise,  as  window  backs. 

When  framings  are  rough  on  one  side  and  square  framed,  no 
notice  need  be  taken  in  the  description ; if  flush  framed,  state  the 
thickness  of  the  wood  in  the  panels. 

In  measuring  finished  framings  nothing  extra  is  allowed  for 
the  tenons,  but  in  cases  where  a frame  or  similar  work  is  measured 
in  separate  parts  the  tenons  must  be  measured  in  the  length. 

When  a piece  of  work  has  various  labours  on  it,  mouldings, 
rebates,  &c.,  it  should  either  be  run,  including  all  the  labours  in 
the  description,  or  measured  superficial,  omitting  from  the  descrip- 
tion the  labours  in  question,  and  measuring  them  per  foot  run 
separately. 

Take  the  ironmongery  with  the  joinery  to  which  it  belongs. 

French  polishing  is  not  unfrequently  included  in  the  joiner’s 
bill,  with  the  description  of  the  work  intended  to  be  polished. 

In  describing  mouldings  to  doors  or  framings,  be  careful  to 
state  if  they  are  on  solid,  and  if  they  are  stopped. 

When  an  edge  is  chamfered,  state  whether  once  or  twice  cham- 
^ere^’  an(^  suck  things  as  architraves  whether 
once  or  twice  moulded,  as  Fig.  29. 

p-IG  09  If  any  mouldings  are  to  detail  state  it,  other- 

wise machine-made  mouldings  are  intended.  If 
mouldings  have  unusually  small  members  state  it. 

Small  mouldings  up  to  3-inch  girth  may  have  the  mitres  in- 
cluded with  the  description,  and  if  the  purpose  of  the  moulding  is 


stated,  the  item  can  easily  be  priced,  but  if  there  are  many  more 
mitres  than  are  usual  for  such  a purpose,  separate  them. 

Sometimes  much  labour  may  be  saved  by  averaging  the  sizes 
of  doors  or  windows. 

When  a piece  of  joinery  is  of  small  size  and  with  much 
labour  on  it,  the  surveyor  will  usually  find  it  best  to  measure 
it  at  per  foot  run,  or  to  number  it ; as  if  he  measure  it  at  per 
foot  superficial,  the  extra  labour  will  make  a large  number  of 
items. 

In  describing  labour  to  edges  of  joinery,  state  if  any  part  is 
“ cross  grain,  and  keep  it  separate ; it  is  sometimes  expedient, 
when  the  labour  is  of  small  value,  to  keep  it  all  together  and 
describe  as  “ part  cross  grain.” 


JOINER. 


*53 


Judgment  must  be  exercised  as  to  whether  the  measurement  of 
work  shall  be  lineal  or  superficial ; very  often  a lineal  quantity  is 
easier  to  price  than  a superficial  one;  for  instance,  an  item  of 
“ 100  feet  0 inches  supl.  of  1 inch  lining,  tongued  at  angles,  rebated 
one  edge  and  staff  beaded  the  other,”  would  not  afford  much  in- 
formation as  to  the  quantity  of  rebate  or  staff  bead ; the  absence  of 
the  words  cross-tongued  would  show  that  it  did  not  exceed  9 inches 
in  width,  but  if  those  words  were  inserted  the  item  might  be  of 
any  width ; on  the  other  hand,  “ 100  feet  run,  1 inch  x 8 inches 
lining  rebated  one  edge  and  staff  beaded  the  other,  and  tongued 
at  angles,”  is  definite  enough.  However,  when  labours  are  of  the 
ordinary  character,  like  rebates  or  beads,  the  question  is  not  im- 
portant, but  when  the  work  is  more  expensive  it  is  worth  con- 
sideration, and  the  item  should  either  be  run  and  all  its  labours 
described  with  it,  or  the  material  measured  superficial  and  the 
labours  separately  measured.  There  is  never  any  objection  to 
measuring  lineally  anything  9 inches  wide  and  under,  after  that 
it  comes  into  the  category  cross-tongued,  and  as  a general  rule 
should  be  measured  superficially. 

Deal  intended  for  staining  should  be  kept  separate  and  de- 
scribed as  “ selected  deal.” 

Floors,  per  square  of  100  feet  superficial. — State  the  quality  and 
thickness,  and  whether  deal  or  batten.  If  of  unusual  widths  state 
it,  whether  rough,  edges  shot,  folding,  straight  joint,  splayed 
headings,  tongued  headings  ; if  dowelled,  if  grooved,  if  side  nailed, 
if  tongued  and  the  kind  of  tongues,  if  traversed  and  cleaned  off  at 
completion,  if  covered  with  sawdust  after  laying. 

Take  separately  all  flooring  in  recesses  and  doorways,  and 
describe  as  “ in  small  quantities  and  bearers.” 

Allow  3 inches  by  the  length  for  all  raking  cutting. 

Deduct  chimney  breasts,  projections  and  voids,  but  not  hearths. 


Bill. 


sqrs. 

10 

ft. 

15 

in. 

supl. 

f " rough  sub- floor 

60 

25 

- 

9> 

11"  yellow  batten  floor,  laid  straight  joint, 

i 

5 

99 

with  splayed  headings  and  mitred  borders 
to  hearths  (hearths  not  deducted), 
punched,  puttied,  traversed  and  cleaned 

off  at  completion  

11"  ditto,  grooved  and  tongued  with  11" 

i 

70 

- 

99 

galvanised  hoop  iron  

11"  ditto,  in  small  quantities,  and  bearers 

d. 


*54 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Sinkings  for  Mats. — Measure  a running  length  of  “ extra  on 
lj-inch  floor  for  glued  and  mitred  border ; and  1 inch  by  1^-inch 
wrought  fillet  rebated  both  edges  and  two  grooves  in  floor,”  or  as 
the  case  may  be. 

When  the  sinking  is  in  a tile  floor,  the  border  will  be  of  iron 
or  slate. 


Bill. 


ft.  1 

I in. 

16 

- 

run 

Extra  on  1|"  floor  for  glued  and  mitred 
border  

16 

_ 

M 

1"  x 2"  wrought  fillet  and  mitres 

16 

»» 

x 2"  wrought-iron  border  to  mat  sink- 

ing  

No.  4 forged  angles  

£ 


d. 


Measure  at  per  foot  run — 

Scribing  Edge  of  Floor  to  Stone  Paving  where  it  adjoins  the 
wooden  floor. 

Scribing  Floor  to  brickwork  where  actually  scribed. 

Mitred  Border  to  Hearths  if  tho  slabs  are  deducted,  but  this 
is  rarely  done.  The  usual  plan  is  not  to  deduct  tho  slab,  the 
excess  of  floor  being  considered  sufficient  set-off  to  the  mitred 
border. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

24 

— 

run 

Labour  scribing  li"  flo  >r  to  edge  of  stone 
paving 

20 

Extra  on  1£"  floor  for  glued  and  mitred 
border  to  hearths  

d. 


Wood  Block  Floors,  measured  per  yard  superficial. — Tho  patent 
kinds  are  generally  treated  as  a provision,  and  they  should  be  laid 
by  the  patentee  ; observe  that  cutting  all  around  walls  is  charged 
extra. 

For  wood  block  floors  of  the  ordinary  kind  state  what  wood, 
the  size  of  the  blocks,  how  laid,  as  herring-bone,  &c.,  whether 
bordered,  whether  traversed  and  cleaned  off,  whether  blocks  are 
gauged. 


JOINER. 

Bill. 


*55 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

84 

supl. 

Wood  block  floor  of  18"  X 3"  x 3"  pitch- 
pine  strips  wrought  all  round  and  at  ends, 
and  carefully  gauged,  the  lower  half 
dipped  in  hot  Stockholm  tar,  laid  herring- 
bone, traversed  aud  cleaned  off  at  com- 
pletion, grouted  with  fine  dry  Portland 
cement  brushed  into  the  joints,  left  clean 
and  free  from  grit,  measured  net,  includ- 
ing all  cuttings,  against  walls 

£ 


d. 


Skirtings,  at  per  foot  run. — State  the  thickness,  the  height,  and 
if  it  includes  backings  and  narrow  grounds.  (These  latter  are 
sometimes  included  in  the  description.)  If  it  is  tongued  to  floor. 
If  the  moulding  is  of  greater  size  than  usual  state  its  girth.  If  in 
two  or  more  pieces  state  the  size  of  each  and  how  put  together, 
and  state  size  of  moulding  and  total  height.  If  plugged  or  fixed 
with  wall-hooks  keep  separate. 

For  very  ornate  skirtings  it  is  better  to  give  a sketch  in 
addition  to  the  description. 

Number  Tongued  and  Mitred  Angles,  irregular  ditto  (only 
necessary  to  distinguish  these  last  when  a large  skirting  of 
sevoral  pieces),  Housings  (as  to  architrave  bases),  Fitted  Ends  (as 
to  chimneypieces),  Returned  Ends,  Tongued  and  Mitred  Ends, 
Heading  Joints. 

In  collecting  skirting  some  surveyors  measure  the  net  length 
as  finished;  other  surveyors  measure  them  across  the  doorways, 
and  deduct  that  length  with  the  other  deductions  related  to  such 
doorway.  There  is  some  show  of  reason  for  this,  a doorway  is 
often  omitted,  and  the  result  of  the  omission  of  the  whole  series  of 
dimensions  relating  to  such  doorway  will  be  the  restoration  of  the 
skirting  if  it  has  been  measured  across  the  opening. 

Idle-  running  length  around  the  room  is  sufficient  for  the 
quantity,  where  in  very  long  lengths  heading  joints  occur,  but 
where  the  length  is  under  20  feet  these  are  usually  disregarded. 


ft. 

in. 

6 

- 

run 

110 

» 

, 

Bill. 

x 4"  square  skirting,  and  mitres  .. 

1"  X 7"  torus  skirting 

No.  12  mitres 

„ 10  fitted  ends 

„ 15  housings 


£ s.'d. 


156 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ft.  | in. 
343  1 - 

| run 

Skirting  in  three  pieces  (as  sketch),  mould- 

1 

ing  out  of  2 x 5",  surbase  1"  x 6",  base 
1£"  X 5",  all  rebated  and  grooved  to- 
gether, the  lower  edge  rebated  and  let 
into  door,  and  15£"  high  in  all 

No.  8 fitted  ends 

„ 43  mitres 

„ 70  irregular  do 

„ 38  housings  

1 
— IF 

£ s. 


d. 


Dados , per  foot  superficial. — Take  the  round  of  the  room,  minus 
openings,  and  at  the  same  time  deduct  the  plastering  behind  it, 
the  same  dimensions  serving  both  purposes.  Measure  at  per  foot 
run,  capping,  housings  tongued  and  mitred,  or  rebated  and  grooved 
angles  (internal),  rebated,  grooved  and  moulded  angles  (external). 


ft. 

in. 

210 

supl. 

1"  deal  wrot.  one  side,  V‘j°iuted,  grooved 
and  tongued  boarding  in  4"  widths,  as 
dado,  fixed  to  grounds,  elsewhere  taken 

48 

- 

run 

Labour,  housing  of  1" 

72 

- 

Labour,  rebated  and  grooved  angle  to  1"  .. 

64 

- 

» 

Labour,  rebated,  grooved  and  chamfered 
angle  to  1" 

52 

» 

3£"  x 2"  capping,  rebated  and  moulded, 

3|"  girth 

No.  10  mitres 

„ 6 housing  

„ 5 fitted  ends 

£ 


s.  d. 


Grounds,  per  foot  run. — If  under  3 inches  in  width  call  them 
simply  narrow  grounds,  in  all  other  cases  state  width  and  thick- 
ness, if  framed  (as  behind  architraves),  splayed,  grooved,  beaded, 
or  chamfered,  plugged,  fixed  with  wall  hooks.  State  if  circu- 
lar on  plan  or  circular  both  edges,  if  skeleton.  Where  over 
3 inches  in  width  they  are  sometimes  measured  at  per  foot  super- 
ficial. In  good  work  grounds  should  be  taken  to  edges  of  all 
work  where  it  comes  against  the  plastering,  and  framed  wherever 
it  is  practicable. 

Pilasters  are  often  fixed  to  skeleton  grounds ; and  although 
much  of  the  surface  is  void,  measure  the  whole  surface  superficial, 
including  the  voids. 


JOINER. 


57 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

225 

- 

run 

1"  X 3"  splayed  grounds  

1125 

- 

» 

1"  x 3"  ditto,  plugged  

52 

- 

>» 

1"  X 3"  ditto,  fixed  with  wall  hooks  .. 

137 

- 

1"  X 3"  twice  splayed  grounds 

1677 

' - 

)> 

1"  x 3"  framed  and  splayed  ditto 

212 

- 

»» 

1"  X 3"  ditto,  plugged  

10 

- 

1"  x 3"  ditto,  circular  both  edges 
li"  wrought  and  framed  skeleton  grounds 
to  receive  pilasters 

70 

supl. 

£ 


d. 


Pipe  Casing  per  foot  run . — State  thickness,  and  say  whether 
fixed  with  screws  or  brass  caps  and  screws.  If  boxed  measure  per 
foot  superficial. 


ft. 

in. 

54 

run 

1A"  wrought,  rebated  and  beaded  grounds, 
and  1"  wrought  pipe  casing,  fixed  with 
brass  cups  and  screws  to  remove 

40 

supl. 

1*"  ditto,  boxed  

No.  4 extra  on  ditto  for  small  doors  hung 
with  and  including  2"  brass  butts  and 
brass  knob  turnbuckles  

£ 


>.  d. 


Skylights,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  chamfered  or 
moulded  bar,  approximate  distance  apart  of  bars,  if  put  together  in 
white-lead,  if  screwed  with  brass  screws. 


Per  foot  run. — Labour  to  throat.  To  splayed  edges  if  splayed, 
stating  thickness  of  the  skylight. 

Number  the  sets  of  fillets  for  condensation,  state  if  teak,  oak,  or 


deal,  if  screwed  with  brass  screws,  and  the  average  length  in  each 
set,  or  sinkings  for  the  same  purpose  in  bottom  rail,  stating  size 
and  depth. 


ft. 

in. 

74 

— 

8Upl. 

No. 

50 

* 

Bill. 

2"  deal  moulded  skylight,  with  moulded 
bars  about  13"  apart,  throated  all  round 
and  fixed  with  brass  screws  to  curbs 
Sinkings  deep  in  bottom  rail  of  skylight 
for  escape  of  condensed  water  (as  sketch) 


£ s. 


d. 


158 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ft. 

in. 

No. 

20 

Strips  of  boiler  felt  13"  long,  5"  wide,  nailed 

with  copper  nails  to  bottom  rails  of 
skylights 

»> 

45 

Sets  of  two  x 1"  X 6"  teak  wrought 

fillets,  and  nailing  to  bottom  rails  of  sky- 
lights 

£ s. 


d. 


Skylight  Curbs,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  whether 
dovetailed,  put  together  in  white-lead,  beaded  or  grooved. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

10 

0 

supl. 

2"  wrought  skylight  curb,  cross-tongued, 

staff  beaded,  grooved  and  tongued  at 
angles 

£ 


l d. 


Sashes  and  Frames,  per  foot  superficial. — To  the  height  of  the 
external  opening  from  top  of  stone  sill  to  soffit  of  arch  add  3 inches 
for  the  height  and  to  the  width  between  the  external  reveals 
9 inches  for  the  width. 

Where  with  semicircular,  or  pointed  heads,  keep  the  part  above 
the  springing  separate,  and  state  that  it  is  “in  semicircular  (or 
pointed)  heads  to  sashes  and  frames  measured  square,”  and  state 
the  number  of  frames ; if  segmental  headed,  measure  all  together, 
and  describe  as  “ sashes  and  frames  with  segmental  heads  measured 
square.” 

If  circular  on  plan  keep  separate  and  state  it. 

Number  any  sash  and  frame  not  exceeding  12  feet  superficial, 
stating  the  extreme  dimensions  of  breadth  and  height. 

State  the  thickness  of  outside,  inside  and  back  linings,  and  of 
pulley  stiles,  and  whether  the  pulley  stiles  are  of  a different  wood? 
the  size  of  sill,  and  whether  of  oak  or  teak ; whether  sunk,  double 
sunk,  weathered,  throated,  check-throated  ; the  thickness  of  sashes, 
whether  moulded  or  chamfered,  if  hung  with  iron  or  lead  weights, 
if  weighted  for  plate  glass,  if  with  parting  slips  of  stout  zinc  ; the 
description  of  lines  and  pulleys,  if  single  or  double  hung  or  fixed, 
if  the  frames  are  grooved  all  round  for  linings,  if  with  margins  at 
sides  or  all  round,  if  in  single  squares,  if  in  small  squares  (under 
1 foot  superficial),  if  the  bars  are  unusually  thick  give  their  size, 
if  in  Venetian  frames  state  which  of  the  lights  are  hung  and  which 
fixed. 

If  the  sash  weights  are  hinged  state  it;  if  specially  good  sash 


JOINER. 


lines  are  required,  state  the  maker’s  name  and  the  number  in  his 
trade  list. 

Measure  at  per  foot  run  any  unusual  labours  to  bottom  or  meeting 
rails  as  rebates  or  grooves,  groove  in  sill,  iron  tongue,  and  state  if 
galvanised,  painted,  or  bedded  in  white-lead. 

If  sashes  and  frames  are  fitted  to  stone  mullions  and  transoms 
they  frequently  require  a greater  width  of  lining.  This  may  bo 
either  measured  at  per  foot  run  as  “ extra  ” on  sashes  and  frames 
for  extra  wide  linings  to  mullion  or  transom,  or  included  in  the 
general  description. 

Number  moulded  horns  to  sashes,  if  the  mouldings  and  rebates 
are  stopped  to  form  these  say  so,  stating  thickness  of  sash,  sash 
fastenings,  sash  lifts  or  hooks.  State  if  lifts  are  sunk.  Brass  eyes 
and  plates.  Poles  and  ends  ( “ long  arms  ” ), 
stating  length  of  pole,  its  diameter,  and  of 
what  wood,  and  the  kind  of  end.  Sets  of  lines, 
pulleys  and  hooks  or  cleats,  describing  their 
use  and  the  height  of  top  of  sash  from  floor, 
and  whether  iron  or  brass  work. 

The  large  windows  of  public  buildings 
sometimes  combine  double-hung  sashes  with 
casements  in  one  opening ; in  such  a case 
the  various  types  should  be  collected  and 
the  quantities  in  detail  of  one  of  each  kind 
attached  to  the  joiner’s  bill,  designating  each 
type  by  letters,  as  A,  B,  C,  &c.  If  we  adopt  the  sketch,  Fig.  30, 
as  A and  assume  a quantity  the  process  would  be  as  follows. 

In  the  section  sashes  and  frames  of  the  joiner’s  bill  would  appear 
an  item. 


Fig.  30. 


ft. 

890 


m. 

0 eupl. 


£ s.  d. 


Sashes  and  frames  as  detail  A at  end  of  bill 


At  the  end  of  bill  would  appear — 

Detail  A.  £ s.  d. 

Detail  of  one  window  to  opening  7'  0"  x 11'  6"  extreme,  in  two 
lights  with  cased  frame,  the  lower  part  with  double-hung  sashes 
and  cased  mullion,  the  upper  part  with  casements  hung  on  centres, 
with  solid  transom  and  mullion,  80'  6"  supl. 

Here  will  follow  the  quantities  for  one  opening  in  the  usual  order. 

Total  divided  by  80'  6"  supl £ 

Price  per  foot  supl = 


i6o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  estimator  will  thus  be  furnished  with  a rate  per  foot 
superficial  to  apply  to  the  item  890  feet  as  above. 


ft. 

in. 

100 

supl. 

100 

100 

- 

run 

100 

- 

n 

18 

- 

91 

No. 

20 

„ 

1 

V 

1 

Bill 

Deal  cased  frames  of  1"  inside  and  outside 
linings,  li"  pulley  stiles,  back  linings, 
with  proper  beads  and  parting  slips,  all 
rebated  and  grooved  together,  and  3£" 
teak  double-sunk,  weathered  and  check- 
throated  sills,  and  2"  moulded  sashes 
with  large  moulded  bars  in  small  squares, 
double  hung  with  Austen’s  No.  8 patent 
best  superfine  quality  finely  plaited 
thread  lines  equal  to  sample,  and  Gib- 
bon’s (Wolverhampton)  No.  20  best 
quality  patent  pulleys  with  solid  brass 
fronts  and  wheels,  steel  axles  and  gun- 
metal  bushes  and  sides,  net  price  36s.  per 
dozen,  gross  price  42s.,  and  iron  weights, 
the  frame  grooved  all  around  for  finish- 
ings in  5 complete  frames  

Ditto  in  two  lights,  with  deal-cased  mullion 

in  three  frames 

Labour,  splay-rebated  and  grooved  bottom 

rail  to  2"  sashes 

Labour,  splay-rebated  meeting  rail  to  2" 

sashes 

Extra  on  sash  frame  for  mullion  being  7" 

wide 

Moulded  horns  to  2"  sashes,  including  stop- 
ping, moulding  and  rebate,  so  that  horns 

may  be  the  full  thickness  

Sash  and  frame  as  before,  but  2'  6"  X 4'  0" 

extreme  

1£"  ovolo  moulded  casement  hung  on  butts 
(elsewhere  taken)  in  and  including  4£" 
X 3"  wrought  frame  rebated,  chamfered 
and  beaded,  and  3"  oak  sunk  and 
weathered  sill,  2'  9"  x 2'  3"  extreme 
dimensions 


d. 


Shop  Sashes,  per  foot  run. — Measure  the  length  of  bar,  rail 
head,  bead,  guard-bead,  &c.  State  if  they  are  moulded,  how  many 
times  rebated,  &c.,  and  state  the  size  of  each  part. 


ft. 

in. 

114 

- 

run 

76 

- 

M 

Bill. 

X i"  bead  for  glass  and  mitres,  fixed 
with  and  including  brass  cups  and 

screws 

If  x f"  guard-bead 

No.  6 mitres 


£ 


s.  d. 


JOINER. 


61 


ft. 

in. 

24 

- 

run 

2i"  X 1£"  framed  sash  bar,  twice  rebated 
and  twice  ovolo  moulded 

19 

- 

>» 

2£"  x 2£"  ditto  

22 

— 

» 

2£"  x 2"  sash  stile  and  head,  framed,  re- 
bated and  ovolo  moulded 

7 

2£"  X 3"  bottom  rail  to  sash,  framed, 
grooved,  rebated  and  ovolo  moulded 

£ s. 


d. 


Window  Linings,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  whether 
rebated  to  frames,  beaded,  tongued  at  angles,  rounded,  on  splay ; if 
moulded,  and  in  how  many  panels  the  set ; if  under  6 inches  wide 
measure  at  per  foot  run ; and  state  the  labour  upon  them,  soffits 
with  splayed  ends  should  be  measured  to  their  extreme  points. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

45 

- 

supl. 

1"  window  linings,  cross -tongued  and 

tongued  at  angles  

105 

- 

run 

1"  x 9"  ditto,  rebated  one  edge  and  tongued 

at  angles 

66 

— 

»> 

1"  x 8"  ditto,  ditto,  and  ovolo  moulded  . . 

£ s. 


d. 


Window  Boards  and  Bearers,  per  foot  superficial. — State  the 
thickness,  whether  rebated,  rounded,  with  moulding  tongued 
under,  giving  size  of  moulding,  if  under  9 inches  wide  measure  at 
per  foot  run. 

Number  the  fitted  ends,  the  notched,  returned  and  mitred  ends. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

54 

- 

supl. 

1±"  window  board,  cross-tongued,  rebated 
and  rounded  and  bearers  

• - 

76 

run 

li"  x 7"  window  board,  rebated  and  rounded, 

and  bearers 

No.  40  notched,  returned  and  mitred  ends 
„ 10  fitted  ends 

- 

20 

» 

li"  x 9"  window  board,  rebated  and 
rounded,  and  with  small  moulding  re- 
bated and  let  in  beneath 

No.  6 notched,  returned  and  mitred  ends  . . 
„ 2 ditto  on  splay  

£ 


d. 


Window  Nosings,  per  foot  run. — State  width  and  thickness,  and 
if  with  moulding  tongued  under,  if  rebated  to  frame,  if  rounded. 
Number  the  fitted  ends,  the  returned  and  mitred  ends. 


M 


162 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


In  good  work  separate  the  window  board  or  window  nosing 
and  the  moulding  beneath. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

64 

- 

run 

Labour  to  stopped  groove 

64 

- 

1£"  x 1|"  bed-moulding,  rebated  one  edge 
No.  18  returned  mitred  ends  

65 

» 

2£"  x 1|"  window  nosing,  rebated  and 

rounded  

No.  18  returned  mitred  ends  

£ 


s.  d. 


Architraves,  per  foot  run. — Measure  round  the  outer  edge  of 
the  architrave  for  the  length,  including  the  plinth  (if  any)  in  the 
measurement  of  the  length.  State  the  size.  If  in  two  pieces, 
state  it,  and  give  the  size  of  each  piece.  If  of  unusual  section  give 
a sketch.  Include  the  mitres  in  the  description,  when  in  deal,  but 
in  hard  woods  take  “ tongued,  mitred  and  screwed  angles.” 

Number  the  plinths,  and  describe  as  “extra  on  architrave,” 
stating  width,  height  and  thickness.  State  if  moulded  or  splayed. 
If  the  architrave  is  dowelled  or  dovetailed  and  screwed  to  the  base, 
include  it  with  the  description  of  base. 

When  a part  of  an  architrave  only  is  to  be  used,  because  of 
limited  space,  measure  as  a whole  architrave  and  take  scribing  in 
addition,  as  the  whole  architrave  will  have  been  produced  by  the 
machinery. 


ft. 

in. 

422 

run 

2£"  X 1|"  moulded  architrave  and  mitres 
No.  64  extra  on  ditto  for  2£"  x 1£"  X 9" 
moulded  bases,  dovetailed  and  screwed . . 

£ 


d. 


Solid  Frames  and  Casements. — Measure  the  frame  and  tran- 
som and  oak  sill  at  per  foot  run,  giving  size.  State  if  rebated, 
beaded,  staff-beaded,  moulded  (give  girth  of  moulding).  Make 
the  same  allowance  as  in  door  frames  (which  see,  p.  170).  Describe 
transom  aud  sill  as  framed.  Measure  the  casements  at  per  foot 
superficial.  State  thickness,  if  moulded  or  chamfered,  if  fixed, 
hung  on  hinges  or  centres,  hung  folding  (in  which  case  add  an 
inch  to  the  width  for  rebate),  if  in  small  squares. 

Per  foot  run. — Labour  to  water  hollow  around  frame  or  case- 
ment. Labour  to  hook  rebate.  Water  bar,  stating  size,  if  galvan- 


JOINER. 


163 


ised,  if  bedded  in  white-lead,  if  patent.  Weather  fillet,  state  size, 
if  rebated,  weathered,  or  moulded. 

Number  the  casement  fastenings,  the  stays,  patent  water  bar 
(stating  whose  patent),  stating  length,  and  if  for  folding  casements ; 
the  pairs  of  centres,  stating  if  bushed ; flush  bolts,  giving  length 
and  width  ; espagnolette  fastenings,  stating  height  of  casement. 

Casements  and  frames  12  feet  superficial  and  under  should  be 
numbered. 


It  will  sometimes  be  necessary  to  measure  beads  to  casements 
separately ; they  are  best  billed  in  sets,  and  their  lengths  may  be 
averaged  thus : — 


ft. 

No. 

»» 

in. 

10 

5 

Sets  of  beads  to  casements,  each  containing 
9 feet  run  (averaged)  and  including 

mitres 

Sets  of  cut  beads  to  swing  casements,  each 
containing  12  feet  run  (averaged)  and 
including  mitres  

Bill 

220 

— 

supl. 

2"  moulded  casements  in  single  squares, 
hung  with  butts  . . . . 

64 

- 

run 

Labour  to  hook  rebate  to  2"  casements  . . 

42 

3"  x 2"  moulded  and  twice  rebated  weather 
fillet  (as  sketch)  an(l  fixing  with' 

screws 

712 

— 

» 

5"  x 3%"  frame,  rebated  3"  girth,  moulded 
2§"  girth,  and  three  times  grooved 

252 

5"  x 4§"  mullion  framed,  twice  rebated  3" 
girth,  twice  moulded  2£"  girth,  and  four 
times  grooved 

• 

173 

V 

5"  X 4£"  transom  framed,  twice  rebated  3" 
girth,  moulded  2£"  girth,  splayed  3"  wide 
and  four  times  grooved 

- 

231 

w 

7"  X 3"  oak  sill  framed,  grooved,  check- 
throated,  twice  sunk-weathered 
No.  3 irregular  framed  angles,  with  6"  joint 

screw 

No.  16  fair  ends 

£ 


s.  d. 


£ 


d. 


Window  Backs  and  Elbows,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thick- 
ness, in  how  many  panels,  if  square  framed,  moulded,  flush-framed, 
keyed,  if  on  splay.  If  canvassed  and  painted  at  back  include  in 
description  or  measure  it  at  per  foot  superficial. 

m 2 


164 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Per  foot  run. — The  capping,  state  width,  thickness,  if  tongued, 
if  rounded,  if  moulded,  or  with  moulding  tongued  under,  or  simply 
call  it  beaded  capping,  if  the  common  beaded  capping  and  hous- 
ings. Number  the  fitted  ends  and  housings. 


Bill. 

Canvas  and  glueing  to  window  backs  and 

painting  twice  in  red-lead  

li"  framed  and  moulded  window  back  one 

panel  high 

2"  X f"  beaded  capping  and  mitres 

No.  10  fitted  ends 

„ 4 housings 


ft. 

in. 

66 

- 

sup. 

66 

- 

>» 

30 

run 

Boxing  Shutters,  per  foot  superficial. — State  the  thickness,  the 
number  of  panels,  if  moulded,  if  moulded  and  square,  moulded  and 
bead  flush,  bead  butt,  in  how  many  heights  hung.  • Add  1 inch  to 
the  width  for  each  of  the  rebates.  Keep  the  back  flaps  separate. 

State  that  they  include  all  rebates  and  splay  rebates. 

Number  the  elbow  caps,  and  the  clearing  pieces  or  blind  rails, 
stating  size  of  each,  the  shutter  bars,  giving  length,  shutter  knobs, 
shutter  latches,  pairs  of  butts,  pairs  of  ba**1^  flaps,  stating  size  in 
each  case. 

Shutter  Boxings,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if 
framed,  rebated,  beaded,  splayed,  how  many  times  grooved. 

Back  Linings,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  panelled, 
how  many  panels  in  height,  if  moulded,  square  framed,  bead-butt, 
bead  flush,  &c.  State  if  splayed. 

Return  Linings,  per  foot  run. — State  thickness,  and  if  rebated 
or  grooved. 


ft. 

84 

in. 

supl. 

135 

- 

»> 

77 

- 

68 

- 

run 

69 

Bill. 

1"  bead-butt  back  linings,  three  panels 

f high 

1"  bead-flush  and  square  back  flaps,  four 
panels  high  in  two  heights,  hung  folding 
li"  moulded  and  bead-flush  front  shutters, 
four  panels  high,  hung  folding  in  two 

heights  

6"  x 1"  return  lining,  rebated  both  edges 

and  tongued  at  angles  

8”  x boxing  grounds  framed,  splay- 
rebated  and  staff-beaded 


£ 


s.  d. 


JOINER. 


No. 

12 

10"  lengths  of  1£"  x 3"  blind  rail  framed 

1 

and  staff-beaded  

5* 

1 12 

1"  elbow  caps  20"  x 12"  extreme,  both  ends 

splayed,  housed  on  three  sides  and  the 
front  edge  rounded 

12 

f"  soffits  to  boxings  20"  x 11"  extreme, 

| 

both  ends  splayed,  housed  in  all  round . . 

^5 


£ 


d. 


Sliding  Shutters. — The  only  proper  way  is  to  measure  these 
in  detail,  the  shutters  at  per  foot  superficial,  stating  the  kind  of 
pulleys,  lines  and  weights,  the  thickness,  and  if  moulded,  head 
flush,  &c.,  the  pulley  stiles,  heads,  &c.,  at  per  foot  run,  describing 
the  labour  upon  them  ; or  per  foot  run  deal-cased  frame  for 
single  (or  double)  hung  shutters,  describing  the  various  parts,  as 
linings  and  pulley  stiles,  as  directed  for  sash  frames. 

Some  surveyors  measure  shutter  and  frame  together  as  they  do 
deal-cased  frames  and  sashes,  but  this  is  an  inexact  method. 

Number  the  flush  rings  or  drop  rings,  the  lifts,  pairs  of  butts, 
thumb-screws,  &c. 

Measure  the  flap  at  per  foot  run,  stating  thickness  and  width, 
and  if  rounded  or  moulded. 

Sometimes  the  deal-cased  frame  for  the  shutter  is  placed  inside 
a sash  frame,  and  in  such  case  its  inside  lining  would  be  omitted 
from  the  description  as  unnecessary. 


ft. 

in. 

10 

' 

supl. 

1£"  three-panel,  moulded  both  sides,  shutter 
hung  with  and  including  best  flax  lines, 
brass  axle  pulleys  and  iron  weights 

4 

_ 

run 

3"  X 2"  framed  head  to  deal-cased  frame.. 

14 

»» 

Deal-cased  frame  for  single  hung  shutter  of 
1"  inside,  and  outside  linings  1|",  pulley 
stiles  and  back  linings,  all  rebated  and 
grooved  together  

•4 

» 

3"  X 1J"  flap,  with  rounded  nosing  and 
hung  with  butts . . 

£ 


t.  d. 


Lifting  Shutters,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  square 
framed,  moulded,  &c.  State  if  rebated  (as  for  shop  shutters),  and 
allow  for  the  rebate  in  the  measurement. 

Per  foot  run. — The  moulding  or  fillet,  if  any,  on  face  of  door  to 
receive  shutter,  giving  size  and  description. 


i66 


Q UANT1TY  S UR  VE  YING. 


Number  the  thumb-screws.  The  stubs  and  plates.  The  shutter 
shoes,  state  if  screw  heads  are  countersunk  or  if  the  shoes  are 
patent. 


ft. 

in. 

8 

- 

supl. 

55 

- 

3 

run 

Bill. 

1£"  two-panel,  bead  flush  and  square  lift- 
ing shutter 

1±"  bead  butt,  both  sides  rebated  and 
beaded,  shop  shutters  in  narrow  widths 
If"  X 1£"  wrought  fillet,  with  2"  x f" 
bead  on  face,  and  screwing  to  door 
No.  2 fair  ends  


£ 


d. 


Revolving  Shutters. — These  are  best  treated  as  a provisional 
sum.  The  trade  lists  of  the  well-known  manufacturers  show  the 
allowances  required  beyond  the  visible  measurement  for  grooves 
and  coil,  usually  2 inches  more  than  the  “ sight  ” width  and  1 foot 
beyond  the  “sight”  height  and  the  minimum  superficial  quan- 
tity for  which  they  charge  (as  anything  less  than  20  feet  as 
20  feet).  Measure  the  letting  in  and  forming  grooves  at  per  foot 
run. 

Measure  coil  casing  at  per  foot  superficial. 

Provide  a sum  for  attendance  in  all  trades. 


I ft 

100 


Bill 


supl. 


Self-coiling  revolving  shutter,  P.C.  3 8.  6d. 
per  foot  supl.  at  manufactory  in  one 
shutter,  and  allow  for  carriage,  profit, 

fixing  and  attendance  

or, 

Provide  for  100  feet  supl.  of  self-coiling 
revolving  shutter  111.  10s.  0 d.}  and  allow 
for  carriage,  profit,  fixing  and  attendance 


£ 


d. 


Doors. — Refer  to  your  dimensions  of  deductions  of  brickwork, 
and  for  external  doorways  assume  the  doors  to  be  of  the  same  size 
as  the  deduction  of  external  openings.  For  internal  doorways 
assume  the  doors  to  be  3 inches  less  in  width  and  height  respec- 
tively than  the  deduction. 

Keep  folding  doors  separate.  Allow  1 inch  in  the  width  for  the 
rebate.  If  the  rebates  are  specially  moulded  or  hook  rebated  take 
the  extra  labour  at  per  foot  run.  Measure  doors  with  segmental  or 
segmental  pointed  heads  as  if  square,  taking  the  extreme  dimen- 


JOINER.  167 

sions,  but  stating  that  they  are  segmental  or  segmental  pointed- 
headed measured  square. 

Separate  the  semicircular  heads  of  doors  from  the  part  square, 
and  describe  the  quantity  as  in  semicircular  heads  to  doors  of 
description  as  the  case  may  be. 

Where  both  leaves  of  folding  doors  are  intended  to  open 
simultaneously,  take  “ sympathetic  hinges.”  State  whether  glazed 
doors  have  diminished  stiles.  Where  doors  are  to  be  covered  with 
cloth  state  it,  and  include  the  cloth  in  the  description.  The  doors 
must  be  described  as  flush  framed. 

To  doors  hung  with  rising  butts,  take  run  of  splayed  edge  to 
top  rail,  and  in  very  good  work  to  head  lining,  a dimension  of 
labour  to  splay  . . . inches  wide. 

When  doors  or  framings  are  polished,  take  to  edge  of  each  lock 
and  hinge  stile  “ f-inch  mahogany  (or  other  wood)  dovetailed  slip 
to  edge  of  2J  inches  door  and  letting  in  and  glueing,”  to  hide  the 
tenons. 

Note  the  difficulty  of  making  doors  with  curved  heads  to  swing. 

Doors  Ledged,  per  foot  superficial. — State  if  tongued,  grooved 
and  beaded,  if  braced.  Almost  invariably  hung  with  cross  garnet 
hinges  or  strap  hinges. 

An  “ inch  proper  ledged  door,”  means  a door  of  1-inch  ledges 
covered  with  1-inch  boarding;  a “£-inch  proper  ledged  door,” 
£-inch  boarding  and  j-inch  ledges,  &c. ; if  anything  different  to 
this  usage  is  intended,  it  must  be  described. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

65 

- 

supl. 

1£"  proper  ledged  door  

- - 

42 

— 

Doors  Framed  and  Braced,  per  foot  superficial. — State  the  total 
thickness,  if  cross-braced,  if  stop-chamfered  including  stops,  if 
covered  with  boarding,  if  filled  in  with  boarding,  state  thickness  of 
boarding,  if  in  narrow  widths,  if  grooved,  tongued,  and  V jointed 
or  beaded  one  or  both  sides,  if  filled  in  diagonally.  If  preferred, 
the  chamfering  may  be  omitted  from  the  description  of  the  door  and 
measured  separately. 

If  the  door  is  filled  in  with  boarding  and  converted  on  the 
inside  into  a number  of  panels  state  it,  and  give  their  number  and 


i68 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


average  size.  If  the  boarding  and  framing  are  of  different  wood 
state  it,  and  in  such  case  describe  the  doors  as  of  skeleton  framing 
. . . . inches  thick,  covered  with  boarding,  giving  description  and 
thickness. 

Number  the  fastenings,  pairs  of  hinges,  &c. 

It  is  advisable  to  state  the  width  of  stiles  and  rails  of  framed 
and  braced  doors,  either  in  the  preamble  of  the  Joiner’s  bill  or  in 
the  item. 


ft. 

in. 

64 

supl. 

84 

- 

» 

Bill 

2"  framed  and  braced  door,  the  stiles,  top 
rail  and  braces  of  batten  width,  bottom 
rail  11"  wide,  lock  rail  9"  wide,  stop 
chamfered,  filled  in  with  1"  matched 
and  beaded  both  sides  boarding  in  4£" 
widths . . 

2£"  framed  door  in  two  panels  outside,  con- 
verted on  the  inside  into  8 panels.  The 
bottom  rail  11"  wide,  the  lock  rail  9" 
wide,  the  stiles  and  other  rails  of  batten 
width,  filled  in  with  1"  matched  and 
beaded  both  sides  boarding  in  4 widths 


£ 


d. 


Panelled  Doors,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  the 
number  of  panels,  if  square  framed,  bead  flush,  bead  butt, 
moulded,  bolection  moulded,  if  the  latter  state  if  mouldings  are 
rebated  to  stiles  and  rails,  if  mouldings  are  tongued  in  or  tongued 
and  mitred  at  angles,  state  it. 

If  bolection  mouldings  are  moulded  on  their  outer  edge,  it  may 
either  form  a part  of  the  general  description  or  that  labour  may  be 
separately  measured. 

If  folding  state  the  number  of  panels  “ per  set”  doors,  not  the 
number  in  each  leaf,  and  allow  in  the  width  for  the  rebate. 

State  if  “ prepared  with  and  including  ” shifting  beads  for  glass, 
and  if  the  beads  are  secured  with  brass  screws  or  brass  screws  and 
cups,  or  if  the  doors  are  prepared  to  receive  sashes.  In  this  latter 
case  measure  the  sashes  in  addition  and  describe  them  as  “ fitted  to 
panels  of  doors.”  State  if  any  of  the  panels  are  filled  in  with  and 
including  wire  gauze  or  perforated  zinc,  and  include  the  beads  in 
the  description. 

In  the  absence  of  a drawing  of  glazed  doors,  assume  that  the 
top  of  the  middle  rail  is  3 feet  2 inches  from  floor. 

Sometimes  brass  cups  and  screws  are  taken  separately  and 


JOINER. 


169 


described  as  brass  cups  and  screws  and  driving,  stating  the  length 
of  screw. 


ft. 

in. 

40 

- 

supl. 

li"  four-panel  square-framed  doors  .. 

12 

— 

*> 

1£"  .square  framed  dwarf  doors  in  two 
panels,  the  set  hung  folding 

22 

2"  three-panel,  moulded  both  sides,  door, 
the  upper  panels  with  diminished  stiles, 
rebated  and  prepared  for  glass,  with  and 
including  shifting  mouldings  screwed 
with  screws  and  cups  

<• 

32 

» 

2£"  10-panel  door,  the  lower  six  panels 
bolection  moulded  both  sides,  and  with 
sunk  and  mitred  margins  on  one  side  to 
form  raised  panels,  the  upper  four  panels 
moulded  both  sides,  rebated  and  prepared 
for  glass,  with  and  including  mitred 
mouldings  screwed  with  brass  cups  and 
screws  (elsewhere  taken)  

£ s. 


d. 


Gates,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  and  describe  gene- 
rally as  for  framed  and  braced  doors  (which  see,  above). 

Per  foot  run. — The  capping.  State  if  beaded  or  moulded,  and  if 
of  teak  or  oak. 

Number  wicket  and  describe  as  “ extra  for  wicket,”  giving  size 
and  description  ; take  the  fastenings. 


ft. 

in. 

60 

supl. 

•10 

- 

run 

Bill. 

2£"  framed  and  braced  gates,  the  bottom 
and  lock  rails  11"  wide,  the  other  rails, 
stiles  and  braces  in  batten  widths,  filled 
in  with  1J"  matched  and  beaded  both 
sides  boarding  in  4|"  widths,  and  hung 

folding  

No.  1 extra  for  forming  and  hanging 
wicket  about  2 feet  x 4'  6",  including 
rebating  the  edges  of  both  gate  and 

wicket  all  round  

4"  X 2"  capping  to  gates  grooved  3^"  girth, 
moulded  both  edges,  bedded  in  white- 

lead  and  fixed  with  screws  

No.  2 fair  ends,  rebated  and  splayed 


£ s. 


d. 


Gate  Posts. — Stating  size  and  if  the  butts  are  charred. 
Number  the  cut  ends,  and  if  ornamental  give  sketch. 
Measure  rebates  per  foot  run,  state  girth  and  if  stopped. 


170 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 
Bill 


No. 


4 


Oak  wrought  posts  12"  x 12"  and  10  feet 
total  length,  with  large  charred  butts  3 
feet  in  ground,  and  with  cut  pyramidal 
tops 


£ s.  d. 


In  the  case  of  an  ornamental  gate  it  is  advisable  to  give  a 
sketch  and  state  the  kind  of  gate  and  the  number  of  feet  of  stile, 
rail,  braces,  with  sizes  and  labours  that  it  contains,  written  short 
in  bill. 

Door  Frames,  per  foot  run. — State  size ; if  wrought,  rebated, 
chamfered,  or  beaded,  and  how  many  times  rebated,  chamfered, 
&c.  To  the  collected  length  of  the  sides  and  width  of  the  door 
add  four  times  the  width  of  the  frame,  and  6 inches  for  the 
two  horns.  Where  tenoned  into  sill,  allow  further  2 inches  for 
each  tenon.  Where  not  tenoned,  take  “ iron  dowels  and  mortises 
in  fir  and  York  (or  other)  stone  ” ; the  latter  usual  for  all  external 
doors. 

Where  frames  are  wrought,  rebated  and  beaded,  they  are  some- 
times (very  rarely)  measured  at  per  foot  cube  and  described  as  fir 
proper  door  frames,  but  the  former  method  is  the  most  convenient 
and  best. 

Where  frames  are  semicircular  or  pointed  headed,  measure  the 
frame  to  3 inches  above  the  springing  as  straight,  and  the  girth  of 
the  outer  edge  of  the  circular  part  from  the  springing  as  circu- 
lar. If  the  head  is  to  show  segmental  outside  and  square  inside, 
the  size  out  of  which  the  head  is  obtained  should  be  stated,  and  it 
should  be  kept  separate. 

Number  the  heading  joints  and  sets  of  oak  keys  and  wedges,  or 
handrail  screws,  and  fixing. 

Describe  circular  parts  of  frame  as  of  5-inch  by  4-inch  finished, 
or  “ out  of  9 inch  x 5 inch,”  or  as  the  case  may  be. 

If  frames  are  in  two  or  more  pieces,  cross-tongued  and  glued 
together,  state  it  and  give  sketch.  These  are  generally  of  hard 
wood  on  a deal  core. 

Number  “ extra  for  irregular  framings  ” to  angles  which  are  not 
square.  The  term  frame  covers  square  angles  only,  state  the  scant- 
ling of  frame. 

If  oak  sills  to  door  frames,  measure  at  per  foot  run  and  state 
size  and  labours. 


fOINER. 


7i 


ft. 

in. 

38 

_ 

5 

— 

4 

- 

28 

- 

10 

- 

40 

_ 

Bill 

4|"  x 3"  frame,  rebated  and  twico  beaded 
4£"  x 3"  ditto,  circular  to  segmental  head 

outof4£"x9" 

No.  2 extra  for  irregular  framings 

7"  x 4£"  head  framed,  rebated  and  beaded 

with  segmental  soffit  

5"  x 4"  frame,  rebated  and  ovolo  moulded, 

girth 

5"  x 4"  ditto,  circular  to  semi-head  out  of 

10"  x 5"  

No.  2 joints  and  6"  joint  screws 
5£"  x 4"  frame  in  four  pieces,  tongued  and 
glued  together  with  oak  cross  tongues,  of 
yellow  deal  core  3§"  x 3",  two  pieces  of 
3£"  X 1£"  wainscot,  rebated  one  edge, 
and  one  piece  of  wainscot  5f"  x 2", 
rebated  and  moulded,  1|"  girth  (as 
sketch)  


£ 


d. 


Oak  Foot-boards  to  Loophole  Frames  per  foot  superficial. — State 
thickness,  if  wrought  both  sides,  if  cross-tongued. 

Number  the  sets  of  strap  hinges  and  chains,  stating  size  and 
weight,  and  how  many  bolts. 

Number  the  bow  handles,  stating  size  and  weight. 


ft. 

in. 

16 

supl. 

Bill 

3"  oak  wrot.  both  sides,  and  mortise 
clamped  foot-boards,  with  rounded  edges, 
and  hung 


£1  s. 


d. 


Jamb  Linings,  per  foot  superficial  or  per  foot  run. — Add  to  the 
collected  length  of  two  sides  and  top  of  the  door  four  times  the 
thickness  of  the  linings  and  1 inch  for  horns  for  the  length. 
State  thickness,  if  on  splay,  if  single  or  double  rebated,  if  tongued 
at  angles,  if  once  or  twice  beaded  and  moulded,  if  panelled  (and 
state  the  number  of  panels  in  the  set),  if  tongued  on  one  or  both 
edges.  Where  in  two  pieces,  it  is  better  to  measure  the  lining  at 
per  foot  run,  describing  the  pieces.  State  in  all  cases  that  they 
are  to  include  backings,  and  if  they  are  dovetailed  backings,  or 
the  dovetailed  backings  may  be  numbered. 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


ft. 

70 

in. 

supl. 

110 

- 

44 

- 

run 

50 

- 

Bill. 

1J"  jamb  linings,  double  rebated,  twice 

beaded,  tongued  at  angles 

1£"  ditto,  rebated,  twice  beaded,  framed 
and  moulded  in  eight  panels  the  set,  and 

tongued  at  angles  

1|"  x 7"  ditto,  rounded  both  edges, 
tongued  at  angles  with  and  including 
x 21"  stop,  nailed  on  to  form  rebate 
1£"  x 11"  ditto,  cross-tongued,  twice  nar- 
row chamfered,  double  rebated,  tongued 
at  angles 


£ 


r.  d. 


Framings,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  panelled,  if  in 
small  or  irregular  shaped  panels,  the  number  of  panels  in  height, 
if  spandril-shaped,  in  that  case  measured  net  and  so  described,  if 
prepared  for  glass,  or  with  bars  as  sash.  Deduct  the  doorways,  or 
if  the  doors  are  uniform  with  the  framing,  let  the  measurement 
include  the  door,  and  number  them,  and  describe  as  “extra  for 
forming  four-panel  door  in  same,”  the  item  following  the  framing 
in  the  hill  and  written  short ; in  either  case,  take  the  stops,  rebates, 
and  ironmongery  in  addition. 

Number  extra  on  framings,  describing  them,  as  for  instance,  to 
undersides  of  girders,  stating  size  of  girder.  Notch- 
ings,  giving  their  girth  and  stating  thickness  of 
framing. 

Per  foot  run. — Rebate  on  framing  or  on  edge 
of  doors.  Door  stops,  stating  size  and  if  rounded, 
twice  rounded,  chamfered.  The  mitres  to  be  included 
in  the  description. 

Where  quadrant  corners  occur,  measure  the  fram- 
ings short  of  them  and  measure  the  corner  per  foot  run  : thus,  “ 8 feet 
run,  solid  quadrant  corner  0-inch  girth  out  of  2j-inch  deal,  beaded 
and  grooved,  both  edges  as  sketch,”  Fig.  31,  or  as  the  case  may  be. 


Fig.  31. 


II 


i ft- 1 

in. 

1 

AJllV. 

20 

- 

supl. 

1£"  moulded  and  square  spandrii  framing, 
measured  net  

108 

- 

2"  moulded  both  sides  partition,  three 
panels  high  

75 

»> 

2"  moulded  and  square  framing,  two  panels 
high,  the  upper  panel  with  moulded  bars 

in  small  squares  for  glass  

No.  2 extra  for  forming  three-panel  door 

in  same  

„ 2 extra  for  framing  top  rail  and  bars, 
for  passage  of  14"  x 12"  girder 

£ s.\d. 


JOINER. 


i73 


W.C.  Fittings,  per  foot  superficial.— Observe  that  20  inches  is 
the  least  width  that  should  be  taken  for  a good  w.c.  seat.  Where 
seat  and  riser  are  plain  they  may  be  kept  together,  where  there  is  a 
difference  between  the  two  keep  them  separate.  State  the  thickness, 
and  include  in  the  description  deal-framed  bearers,  or  the  bearers 
may  be  separately  measured ; if  the  bearers  are  dovetailed  state  it. 

Seats  for  pedestal  closets  are  best  described  from  a trade  list. 

The  flap  and  frame  per  foot  superficial . State  if  mortise  clamped, 
or  mortise  and  mitre  clamped,  if  frame  is  beaded,  moulded,  or 
chamfered.  Number  “ button  blocks,”  “ thumb  cuttings,”  &c. 

Back  and  Elbows,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness  and  if 
square-framed  or  moulded. 

Per  foot  run. — Skirting,  giving  description.  Moulded  nosing 
tongued  on  (state  girth).  Rounded  edge  to  flap  or  seat.  Capping 
to  back  and  elbows,  state  size  and  if  beaded  or  moulded.  Tongued 
and  mitred  angle  to  elbows.  Grounds,  State  size  in  all  cases. 

Number  mitres  to  skirting  ; holes  cut  and  dished  for  pan,  holes 
cut  and  beaded  or  chamfered  for  handle.  “ Extra  for  seat  and 


riser  made  to  remove  easily,  with  oak  button  blocks  and  brass  cups 
and  screws”  (or  otherwise).  Joiner  attend  plumber  to  w.c.  Joiner 
attend  plumber  to  safe.  Paper  boxes,  giving  description. 

The  ironmongery. 

As  these  items  will  be  under  a heading,  Mahogany,  the  word  does 
not  appear  in  the  items. 

Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

21 

- 

supl. 

1J"  w.c.  seat  and  riser,  and  deal-framed 

bearers  

13 

- 

5> 

1|"  mortise  and  mitre-clamped  flap,  and 

beaded  frame  

7 

- 

run 

Labour,  rounded  edge  to  

- - 

7 

- 

5> 

2£"  x 2",  moulding  and  tonguing  to  edge 

of  flap 

28 

- 

» 

7"  X f " moulded  skirting 

No.  6 mitres 

- - 

No. 

2 

„ 6 shaped  ends  

Seat-holes,  cut,  shaped  and  dished  . . 

2 

Holes,  cut  and  beaded  for  handles  .. 

?> 

2 

Sets,  w.c.  fittings  made  to  remove  easily, 

with  oak  button  blocks  and  brass  cups 
and  screws 

), 

2 

Cutting  frame  of  flap  and  hanging  with 

and  including  2"  brass  butts,  and  form- 
ing small  deal  paper-box  under  seat 

» 

2 

Bolding’s  (Davies  Street,  London,  W.)  No. 

131  polished  double-wood  seat,  for  pedes- 

1 

tal  closet  and  fixing  to  glazed  brickwork 

£s.\d. 


174 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bath  Fittings,  per  foot  superficial. — The  top  : state  thickness, 
and  that  it  is  framed.  Deduct  the  opening,  and  state  that  it  is 
measured  net,  or  number  the  top,  giving  description  and  stating 
size.  The  enclosure,  stating  thickness,  if  panelled,  if  moulded,  if 
in  very  small  panels.  The  step  and  riser,  describing  thickness. 
State  if  any  part  is  screwed  with  brass  cups  and  screws  to 
remove,  or  count  the  cups  and  screws. 

Per  foot  run . — Skirting.  Labours  to  rounded  or  moulded 
edges. 

Number,  extra  on  framing  (of  enclosure)  for  small  door  for 
access  to  cocks.  Perforation  in  top.  Deal  framed  cradle  for  bath. 
Joiner  attend  plumber  to  bath.  Joiner  attend  plumber  to  safe. 
Quadrant  angles  to  rounded  edge. 


ft. 

13 

in. 

supl. 

11"  bath  top,  fixed  with  screws,  measured 

14 

No. 

1 

supl. 

net  

or, 

11"  ditto,  7'  0"  x 3'  0",  with  rounded 
edge1  and  shaped  perforation,  also  with 
rounded  edge,  fixed  with  brass  cups  and 

screws  to  remove  

11"  framed  bath  enclosure,  moulded  and 

7 

run 

square,  one  panel  high  

No.  1,  extra  for  small  door,  hung  with  and 
including  2"  brass  butts  and  brass  knob, 
turnbuckle  both  door  and  frame,  rebated 

all  round 

Labour  rounded  edge  to  11"  

9"  x 1"  moulded  skirting 

13 

- 

>* 

No. 

» 

» 

>» 

» 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

No.  2 tongued  and  mitred  angles 

„ 2 shaped  ends  

Stout  deal  cradle  for  bath 

Extra  for  set  of  bath  fittings,  fitted  to  re- 
move easily,  with  oak  button  blocks,  and 

brass  cups  and  screws  

Labour  to  perforation  for  bath  in  11"  top, 
part  semicircular,  with  small  quadrant 

corners  and  rounded  edge  

J oiner  attend  plumber  to  bath 

Ditto  to  safe 

£ 


d. 


Cisterns  and  Sinks,  per  foot  superficial. — The  bottom,  state 
thickness,  and  describe  as  screwed,  state  if  wrought  one  or  both 
sides.  The  sides,  state  thickness,  and  describe  as  dovetailed,  state 
if  wrought  both  sides. 


JOINER . 


*75 


ft. 

25 

in. 

supl. 

1£"  sink  sides,  wrought  one  side,  cross- 

15 

»» 

tongued  and  secret  dovetailed,  prepared 

for  lead  

1£"  sink  bottom,  wrought  one  side,  cross- 

No. 

1 

tongued,  screwed  and  prepared  for  lead 
Joiner  attend  plumber  to  sink 

£ s.  d. 


Perforations  for  Wastes,  or  other  purposes.  State  thickness 
of  wood  and  size  of  pipe  or  perforation.  They  are  generally  rough, 
but  if  fair  say  so. 


No. 

20 

2 

Bill. 

Holes  for  pipes  §"  to  2"  through  1"  deal  .. 
Dished  holes  for  3"  pipe  through  1|"  deal 


£ s. 


d. 


Shelf  for  Gas-meter,  give  description  and  how  fixed.  It  is 
generally  sufficient  to  state  the  capacity  of  gas-meter. 


No.  1 


Bill. 

Stout  deal  shelf  and  brackets  for  40-light 
gas-meter,  and  fixing  to  brickwork 


d. 


Ladders  to  Traps,  state  width  and  length,  and  size  of  sides  and 
rounds  ; state  if  folding,  and  describe  the  ironwork. 


Bill. 


No. 

1 

Wrought  ladder  10  feet  long  and  15"  wide. 

of  3"  x 2"  sides,  and  2"  X 2"  rounds,  9" 

apart,  dovetailed  and  screwed,  and  in- 
cluding wrought-iron  hooks  and  eyes  for 
fastening 

£ 


d. 


Plate  Racks  : state  size  and  description  of  parts. 


No. 

1 

1 

Bill. 

Deal-framed  plate  rack  of  1£"  x 2"  frame, 
and  diameter  round  bars,  2£"  apart, 
5 feet  long,  and  to  take  three  rows  of 
full-sized  plates,  and  fixing  to  brickwork 
or,  when  no  particulars  are  given, 
Strongly-framed  plate  rack  5 feet  long,  3'  6" 
high,  to  detail  and  fixing  to  brickwork 


£ 


d . 


Dressers  : state  length  and  height,  and  give  description,  or 
provide  a sum.  The  latter  is  the  more  frequent  practice. 


176 


quantity  surveying . 


Provide  for  dresser,  including  fixing  and  painting,  5Z.,  or  an  item 
of  complete  description  as  it  would  appear  in  a specification,  thus : — 


No. 


Bill 

Deal  dresser  8'  0"  long  and  8'  0"  high,  of 
2"  top  1'  9"  wide,  2%"  X 2£"  framed  legs 
and  rails,  four  dovetailed  drawers  with 
bottoms,  f”  sides  and  1"  beaded  fronts, 
all  glued  and  blocked,  and  with  hard- 
wood runners  and  two  japanned  wooden 
knobs  to  each  drawer,  1 cut  and  shaped 
standards,  four  tiers  of  1"  shelves  arris 
grooved  for  plates,  f " fascia,  §"  top,  2"  x 
1 moulding  as  cornice,  §"  matched  and 
beaded  back,  1"  pot-board  and  bearers, 
and  4 dozen  cup-hooks  


£ s.  I d. 


Or  the  complete  detail  may  be  taken  out  and  billed  as  “ One 
dresser  containing  as  follows,”  followed  by  the  items  written  short. 

Braining  Boards : state  size  and  thickness,  and  that  it  is 
blocked  up  to  fall,  and  describe  the  grooving.  If  to  be  covered  with 
lead  state  it. 

Shelves,  butler’s  pantry  fittings,  cupboards,  should  be  taken  out 
in  detail. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

1£"  draining  board,  with  grooves  deep, 

5 

0 

supl. 

1"  wide  and  apart,  prepared  to  receive 
lead,  and  blocked  up  to  falls 

d. 


Copper  Lids. — State  what  wood,  thickness  and  diameter,  if  in 
two  thicknesses,  if  pinned  with  oak  pins,  if  do  welled  together,  and 
describe  the  handle. 


Bill 


No. 

1 

Deal  copper  lid  24"  diameter,  of  two  thick- 

nesses of  f"  pinned  and  dowelled  together 
with  oak  pins,  and  deal  shouldered  handle 
pinned  on  with  oak  pins 

£ s. 


d. 


Pilasters,  per  foot  superficial. — If  in  more  than  one  piece  mea- 
sure the  girth  by  the  height,  state  thickness,  if  glued  and  blocked, 
how  fixed  if  not  nailed,  as  screwed.  If  slotted  screws,  they  should 
be  numbered,  and  the  work  described  as  “ fixed  with  slotted  screws 
elsewhere  taken.”  Measure  the  salient  angles  per  foot  run,  stating 
the  labour.  The  caps,  bases  and  necking  are  best  numbered  thus  : 
‘‘No.  1.  Base  to  pilaster  lj  inch  by  15  inches  and  12  inches  high, 


JOINER. 


177 


moulded  6-inch  girth,  with  two  external  tongued  and  screwed 
mitres  and  two  6-inch  returns,  the  upper  edge  rebated,  and  the 
whole  glued  and  blocked.” 

If  the  pilaster  is  in  one  piece,  i.e.  the  returns  only  formed  by 
the  thickness  of  the  stuff,  they  may  be  run,  stating  width,  thickness, 
and  labour,  in  one  item. 

Bill 


ft. 

in.  |j 

30 

- 1 supl. 

No. 

3 

» 

1 

! 3 

1|"  pilasters,  glued  and  blocked 
19"  lengths  of  1£"  x II"  moulding,  rebated 
on  back  edge  with  two  3J"  returns,  two 
external  mitres,  and  two  fitted  ends  as 

necking  to  pilaster 

21"  lengths  of  1£"  x 9"  skirting,  moulded 
4"  girth,  and  rebated  with  two  4£"  re- 
turns, two  external  tongued  and  mitred 
angles,  and  two  fitted  ends  as  base  to 
pilaster  


£ s.  d. 


Columns  of  Wood  are  best  numbered  with  complete  description ; 
state  how  constructed,  height,  girth,  cap  and  base ; if  any  part  is 
carved  describe  those  parts  as  prepared  for  carving  and  provide  a 
sum  for  carving. 

Those  6 inches  diameter  and  under  are 
usually  solid,  those  of  larger  diameter  put 
together  in  sections  glued  and  blocked,  the 
former  may  be  described  in  one,  the  latter 
in  pieces.  An  alternative  to  the  provision 
for  carving  may  be  found  in  the  following 
items. 

Bill 


. 

| 

No. 

6 

ft. 

in. 

18 

run 

No. 

2 

»> 

Ionic-turned  diminished  columns  of  selected 
deal  6"  extreme  diameter,  with  moulded 
base  7"  X 7"  and  4"  high,  and  carved 
and  enriched  cap  9£"  x 9£"  and  3£" 

high,  5'  3"  high  in  all  

In  two  turned  diminished  fluted  column 
shafts  of  2"  best  selected  yellow  pine, 
glued  together  (as  sketch  above)  12"  ex- 
treme diameter  and  9 feet  high,  rebated 
at  each  end  to  receive  caps  and  bases  . . 
Moulded  and  enriched  Roman  Ionic  column 
caps  T 7"  x 1'  7"  and  7"  high,  rebated  at 
bottom,  and  fitting  and  glueing  to  shafts 
Moulded  attic  bases  to  column  T2"x  1'2" 
and  7"  high,  rebated  at  top  and  fitting 
to  shafts  


£ 


s.  I d. 


I 


N 


178 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Staircases,  see  that  there  is  sufficient  headway,  not  less  than 
6 feet  6 inches.  If  the  treads  and  risers  are  of  different  woods  keep 
them  separate. 

Where  the  steps  are  curved  on  plan  the  risers  must  be  veneered, 
and  so  described  and  kept  separate. 

Treads,  Risers  and  Flyers,  per  foot  superficial . — Measure  the 
width  of  steps,  including  the  housings  (£  inch  each),  by  the  whole 
length  of  the  area  occupied  by  them  (the  flight)  on  plan,  plus  the 
height  from  floor  to  floor.  To  this  length  add  1 inch  for  each 
tread  where  nosings  are  rounded,  and  1 J inch  where  moulded. 

State  the  thickness  of  treads  and  risers,  if  glued,  blocked  and 
bracketed,  if  grooved  and  rebated  together,  if  screwed  together, 
the  number  and  size  of  carriages,  if  rounded  nosings,  if  moulded 
nosings,  if  with  moulding  tongued  under,  whether  prepared  for 
close  or  out  strings. 

Winders,  per  foot  superficial. — For  the  treads  measure  the  size 
on  plan,  the  width  by  the  length,  collect  the  length  of  the  risers, 
multiply  that  length  by  the  height  from  top  of  tread  to  top  of 
tread,  plus  1 inch  each  for  rounded  nosings  and  1J  inch  each  for 
moulded  nosings.  Describe  them  in  the  same  way  as  for  flyers,  and 
state  in  description  that  they  are  cross-tongued  and  measured  net, 
and  keep  them  separate  from  the  flyers. 

Number  housings  to  treads  and  risers,  stating  whether  rounded 
or  moulded  nosings.  Housings  to  winders.  Ends  of  treads 
notched  and  fitted  to  newels.  Returned  rounded  or  moulded  and 
mitred  nosings  to  steps,  state  if  circular  on  plan.  Cut  brackets, 
state  thickness,  size,  and  if  circular  on  plan.  Curtail  end  to 
bottom  step,  and  state  length  of  step  for  veneered  front  to 
riser. 

Wall  Strings,  per  foot  run. — State  thickness,  if  moulded,  if  in 
two  pieces  give  size  of  each  and  state  how  put  together,  if  parts  of 
the  string  are  ramped  for  a length  of  2 feet  or  thereabouts  keep 
them  separate  and  take  a heading  joint  at  each  end,  but  if  there 
are  only  short  ramps,  shorter  than  those  last  mentioned,  describe 
them  as  “ extra  for  short  ramps,”  having  previously  measured 
them  in  the  length  of  string. 

Number  the  tongued  and  mitred  angles,  heading  joints,  fitted 
ends,  returned  moulded  ends. 

Outer  Strings,  per  foot  run. — State  thickness,  if  framed,  if  cut 


JOINER. 


179 


and  mitred,  beaded,  sunk,  grooved,  moulded,  chamfered,  if  circular 
or  wreathed,  if  in  either  of  the  two  latter  cases  “glued  up  in 
thicknesses,”  and  state  size  of  well-hole  or  the  radius  of  the 
curve. 

Number  ends  framed  on  splay,  if  the  string  has  not  been  de- 
scribed as  framed. 

Newels,  per  foot  run. — State  size,  describing  as  wrought  and 
framed,  state  if  chamfered,  moulded,  stop  moulded,  and  how 
many  times,  or  the  labours  last  mentioned  may  be  separately 
measured. 

Number  stops  splayed  or  moulded  to  moulding  or  chamfer ; the 
turnings  to  newels,  stating  length  ; turnings  to  pendants,  stating 
length ; finials  describe,  and  if  put  on,  state  how  fixed  and  if  of 
different  wood. 

Handrails,  per  foot  run. — State  the  size,  whether  rounded  or 
moulded,  if  framed,  if  continuous,  if  ramped,  wreathed,  level 
circular,  if  fitted  to  iron  core ; if  the  moulding  is  of  uncommon 
section  give  a sketch. 

Number  ends  framed,  if  not  described  as  framed,  ditto  on  rake  ; 
joints  and  handrail  screws,  and  state  if  joints  are  do  welled  ; lengths 
of  wreathed  or  circular  handrail  where  under  12-inch  well-hole, 
stating  length,  and  including  the  two  joints  and  handrail  screws 
in  the  description.  Scrolls,  stating  size  and  including  the  joint  and 
handrail  screw,  turned  and  mitred  newel  cap  and  joint,  and  handrail 
screw,  and  short  ramp.  Balusters,  stating  size  and  average  length, 
if  turned,  and  labour  generally,  if  dovetailed  to  step,  if  housed  to 
handrail.  Iron  balusters,  with  flapped  ends,  state  size  and  length, 
what  parts  are  let  in  flush,  and  if  the  heads  of  screws  are  counter- 
sunk.- 

Apron  Lining,  per  foot  superficial. — State  thickness,  if  moulded, 
beaded,  sunk,  rebated,  grooved,  circular  on  plan. 

Number  short  lengths  of  circular  or  wreathed,  state  length, 
width  and  all  labours,  and  include  two  heading  joints  in  the 
description,  and  state  radius  ; tongued  and  mitred  angles. 

Nosings  to  Edges  of  Landings,  per  foot  run. — The  superficies 
measured  with  the  landing  and  described  as  “ extra  for  nosing,” 
&c.  State  thickness,  width  and  labours,  if  tongued  to  edge  of 
floor.  Observe  that  in  counting  the  housings  of  steps  the  housing 
of  this  nosing  should  be  counted  and  included  with  them. 

n 2 


i8o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

Ill 

supl. 

108 

- 

25 

- 

14 

- 

9 

run 

6 

- 

» 

23 

- 

ii 

23 

ii 

52 

- 

ii 

52 

- 

ii 

70 

ii 

10 

- 

ii 

5 

ii 

44 

ii 

32 

~ 

ii 

16 

ii 

Staircases  in  Deal. 

1£"  treads,  with  rounded  nosings  and  1" 
risers,  all  rebated  and  grooved  together, 
glued,  blocked  and  bracketed  on  and 
including  two  strong  fir  carriages,  and 

prepared  for  close  strings 

1£"  ditto  ditto,  &c.,  all  as  last,  but  with 
1£"  x 1”  moulding,  tongued  under  and 
prepared  for  cut  strings  on  and  includ- 
ing three  strong  fir  carriages 

1£"  ditto  in  winders,  cross-tongued  and 

measured  net  

1 cross-tongued,  landing  and  bearers  . . 
Extra  on  1£"  floor,  for  1£"  nosing  with 
1£"  X 1"  moulding,  rebated  and  let  in 
beneath,  and  glueing  and  tonguing  to 

edge  of  floor  

No.  2 small  quadrant  corners  

„ 1,  20"  length  of  ditto  circular  to  12" 
radius,  including  two  fitted  ends 
12"  x 1'  apron  lining,  cross-tongued,  re- 
bated one  edge,  grooved  and  beaded 

No.  2 mitres 

„ 2 housings  

2£"  x 1£"  capping,  grooved  2"  girth,  twice 

moulded  2"  girth  

No.  2 housings  

„ 2 fitted  ends  on  splay 

1£"  framed  and  beaded  outer  string  .. 

2"  outer  string,  wrought,  framed  and  twice 

rebated  1"  girth  

2"  ditto,  and  cut  and  mitred  

No.  1,  36"  length  of  ditto,  wreathed  to  12" 
well-hole,  and  with  two  cross-tongued 

heading  joints 

1£"  moulded  wall,  string  and  backings  .. 
l|"  ditto,  but  the  backings  plugged 

1£"  ditto,  ramped  

No.  10  mitres 

„ 2 heading  joints 

„ 4 extra  for  short  ramps,  with  one 

heading  joint  to  each  

2£"  “ mopstick  ” handrail  framed  ..  .! 

3"  x 2£"  rounded  handrail,  including 
dowelled  heading  joints  and  handrail 

screws 

4"  x 4"  newel,  wrought,  framed  and  four 

times  stop-chamfered  

No.  16  moulded  stops  to  1"  chamfer  .. 

„ 2 ends  turned  for  a length  of  6"  as 

pendants 

No.  3 ends  turned,  cut  and  shaped  (as 
sketch),  including  moulded  stops  to 
chamfer  as  finials  


£ s.  d. 


, 


JOINER. 


181 


ft. 

in. 

No. 

10 

» 

29 

»> 

37 

» 

28 

» 

28 

6 

» 

4 

» 

6 

» 

1 

23 

- 

run 

48 

>» 

No.  4 turnings  24"  long  (averaged)  . . 

„ 5 turned,  cut  and  moulded  top  4"x  4" 

x 7",  with  wainscot  ball  with  strong  pin 
glued  in,  and  the  ball  French  polished 
2"  turned  balusters,  26"  long,  with  moulded 
stops  on  caps  and  bases,  housed  to  deal 

string  and  wainscot  handrail 

2"  ditto  on  rake 

Ends  of  steps  with  rounded  nosings,  housed 

to  strings 

Ditto,  with  moulded  nosings,  ditto  .. 
Ditto,  with  moulded  nosings,  cut,  mitred 

and  returned  

Ends  of  winders,  ditto 

Ditto  circular  to  12"  radius 

Ends  of  steps  with  moulded  nosings, 

notched  and  fitted  to  newels 

Extra  for  semicircular  end,  and  veneered 
front  to  riser  of  step,  with  moulded  nos- 
ing, the  step  1'  10"  wide  and  4'  6"  long 

Staircases  in  Mahogany , French  polished. 

4£"  X 3£"  moulded  and  framed  handrail, 
including  dowelled  heading  joints  and 

handrail  screws 

4f"  X 3£"  moulded  handrail,  continuous, 
including  dowelled  heading  joints  and 

handrail  screws 

No.  2 extra  for  short  ramps  

„ 1,  48"  length  of  ditto,  wreathed  to  18" 

well-hole  

No.  1 turned  and  moulded  newel  cap  7" 
diameter,  with  short  ramp  and  heading 
joint 


£ s. 


d. 


Attendances. — To  every  sink,  safe,  w.c.,  bath,  lavatory,  or 
cistern,  an  item  should  be  taken  “ joiner  attend  plumber  to  sink,” 
or  as  the  case  may  be. 

Bill. 


No. 

2 

V 

2 

»> 

2 

» 

2 

1 

Attendances. 

Joiner  attend  plumber  to 

Baths  ..  ..  .«  

Sinks  * 

W.c.’s  

Cisterns 

Joiner  attend  bellhanger,  cutting  away  and 
making  good  after  him  to  No.  13  bells 
with  No.  13  pulls,  and  include  the  neces- 
sary boards  for  bell  runners  and  for  fixing 
the  floor  boards  and  joinery  over  same  to 
remove  with  brass  cups  and  screws 


£ 5.  d. 


182 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Deal  Cornices,  per  foot  run. — State  the  girth  of  the  moulding, 
how  it  is  put  together,  and  the  thickness  of  the  wood,  and  include 
backings  with  the  description. 

Number  the  mitres,  housings,  &c. 


ft. 

in. 

20 

run 

Cornice  moulded  18"  girth,  12"  high,  9" 
projection  of  2"  deal,  all  rebated  together, 
glued  and  blocked,  and  including  f" 
cover  board  9"  wide,  and  deal  backings 

No.  2 mitres 

„ 2 housings  

£ 


d. 


Church  Fittings. — The  joinery  for  church  fittings  will  present 
little  difficulty ; the  same  principles  will  apply  to  its  measurement 
as  to  the  work  dealt  with  in  the  foregoing  pages. 

The  seats,  book-boards,  &c.,  will  be  measured  at  per  super- 
ficial foot , and  the  extra  labours  upon  them  measured  at  per 
foot  run. 

The  boarding  for  filling  in  between  top  and  bottom  rails  or 
between  seats  and  floor  should  be  described  as  in  12-inch  or  14-inch 
lengths,  as  the  case  may  be,  and  what  it  is  to  be  used  for. 

Bench  ends  and  standards  are  most  conveniently  numbered, 
giving  a sketch  and  stating  the  thickness,  size  and  labour 
on  each. 

Ornamental  framings,  as  stall  fronts,  may  be  measured  at  per 
foot  run , stating  thickness  and  height,  and  giving  sketch  and 
description,  or  the  labour  in  a given  length  of  it  may  be 
stated. 

In  all  cases  provide  in  the  estimate  for  a pattern  bench, 
including  its  carriage  to  and  from  the  building. 

For  pulpits,  lecterns,  prayer  desks,  &c.,  a sum  is  usually  pro- 
vided, but  where  not  thus  treated,  the  quantity  of  material  in  each 
should  be  kept  separate,  so  that  the  cost  of  the  article  in  question 
may  be  seen  without  trouble. 

Fittings. — If  in  large  quantity,  as  the  shelves,  dressers,  cup- 
boards, &c.,  of  a large  house,  should  be  made  a separate  section  in 
the  bill ; it  is  not  fair  to  bill  them  with  the  general  joinery,  as 
they  are  worth  a larger  price.  Take  them  out  in  as  much  detail 
as  possible. 


IRONMONGERY. 


33 


IRONMONGERY. 

Where  it  is  essential  that  the  ironmongery  should  be  of  very 
good  quality  it  is  a frequent  practice  to  specify  the  prime  cost  of 
each  of  the  articles,  or  to  select  a manufacturer  to  whom  a list  of 
the  ironmongery  is  sent  to  affix  his  prices,  the  total  sum  being 
then  included  in  the  estimate  as  a provision,  in  such  a case  the 
“ fixing  only  ” appearing  in  the  joiner’s  bill. 

State  in  all  cases  whether  ironmongery  is  of  brass,  iron,  or 
gun-metal,  and  keep  ironmongery  and  fixing  to  deal  separate  from 
that  fixed  to  hard  woods,  with  which  latter  include  that  fixed  to 
pitch  pine. 

When  an  article  of  ironmongery  does  not  appear  in  any  trade 
list  it  must  be  described  as  “ purpose  made.” 

Articles  of  ornamental  ironmongery  may  often  be  described 
with  advantage  by  the  number  and  price  in  a trade  list,  thus — 


Bill. 


No. 


10 


Hill’s  (100a  Queen  Victoria  Street),  No. 
1075  brass  grip  handles,  list  price  3s.  9c?. 


Iron  Butts  or  Back  Flaps. — Give  the  size,  measuring  along 
the  knuckle,  if  the  kind  known  as  broad,  state  width  and  height, 
state  if  rising  or  projecting  butts,  state  if  with  steel  washers  and 
pins,  if  with  face  plates,  and  if  the  face  plates  are  engraved. 


Bill. 


No. 

10 

Pairs  2£"  wrought-iron  butts  

6 

Ditto  3£"  X 4"  best  wrouglit-iron  welded 

butts 

yy 

6 

Ditto  5"  wrought-iron  projecting  butts  . . 

£ s. 


d. 


Cross-Garnet  Hinges.  — State  the  length  measured 


knuckle  to  point. 

Bill. 


No. 

5 

Pairs  15" 

cross-garnet  hinges 

6 

Ditto  18' 

' extra  strong  cross-garnet  hinges 

2 

Ditto  18" 

light  welded  water-joint  hinges 

from 


184 


<2  UANTITY  S UR  VE  YING. 


Strap  Hinges. — State  length,  size  of  iron,  if  with  fanged  or 
double-fanged  hooks,  if  with  screwed  plates,  if  bolted  state  the 
size  of  bolts  and  the  number  to  each  hinge.  Observe  to  take  the 
labour  to  letting  into  stone  and  lead  and  running  where  fixed  to 
stonework.  Sometimes  it  may  be  convenient  to  state  the  weight 


per  pair. 


No. 


2 


2 

1 


Bill. 

I 

Pairs  wrought-iron  strap  hinges  18"  long, 
of  2"  x f"  iron,  with  back  straps  and 
plates,  fixed  with  screws  with  counter- 
sunk heads  

Ditto  ditto,  but  with  double-fanged  hooks 

and  eyes  

Ditto  3"  x strap  hinges  6'  0"  long,  with 
back  straps  3 feet  long,  with  cups  instead 
of  eyes,  and  double-fanged  hooks  with 
steel  points,  each  hinge  fixed  with  six 
screw  bolts,  with  octagon  heads,  nuts 
and  washers  


£ s.  d. 


Patent  Hinges. — Describe  the  kind,  the  thickness  of  the  door 
they  are  for,  if  spring  hinges,  including  filling  boxes  with  neat’s- 
foot  oil,  and  in  all  cases  adjusting  at  completion.  For  spring 
hinges  take  a wood  cradle  or  oak  block,  and  letting  in  where  in  a 
wooden  floor,  and  letting  into  stone  and  running  with  lead  where 
a stone  floor. 


II 

1 

No. 

2 

» 

2 

” 

1 

1 

Bill 

Pairs  Cottam’s  (2  Winsley  Street,  Oxford 
Street,  London),  48"  improved  spherical 
hinges,  fixed  with  and  including  bolts  . . 

Sets  Archibald  Smith’s  (48  Leicester 
Square,  London),  double-action  swing 
centres  for  2"  doors,  including  letting 
into  oak  (or  stone),  filling  the  boxes  with 
glycerine  and  adjusting  at  completion  . . 

No.  2 oak  blocks,  for  swing  hinges  and 
framing  between  joists  

Pair  japanned  iron  (spring  hinge  and 
blank  hinge),  7"  double-action  helical 
spring  butts  for  2£"  door  


£ s. 


d. 


Ornamental  Hinges. — If  cast-iron  hinge-fronts  they  may 
generally  be  most  conveniently  selected  from  an  illustrated  trade 
catalogue,  the  number  of  the  pattern  and  name  of  manufacturer 
being  stated  in  the  quantities.  If  wrought-iron  ornamental 


IRONMONGERY. 


185 


hinges  to  design  it  will  be  better  to  provide  a sum  per  pair,  the 
fixing  being  either  taken  separately  or  included  in  the  amount 
provided. 

The  sum  to  be  provided  is  the  more  likely  to  be  reasonable  if 
the  detail  drawing  be  sent  to  an  ironworker  for  a price,  and  if 
sent  to  several  of  equal  ability  the  advantage  of  a competitive 
price  may  be  obtained. 

Bill 


No. 


4 


Provide  for  3 pairs  of  wrought-iron  hinges 
and  bolts  for  fixing  15Z.,  and  allow  for 
packing,  carriage,  fixing  and  profit 
Pairs  Hill’s  (100a  Queen  Victoria  Street, 
London),  ornamental  iron  hinge  fronts, 
No.  877,  list  price  11s.  per  pair 


£ s.  d. 


Bolts. — State  length  (measured  by  the  length  of  the  rod  of  the 
bolt),  if  tower,  barrel,  bright  rod,  necked,  brass  mounted,  square, 
monkey-tailed.  These  last  are  measured  by  their  total  length,  and 
the  sectional  size  should  be  stated.  Number  the  brass  or  iron 
thimbles  or  floor-plates  for  bolts,  and  state  whether  let  into  wood 
or  stone,  and  in  the  latter  case  whether  run  with  lead  or  cement. 


Bill 


No. 


3 

2 

2 

5 

1 

1 

2 


4"  iron  necked  bolts  

4"  iron  flat  spring  bolts  

6"  iron  barrel  bolts  

9"  ditto 

f"  monkey-tail  bolt,  18"  long  

1"  ditto,  48"  long 

Iron  thimbles  for  bolts,  and  letting  into 
York  and  lead  and  running 


£ s.  d. 


Flush  Bolts. — State  length  and  width. 


Bill 


No. 

4 

» 

3 

brass  flush  bolts  4"  long 
|"  ditto,  9"  long  ..  .. 


£ s.'d. 


Espagnolette  Bolts. — State  the  height  of  the  doors  they  are 
intended  to  secure,  or  their  length,  and  whether  of  brass  or  iron. 


1 86 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 
Bill. 


No. 

2 

»> 

2 

malleable  iron  Berlin  black  espagno- 

lette  bolts,  6 feet  long  

Burnished  brass  espagnolette  bolts,  6'  6" 
long  with  1"  rods  


£ 


d. 


Smith's  Sill  Bar. — State  length  and  whether  to  single  or 
folding  easements,  and  observe  that  they  cannot  be  applied  to  a 
casement  under  2 inches  in  thickness. 


Bill. 


No. 

2 

Archibald  Smith  and  Stevens’  (48  Leicester 

\ 

Square,  London),  patent  weather-tight 
Janus  sill  bar,  for  2"  casement  opening 

outwards,  3 feet  long,  and  fixing  to  deal 
casement  and  oak  sill  

2 

Ditto,  4'  6"  long  to  folding  casements 

£ 8. 


d. 


Smith’s  Weather-tight  Casement  Fastenings. — State  length, 
and  whether  to  single  or  folding  casements. 


No.  1 


Bill. 

Archibald  Smith  and  Stevens’  (48  Leicester 
Square,  London)  patent  weather-tight 
Janus  fastening,  6'  6”  long  for  folding 
casements 


£ s. 


d. 


Locks. — State  the  size,  the  kind,  as  iron  rim,  mortise,  drawback, 
if  three  holt,  two  holt,  or  one  holt  (two  holt  is  the  usual  kind), 
dead  or  stock,  if  upright,  if  rebated  or  half  rebated  (the  two  latter 
for  folding  doors),  the  kind  of  furniture.  In  cases  where  a 
number  of  doors  occur  and  each  side  has  a different  kind  of 
furniture,  it  will  be  most  convenient  to  take  the  locks  and  fur- 
niture separate,  numbering  each  side  of  the  door  as  a half  set  of 
the  furniture  required,  and  describing  the  locks  as  “ without 
furniture.”  State  if  locks  are  “ en  suite,”  and  if  so  number  the 
master  keys. 

In  cases  of  oak  stock  locks,  with  wrought-iron  mountings,  to 
design,  it  will  be  better  to  provide  a sum,  taking  the  fixing 
separately  or  including  the  fixing  in  the  amount  provided. 

Cupboard  locks  are  described  by  their  height  in  inches;  all 
other  locks  by  their  length  in  inches. 


IRONMONGERY. 


187 


If  locks  are  copper  or  brass  warded,  state  it. 

In  measuring  mortise  locks  after  they  are  fixed  the  length 
from  the  centre  of  the  spindle  to  the  edge  of  the  door,  plus  1 inch, 
will  be  the  length  of  the  lock. 

As  iron  rim  locks  are  sold  at  a price  per  dozen  including 
furniture,  the  furniture  may  be  included  with  the  description  of 
the  lock.  Mortise  locks  are  sold  at  a price  per  dozen  exclusive  of 
furniture,  and  the  locks  and  furniture  appear  separately  in  the  bill. 

Knobs. — State  diameter,  and  whether  metal,  porcelain,  ebony, 
&c.,  and  describe  as  sets  or  half  sets  of  furniture. 

If  patent  spindles,  state  whose  patent. 


Bill. 


1 

No.  | 

6 

3"  iron  cupboard  locks 

99  ; 

14 

4"  brass  spring  latches,  P.C.  5s.  each 

99  ' 

6 

5"  brass  mortise  latches,  with  brass  furni- 

ture   

99 

4 

6"  iron  rim  locks,  and  Mace’s  patent  brass 

furniture  

99 

18 

Hobbs,  Hart  & Co.  (76  Cheapside,  London), 

7"  machine-made,  fine  finish,  two-bolt 
mortise  locks  

99 

12 

Ditto,  but  half-rebated 

99 

18 

Sets  of  Hobbs,  Hart  & Co.’s  solid  steel 

slotted  spindle  furniture  for  mortise  locks, 
with  2£"  strong  brass  knobs 

99 

4* 

Sets  of  Hill’s  (100a  Queen  Victoria  Street) 

No.  489  fluted  brass  furniture,  with  Hill’s 
patent  spindles  for  mortise  locks  . . 

£ 5. 


d. 


Finger  Plates. — Describe  them  and  state  whether  long  or  short. 
Number  each  one,  not  each  set — the  latter  term  is  misleading. 


Bill 


No. 

20 

99 

20 

Sandeman’s  (15  Boro’,  London),  No.  4492 

short  finger-plates 

Ditto  No.  4492  long  ditto 


£ s. 


d. 


Sash  Fastenings. — State  length  and  quality. 

Bill 


No. 

15 

» 

10 

£ s. 


2V'  strong  brass  bronzed  sash  fastenings  .. 
3"  Hopkinson’s  patent  brass  sash  fastenings 


d. 


i88 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Sash  Centres. — Number  the  pairs,  state  length  and  quality ; 
observe  that  a pair  of  sash  centres  is  two  centres  and  two  slotted 
plates. 

Bill 


No. 

10 

>» 

10 

»> 

10 

Pairs  2^"  japanned  iron  sash  centres 

Ditto  3"  brass  ditto  

Ditto  3"  brass  ditto,  with  steel  bushes 


£ 


d. 


Slotted  Screws,  each.  Brass  screws  (state  length)  and  brass 
slotted  plates,  including  all  labour  for  slotting  on  architraves  or  as 
the  case  may  be;  average  18  inches  apart. 


Bill. 


No.  | 


305 


1£"  brass  screws  and  brass  slotted  plates, 
including  all  labour  for  slotting  on  archi- 
traves, mouldings  and  other  joinery 


£ s. 


d. 


PLUMBER. 

A sheet  of  lead  is  ostensibly  7 feet  by  30  feet,  usually  about 
6 feet  10  inches  wide,  and  of  length  varying  from  25  feet  to 
30  feet.  The  lead  for  gutters  and  flats  is  cut  lengthwise  of  the 
sheet,  that  for  flashings,  hips,  ridges,  &c.,  across  the  sheet. 

If  a large  work,  keep  external  and  internal  plumbing  separate. 
Measure  all  the  sheet  lead  by  the  foot  superficial,  and  bill  it  by 
weight. 

Gutters,  flats  and  flashings  are  billed  together.  Stepped  flash- 
ings and  soakers  should  be  kept  separate,  as  there  is  more  trouble 
in  fixing. 

Lead  to  curved  roofs,  ornamental  turrets  and  fleches  should  be 
kept  separate. 

Measure  per  foot  run,  dressing  lead  to  mouldings,  stating  girth, 
and  number  the  mitres. 


EXTERNALLY. 

Flats  and  Gutters.— Measure  the  lead  by  the  foot  superficial, 
allow  in  the  width  for  turning  up  under  slating  (usually  9 inches 
from  bottom  of  gutter),  and  against  walls  (usually  6 inches  from 
bottom  cf  gutter).  Allow  for  1^-inch  drips  6 inches,  and  for 


PL  UMBER. 


189 


2-inch  drips  8 inches;  for  lj-inch  rolls  6 inches,  and  for  2-inch 
rolls  8 inches,  beyond  the  original  measurement,  all  over  the 
surface.  Assume  always  that  drips  are  not  more  than  10  feet 
apart,  as  when  in  longer  lengths  there  is  much  risk  from 
expansion  and  contraction.  Collect  rolls  and  drips  as  much  as 
possible. 

Flashings. — 5 inches  to  6 inches  wide  usually.  In  these  an 
allowance  must  be  made  for  tacks  and  passings,  add  4 inches  for 
every  7 feet  in  length,  and  6 inches  for  every  angle.  This  will 
be  found  to  be  practically  correct,  and  will  cover  the  weight  of 
tacks ; or,  allow  3 inches  or  4 inches  as  may  be  directed  every 
7 feet  in  length  for  passings,  and  take  tacks  6-inch  or  7-inch  by 
2-inch  at  distances  of  3 feet  6 inches  apart. 

Aprons. — Usually  12  inches  wide.  Make  the  same  allowance 
in  length  as  for  flashings. 

Ridges,  Hips  and  Valleys. — The  two  former  usually  18  inches 
wide,  the  latter  20  inches  wide.  Allow  for  clips  or  tacks  and 
passings  as  for  flashings. 

Observe  that  where  ridges  stop  against  a roof  plane  as  in  the 
case  of  dormers — a “ soaker  ” must  be  taken  about  18  inches  square. 

Stepped  Flashing. — Usually  12  inches  wide.  Make  the  same 
allowance  as  for  horizontal  flashings.  When  soakers  are  specified 
instead  of  stepped  flashings,  a piece  of  lead  should  be  taken  to 
each  course  of  slates  or  tiles,  allowing  the  same  lap  as  the  slates  or 
tiles,  and  to  course  with  them,  running  4 inches  under  slating  or 
tiling,  and  turning  up  4 inches  against  wall. 

The  length  of  each  soaker  to  slates  or  tiles,  measured  up  the 
roof  slope,  will  be  equal  to  the  gauge  plus  the  lap ; thus,  to  tiles  of 
a 3J-inch  gauge,  the  lap  will  be  3J  inches,  and  the  length  of 
soaker  7 inches.  To  countess  slates  (20  inches  x 10  inches)  to  a 
2J-inch  lap ; the  gauge  will  be  8£  and  the  length  of  the  soaker 
11  \ inches;  the  surveyor  would  call  this  12  inches.  Soakers  to 
the  edge  of  a roof  covering  adjoining  a gable  parapet,  would  be 
covered  with  a stepped  flashing  usually  measured  as  6 inches  wide. 

Where  roofs  are  covered  with  lead  forming  “ lean-to’s  ” against 
walls,  as  to  the  aisle  roofs  of  some  churches,  lead  tacks,  about 
9 inches  by  3 inches,  should  be  taken,  wedged  at  one  end  into  the 
wall,  and  soldered  to  the  lead  covering,  one  to  each  bay  formed  by 
the  rolls,  otherwise  the  lead  is  apt  to  slip  downwards. 


190 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

35 

1 

7 

17 

2 

14 

12 

3 

21 

27 

3 

0 

10 

2 

7 

Bill. 

Milled  lead  and  labour  in  gutters,  flats  and 

flashings  

Ditto  in  covering  to  ogee  cupola 
Milled  lead  (labour  elsewhere  taken)  in 
covering  to  mouldings,  crockets  and 

finials 

Milled  lead  and  labour  in  stepped  flashings 
Ditto  in  soakers,  and  fixing  by  tiler  .. 


d. 


Measure  per  foot  run. — Lead  or  oak  wedging  to  flashings.  Keep 
that  in  stepped  flashings  separate ; in  either  case  take  the  same 
length  as  that  taken  for  the  flashings.  Copper  nailing,  state 
whether  “ open,”  “ close  ” (1  inch  apart),  or  “ very  close,”  Bed- 
ding edge  of  flashings  in  white-lead.  Labour  to  vandyked  or 
serrated  edges.  Soldered  angle.  Extra  labour,  dressing  lead  over 
fillet  to  form  secret  gutter.  Welted  edge.  Labour  dressing  lead 
to  mouldings,  stating  the  girth  of  moulding.  Rain-water  pipe, 
state  size  of  bore,  weight  per  foot  superficial  of  the  lead  used,  if 
tacked,  if  collared,  if  fixed  in  chase.  Where  a flashing  is  grooved 
into  a horizontal  instead  of  a vertical  face,  take  “ burning  in  ” to 
flashings  in  stonework  only. 


Bill 


ft. 

in. 

40 

- 

run 

Bedding  edges  of  flashings  in  white-lead.. 

150 

- 

Lead  wedging  to  flashing 

72 

- 

Ditto,  stepped  

22 

- 

Copper  nailing  

76 

- 

Ditto,  close  

24 

- 

Burning  in  flashing  

10 

- 

77 

Soldered  angle  

64 

— 

77 

Extra  labour  dressing  lead  over  fillet  to 
form  secret  gutter  

15 

- 

79 

Labour  to  welted  edge 

25 

— 

77 

Labour  dressing  lead  to  moulding  3"  girth 
No.  10  bossed  mitres 

34 

77 

Ditto  to  moulding  6"  girth 

No.  2 bossed  mitres  

„ 3 four-way  intersections  

„ 2 three-way  ditto 

10 

- 

77 

Labour  escalloped  edge  to  7 lbs.  lead 

15 

- 

77 

Ditto  corrugated  edge  to  ditto  . . 

70 

77 

4"  rain-water  pipe,  weight  9 lbs.  per  foot 
run,  including  tacks  and  joints  and  nail- 
ing with  wrought-iron  rose-headed  nails 
to  and  including  teak  plugs  in  brickwork 
No.  6 extra  for  bends 

£ 


s.  d. 


PLUMBER, 


191 


Number.  Extra  labour  and  solder  to  cesspools.  Lead,  iron,  or 
copper  wire  covers  to  cesspools,  or  to  outlets  of  eaves  gutters. 
Lead  beads  of  rain-water  pipes,  copper  wire  covers  to  ditto. 
Lengths  of  socket  pipe,  stating  size  of  bore,  length  in  inches, 
whether  “ once,’*  “ twice,”  or  “ all  bent,”  and  the  number  of 
soldered  joints  to  each,  and  the  weight  per  foot  superficial  of  lead 
it  is  made  from,  or  the  weight  per  foot  run.  Bossed  ends  to  rolls. 
Bossed  intersections  to  rolls.  Bossed  cross  intersections  of  roll 
with  ridge.  Soldered  dots  and  brass  screws.  Bossing  and  dressing 
lead  to  crockets,  stating  extreme  dimensions.  Sets  of  flashings  and 
soldering  to  pipes  passing  through  roof,  giving  weight  per  foot  of 
the  lead  used,  and  the  size  of  pipe,  or  the  total  weight  of  the  set. 
Bossing  lead  out  of  solid  over  bases  of  finials,  vanes,  &c.,  describing 
each,  and  giving  sketch.  Some  surveyors  say  “plumber  and 
labourer,  . . . hours  each,  as  provision ,”  to  such  an  item  as  the 
foregoing,  the  charge  for  the  actual  time  spent  being  adjusted  at 
completion.  Lead  hood  or  bonnet  and  straps  out  of  . . . lbs.  lead 
to  (ventilating)  pipe,  state  size  of  pipe. 


Bill. 

Labour  bossing  and  dressing  7 lbs.  lead  to 
carved  crockets,  10"  long,  5"  wide,  5" 

projection  . . . 

Ditto  bossed  ends  to  rolls 

Ditto  bossed  three-way  intersections  to 

rolls  

Ditto  bossed  four-way  ditto 

Ditto,  bossing  7 lbs.  lead  to  turned  and 
moulded  finial  6"  diameter  with  disc 
terminal  12"  diameter — 4 feet  high  in 

all  

Bossing  lead  to  2"  returns  of  9"  moulding 

with  two  mitres  to  each 

Bossed  irregular  angles  and  welted  lap, 
and  copper  nailing  to  mitres  of  moulding, 

30"  girth 

Extra  labour  and  solder  to  cesspools  . . 

Soldered  dots  and  brass  screws 

Strong  copper  wire  covers  to  outlets  of 

eaves  gutters  

Ditto  to  cesspools 

Ditto  to  rain-water  heads 

24"  lengths  (averaged)  4"  drawn  lead  socket 
pipe  7 lbs.  per  foot  run,  all  bent,  one  end 
tafted  and  soldered  to  cesspool 
7 lbs.  lead,  slate  and  soldering  to  4"  venti- 
lating pipe 


£ 


s.  d. 


i 


192 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


No. 

4 

»> 

1 

» 

2 

Bolding’s  (Davies  Street,  W.)  “ Simplex  ” 
lead  ventilating  cap,  and  fitting  to  4" 

pipe  

Hood  and  straps  out  of  7 lbs.  lead  and 
soldering  to  4"  ventilating  pipe  . . 

Cast  lead  heads  to  rain-water  pipes  P.C. 
£7  each,  and  solder  joint  to  4"  pipe 


£ s. 


d. 


INTEKNALLY. 


The  larger  proportion  of  the  internal  work  will  be  connected 
with  the  water  supply. 

Before  measuring  the  water  supply  it  will  be  necessary  to 
obtain  a copy  of  the  regulations  of  the  water  company  which 
supplies  the  district,  you  will  then  be  sure  of  the  prescribed 
weights  of  pipes,  regulations  as  to  wastes,  waste  preventers,  brass- 
work,  &c.,  and  in  cases  where  the  building  is  to  be  supplied  by 
meter  the  surveyor  should  ascertain  whether  the  proprietor 
will  supply  his  own  meter  or  hire  one  of  the  water  company  at  a 
rental. 

Observe  generally  that  where  a water  meter  is  used  no  waste 
preventers  will  be  required,  though  even  then  some  of  the  water 
companies  insist  upon  their  use. 

In  all  items  relating  to  pipes  state  the  bore  of  pipe,  except  to 
copper  and  brass  pipes,  which  are  described  by  their  external 
diameter,  and  where  a cock  or  short  length  of  pipe  requires 
tafted  ends,  soldered  joints,  soldered  ends,  or  bends,  include  them 
with  the  article.  Observe  that  this  clause  applies  to  many  of  the 
items  under  the  head  of  “ numbers .” 

Do  not  measure  short  lengths  of  pipe  over  2-inch  bore  by  the 
lineal  foot,  but  number  them  (up  to  4 feet  in  length),  stating  the 
length. 

The  weight  of  pipes,  up  to  2-inch  bore,  will  be  settled  by  a 
clause  in  the  bill  of  quantities.  Where  of  greater  bore  state  the 
weight  per  foot  superficial  of  the  lead  they  are  made  from,  or  the 
weight  per  foot  run  if  drawn  pipes. 

Where  very  good  cocks  or  valves  or  apparatus  are  required,  it 
is  well  to  state  in  the  bill  the  name  of  the  manufacturer. 

In  a large  work  it  will  be  advisable  to  make  a complete  list  of 
the  cisterns  and  their  supplies,  and  the  apparatus  connected  with 


PLUMBER. 


i93 


each,  and  cross  off  each  as  it  is  measured.  This  saves  time, 
although  apparently  cumbrous,  thus : — 


Attic  Floor: 

Cisterns. 

1 Drinking  water  waste 

1 Rain  water  waste 

2 W.C.  cisterns  waste 

1 W.C.  south  of  bedroom  2 
1 „ north  of  ditto  3 

Hot  Water. 

Housemaid’s  Sink,  1 j 

next  back  stairs  / 

Ditto,  next  Bath-  1 j 

room  ..  ..  / 


supply 

overflow. 

overflow. 

supply 

overflow. 

soil-pipe 

supply. 

ditto 

ditto. 

Cold.  Rain  Water.  Waste. 

1 1 1 

1 1 1 


It  will  also  be  convenient  and  safe  to  have  a tracing  of  the  block 
plan  of  the  building  on  which  the  wastes  and  rain-water  pipes 
which  deliver  at  ground  level  may  be  marked  in  readiness  for  the 
measurement  of  drains. 

It  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  order  of  taking  off  that  every 
lavatory,  sink,  or  w.c.  apparatus  is  followed  by  all  its  adjuncts 
except  the  supplies.  In  measuring  the  supplies  from  cistern,  first 
take  the  one  which  runs  to  the  apparatus  furthest  from  the  cistern, 
and  finish  with  the  valve.  Then  the  branches  from  that  pipe, 
beginning  with  the  one  nearest  to  the  cistern,  proceed  in  the  same 
way  with  each  main  line  of  pipes  and  its  branches,  then  the  rising 
main. 

Some  surveyors  adopt  the  following  order  in  taking  off  a water 
supply,  and  it  is  a very  clear  and  reasonable  system. 


Tapping  main. 

Rising  main. 

Cistern  and  all  its  adjuncts. 

Longest  service  from  cistern. 

Apparatus  supplied  by  last,  with  all 
its  adjuncts. 


Branches  from  last  pipe  (beginning 
with  the  one  nearest  cistern). 

Each  apparatus  as  it  is  reached,  with 
all  its  adjuncts. 

Follow  with  other  main  services,  with 
the  branches  from  each,  and  ap- 
paratus, all  as  before  described. 


Whether  measuring  from  drawings  or  the  actual  work,  adopt 
a system  and  adhere  to  it  rigidly,  even  at  the  cost  of  many  journeys 
up  and  down  stairs,  which  will  no  doubt  be  urged  as  an  argument 
against  it. 


o 


194 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Lead  in  Sinks,  Cisterns  and  Safes,  per  foot  superficial. — Keep 
the  lead  in  safes  separate  from  that  in  sinks  and  cisterns,  to  these 
two  latter  allow  1 inch  for  the  lap  where  soldered  angles  occur, 
and  a width  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  wooden  sides  for  turning 
over  at  the  top.  The  soldered  joints  to  sinks  should  he  taken  to 
four  vertical  angles  and  two  edges  of  bottom,  the  lead  of  ends  and 
bottom  being  usually  in  one  piece.  To  cisterns,  take  soldered 
angle  to  all  angles  if  large,  if  small,  treat  as  directed  for  sinks. 
Take  copper  nailing  around  the  outer  edge  of  the  sides  and  ends, 
both  to  sinks  and  cisterns. 

Measure  at  per  foot  run.  Soldered  angle,  copper  nailing.  Lead 
pipes,  state  whether  “ middling  ” or  “ strong,”  and  include  the 
joints  in  the  description  except  the  branch  joints,  i.e.  junctions  of 
one  pipe  with  a main  line  of  pipe  which  are  counted,  and  charged 
as  “ extra  soldered  joints.”  Soil  pipes ; state  bore,  what  lead  out 
of  (as  7 lbs.),  whether  tacked,  collared,  fixed  in  chase.  Copper 
pipes;  state  external  diameter,  and  whether  perforated  as  for 
urinals.  Maine’s  tin-encased  pipe.  Keep  pipes  laid  in  ground 
separate. 

For  measuring  the  diameter  of  pipes,  if  the  necessity  arise, 
pocket  dividers  may  be  adjusted  in  the  form  of  callipers,  and  used 
in  a similar  manner. 

Number  branch  joints  to  pipes. 

Observe  that  branch  joints  are  described  by  the  size  of  the 
main  pipe,  thus  a joint  at  the  junction  of  a f-inch  pipe  with  1-inch 
pipe  is  called  a “ 1-inch  extra  soldered  joint.” 

Fire  bends  (if  any),  soldered  ends,  ends  tafted  and  soldered. 
Lengths  of  pipe ; state  size,  length,  whether  bent,  and  how  many 
times  bent,  if  jointed  to  iron,  if  soldered  and  pierced  (as  for  dribble 
pipe).  Trumpet-mouth  waste  ; state  length,  average  bore,  what 
lead  out  of,  if  with  beaded  top,  whether  lead  or  galvanised  iron. 
Extra  for  bends  to  soil  pipes,  stating  size  of  pipe  and  how  many 
soldered  joints  to  each.  Bonnets  or  cowls  to  air  pipes;  state 
weight  per  foot  of  lead  used  and  size  of  pipe.  Lead  collars  and 
soldering  to  soil  or  waste  pipes ; state  size  of  pipe  and  weight 
per  foot  of  the  lead  used.  Lead  D traps;  state  if  full  size,  what 
lead  out  of,  if  with  brass  screw  cap  and  lining,  state  size  of  latter, 
state  if  trap  is  soldered  to  safe.  Cast-lead  traps ; state  size, 
whether  with  brass  screw  cap,  state  size  of  latter.  Observe  that 


PLUMBER. 


*95* 

where  waste  pipes  deliver  over  gratings  in  the  open  air  you  may 
safely  dispense  with  traps.  Brass  screw  unions ; state  size,  and  if 
with  fly-nut,  and  whether  to  iron  or  slate,  and  whether  jointed  to 
iron  or  lead  pipe.  Brass  washers  and  wastes,  all  as  last.  Brass 
cistern  connectors  and  all  as  last.  Tee  pieces  to  copper  pipe,  state 
size  of  pipe,  include  the  brazed  joints.  Stopped  ends  to  ditto. 
Cocks  ; state  size,  if  plated,  brass,  or  iron,  stop  cocks  or  bib  cocks, 
round  or  square  way,  screw  bottom  screw  boss,  if  with  loose  key  or 
spanner,  if  high-pressure  screw-down  loose  valve,  diaphragm,  if 
screwed  for  iron,  if  engraved,  and  what,  as  “ hot,”  &c.  Observe 
that  air  vessels  are  not  necessary  when  screw-down  valves  are 
used.  Ball  cocks  or  valves  ; state  size,  and  if  copper  or  zinc  ball 
and  stem.  Sets  of  bath  valves ; give  full  description.  Copper 
clips,  and  brass  screws. 

In  all  cases,  state  whether  brass  work  is  jointed  to  iron,  lead,  or 
slate. 

Pumps. — Give  description,  and  P.C.  price  if  possible,  or  refer 
by  number  to  a trade  catalogue,  and  include  joints  with  de- 
scription ; take  suction  pipe  and  rose. 

Wrought-iron  Cisterns. — State  if  galvanised,  the  length, 
width,  depth  in  clear,  or  to  hold  water  . . . feet  deep,  or  if  the 
space  to  receive  cistern  will  allow  of  variation  of  size,  and  shape  is 
unimportant,  give  the  alternative,  “ or  to  hold  . . . gallons,”  as 
stock  sizes  are  cheaper  than  special.  Where  the  usual  trade  iron 
cistern  is  all  that  is  required,  no  particulars  of  thickness,  stays,  &c., 
need  be  given,  but  where  a better  kind  or  larger  size  is  required 
state  the  thickness  of  iron,  the  size  of  angle  iron  around  top  and  at 
angles,  the  size  of  stays  if  any,  include  the  “ necessary  perforations  ” 
and  small  angle  stay  for  ball  valve  or  cock  in  the  description,  and 
state  the  height  from  the  ground  of  the  hoisting. 

A system  has  arisen  of  supplying  iron  cisterns  at  -J  inch,  or 
\ inch,  or  ^ inch  (as  the  case  may  be),  “ full  ” or  “ bare  ” as  to 
thickness,  and  as  in  the  case  where  there  are  a number  of  cisterns 
this  may  make  a large  difference  in  cost,  the  surveyor  should  see 
that  his  employer  obtains  what  is  specified. 

Observe  that  in  calculating  the  content  of  cisterns  3 inches 
less  than  the  absolute  depth  should  be  taken  as  their  capacity. 

W.C.  Apparatus. — Provide  a sum  for  each,  and  give  address  of 
manufacturer.  State  colour  and  kind  of  basin,  size  of  valve;  if 

o 2 


196 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


with  regulator,  and  what  kind;  if  with  looking-glass  bottom- 
valve  ; if  copper  pan ; the  metal  of  sunk  dish,  and  description  of 
handle  ; include  the  joints  and  fixing  in  description. 

Where  there  are  a number  of  w.c.’s  in  one  establishment  it  is 
a good  plan  to  add  to  the  description  “ to  be  set  in  order  by 
manufacturer  (or  patentee)  at  completion.” 

Lavatory  Apparatus. — It  is  better  to  provide  a sum  for  these, 
or  give  a full  description  and  address  of  maker.  Include  all  joints 
and  unions  and  fixing  with  the  description.  If  the  marble  or  slate 
top  is  not  to  be  supplied  by  the  manufacturer  of  apparatus,  state  in 
description  that  it  is  “ elsewhere  taken.” 

Urinals. — Give  description  as  before,  and  include  the  joints 
and  fixing. 

Baths. — State  if  full  sized  or  what  size,  if  iron,  copper, 
porcelain.  Include  joints.  If  porcelain  baths  have  extra  inlets, 
state  it ; as  these  baths  are  very  heavy  state  the  height  of  hoisting 
and  observe  that  their  great  weight  will  often  necessitate  extra 
strength  in  the  floor  timbers.  Take  a wooden  cradle  for  each. 

Water  Meters. — Provide  a sum  to  include  fixing  and  joints. 
If  outside  the  building  take  a brick  chamber  and  cover  to  enclose  it. 

Waste  Preventers. — Give  descriptions,  and  include  joints  and 
fixing. 

Attendance. — It  is  customary  to  take  an  attendance  by  joiner 
upon  plumber  to  each  apparatus.  If  the  intended  course  of  the 
pipes  is  known  take  holes  through  walls,  stating  in  each  case 
thickness  of  wall  (afterwards  averaged)  ; if  the  course  is  not  known 
insert  an  item  “allow  for  attendance,  cutting  away  and  making 
good  in  all  trades  after  plumber  (attendance  to  apparatus  else- 
where taken).” 

Bill 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

1 l 

7 

3 

7 

2 

7 

ft. 

in. 

18 

- 

run 

11 

- 

20 

- 

1 

14 

_ 

99 

- 

I 

75 

- 

! M 

25 

Milled  lead  and  labour  in  safes  and  sinks.. 
Ditto  and  labour  in  covering  grooved  drain- 
ing board  

Close  copper  nailing  

Soldered  angle  

No.  16,  4"  lengths  of  ditto 

f"  middling  lead  pipe,  including  bends, 

joints  and  fixing  

1"  ditto 

1J"  ditto 

1£"  ditto 

2"  ditto 


£ 


d. 


PLUMBER. 


i97 


ft. 

in. 

3 

— 

run 

strong  lead  pipe,  including  bends,  joints 
and  fixing 

125 

- 

»» 

§"  ditto 

207 

- 

i"  ditto 

25 

— 

» 

1"  ditto,  and  digging  in  roadway,  as  pro- 
vision   

13 

- 

11"  strong  lead  pipe,  as  before 

27 

- 

>» 

H"  ditto 

12 

- 

3"  ditto  .. 

75 

No. 

»> 

» 

»» 

V 

» 

JJ 

1» 

» 

»5 

» 

» 

2 

4 

1 

10 

6 

3 

2 

1 

3 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

4"  soil  pipe,  weight  9 lbs.  per  foot  run,  in- 
cluding joints,  tacked  and  collared,  and 
fixed  with  strong  wrought-iron  nails  to 
and  including  oak  plugs  in  brickwork  . . 

No.  6 extra  for  bends 

Extra  to  §"  soldered  ends 

Ditto  1"  ditto 

$"  extra  soldered  joints  

f"  ditto 

1"  ditto 

2"  ditto 

Ends  of  1"  pipe  tafted  and  soldered  to  safe 

Ditto  1J"  ditto  

24"  lengths  of  1"  middling  lead  pipe,  all 
bent,  one  end  tafted  and  soldered,  the 
other  end  with  soldered  joint  to  soil  pipe 
36"  lengths  of  3"  lead  soil  pipe,  7 lbs.  per 
foot  run,  all  bent,  one  end  tafted  and 
nailed  to  floor,  the  other  end  with  4" 

soldered  joint  

li"  to  2§"  trumpet-mouthed  standing  waste 
2'  6"  long  out  of  7 lbs.  lead,  and  soldering 

to  brass  waste 

Connections  of  soil  pipe  with  drain,  in- 
cluding lead  flange  out  of  7 lbs.  lead 
soldered  to  4"  pipe  fitted  to  socket  of 
drain  pipe  and  sealed  down  with  cement 
§"  brass  cistern  connector  for  iron  cistern, 
with  fly-nut,  and  union  and  soldered 

joint  

1 " ditto 

§"  boiler  screws,  and  joint  to  iron  cistern, 

and  soldered  joiut  

long  ditto 

li"  brass  washer  and  waste,  with  fly-nut 
and  union,  and  soldered  joint  and  joint 
to  iron  cistern 

?» 

» 

2 

2 

1 

Tyler  and  sons  (2  Newgate  Street,  London) 
|"  gun-metal  loose  valve  screw-down 
high-pressure  bib  cocks,  strong  water- 
works pattern,  with  screw  boss  and 

soldered  joint  

|"  ditto  as  last,  but  screwed  for  iron,  and 

with  joint  to  iron  pipe  

1 " bib  cock,  as  first  described  

2 

|"  brass  high-pressure  screw-down  stop 
cocks,  with  unions  both  ends,  and 
soldered  joints * 

£ 


d. 


19s 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


No. 

1 

1 

yy 

1 

yy 

2 

yy 

2 

yy 

<M 

yy 

1 

yy 

1 

yy 

3 

yy 

1 

yy 

1 

1 

1"  gun-metal  ditto  strong  water- works 

pattern,  and  ditto  

Shanks’  (46  Cannon  Street,  London)  bath 
plate  for  1"  supplies  and  waste,  with 
discharge  pipe  and  grating  tested  and 
stamped  by  the  New  River  Company,  and 

joints  and  fixing  

2£"  brass  Butler’s  pantry  washer  plug,  and 
extra  strong  brass  chain,  and  soldering  to 

sink  and  soldered  joint  

4"  heavy  brass  thimble  or  tail  piece  to  soil 
pipe  and  soldered  joint,  and  connection 

with  gully 

Bolding’s  No.  92  3-gallon  “ Tranquil” 
syphon  water-waste  preventing  cistern, 
with  strong  brass  chain  and  porcelain 
pull,  including  soldered  joints  to  supply, 
overflow  and  flushing  pipe,  and  fixing  on 
and  including  galvanised  iron  orna- 
mental brackets 

Jennings’  (Stangate,  Lambeth)  figure  4 
housemaid’s  sink  3'  6"  long,  with  im- 
proved square  top,  flushing  rim,  earthen- 
ware slop  sink  with  loose  grating,  3” 
drawn  lead  trap  and  §"  hot  and  cold  taps, 

and  all  joints  and  fixing 

Bolding’s  strong  copper  bath  5'  6”  long, 
japanned  white  inside,  with  unions  for 
overflow  and  waste,  and  joints  and  fixing 
Doulton’s  (Lambeth)  flush-out  closet  with 
white  basin  and  trap,  P.C.  12s.  6d.,  and 

joints  and  fixing  

Bolding’s  No.  22  new  pattern  white  Kenon 
pedestal  closet,  with  fixed  slop  top  in  one 
piece  of  earthenware,  and  joints  and  fixing 
Galvanised  wrought-iron  riveted  cistern, 
size  2'  6”  x 2'  6”  x 3'  0”,  and  fixing 
Ditto,  6'  0”  x 4'  0”  x 4'  6”,  of  boiler 
plate  with  angle  iron  around  top,  bottom 
and  angles,  and  one  cross  stay,  and  all 
necessary  holes  for  pipes,  and  hoisting 
and  fixing  50  feet  above  pavement  level 
Allow  for  paying  fees  to  water  company 
for  connection  with  main,  for  supplying 
screw  ferrule,  and  for  making  good  roads 
and  footways  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
local  authorities 


£ s. 


d. 


HOT-WATER  SYSTEM. 

This  work  is  rarely  done  as  the  surveyor  measures  it,  in  which 
case  it  would  be  remeasured  at  completion.  As  the  price  of  the 
pipe,  including  fittings,  such  as  tees,  bends,  &c.,  is  quite  well  known, 
they  are  generally  measured  together ; their  separation  involves 
much  trouble  and  small  advantage. 


ZINC  WORKER. 


199 


It  is  generally  most  convenient  to  have  the  whole  of  the  items  of 
the  hot- water  system  in  the  same  part  of  the  bill  of  quantities,  they 
can  then  be  easily  omitted  if  a remeasurement  should  be  necessary. 

Measure  the  pipes,  per  foot  run.  State  the  size,  quality,  if 
galvanised,  whether  including  fittings,  how  jointed. 

Number  the  hot-water  cylinder,  or  cistern,  stating  its  capacity, 
specially  mention  the  manhole,  brass  unions  and  soldered  joints. 

The  Taps.  State  size  and  say  whether  screwed  for  iron  stop 
cock,  as  last,  and  state  whether  with  brass  unions  at  each  end. 

Safety  valve  describe,  and  a P.C.  may  be  stated.  Item  for  drill- 
ing boiler  of  range  and  connecting  flow  and  return  to  it.  Item  for 
attendance  and  making  good. 

Bill 

Hot  Water  Supply.  £ s d 

§"  iron  pipe  as  described  

1"  ditto 

Tyler  and  Son’s  §"  gun-metal  loose  valve 
screw -down  high-pressure  bib  cocks, 
strong  water-works  pattern,  with  screw 
boss  and  union,  engraved  Hot,  and  joint 

to  iron  pipe  

Emanuel  aud  Son’s  (57  Marylebone  Lane, 

London)  polished  brass  valve,  with 
spoke  knob  and  china  tablet  lettered,  and 

soldered  joint 

1"  brass  strong  water- works  pattern  high- 
pressure  screw-down  stop  cock,  with 
unions  both  ends  and  soldered  joints 
Bolding’s  f"  No.  829  dead  weight  safety 

valve,  and  joint  to  iron 

Drilling  boiler  of  range  for  1"  flow  and  re- 
turn, and  for  connecting,  including  short 
lengths  of  pipe,  back-nuts  and  joints  . . 

No.  1 galvanised  wrought-iron  hot- water 
cylinder,  of  i"  plate,  to  hold  50  gallons, 
with  bolted  top,  brass  unions  and  joints, 

and  fixing 

Allow  for  attendance,  cutting  away  and 
making  good,  in  all  trades  after  hot- 
water  engineer 


ZmCWORKER. 

Zinc. — Measure  at  per  foot  superficial  in  the  same  manner  and 
with  the  same  allowances  as  for  lead,  except  that  the  sheets  being 
only  7 feet  and  8 feet  in  length  and  2 feet  8 inches  and  3 feet  wide, 
more  drips  will  be  required.  State  the  gauge,  and  whether 
English  or  “ Vieille  Montagne,”  or  as  may  be. 


ft. 

in. 

250 

- 

run 

100 

- 

»» 

No. 

4 

»» 

2 

5> 

1 

» 

1 

1 

200 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


If  the  zinc  is  corrugated,  state  it,  and  measure  as  if  plain, 
making  no  allowance  for  the  corrugating.  State  how  it  has  been 
measured,  and  the  way  the  sheets  are  connected. 

The  zincworker  usually  charges  his  work  at  a price  per  foot 
superficial,  including  everything  except  soldered  shields  to  ends  of 
rolls ; these  should  be  numbered. 

Observe  that  the  “ rolls  ” should  be  described  (in  the  carpenter’s 
bill)  as  twice  splayed  fillets,  stating  the  size. 

Measure  gutters  and  rain-water  pipes  by  the  foot  run,  stating  the 
size  and  out  of  what  gauge  zinc,  and  that  they  are  measured  net. 

Number  the  angles,  outlets,  &c,,  to  gutter,  and  the  heads,  shoes, 
bends,  &c.,  to  the  rain-water  pipes. 

Articles  of  ornamental  stamped  zinc  may  be  described  by 
numbers  from  a trade  list. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

754 

- 

supl. 

352 

- 

174 

- 

No. 

155 

194 

run 

102 

- 

55 

No.  15  zinc,  as  described  in  flats 

„ 12  zinc,  ditto  in  flashings  

„ 12  zinc,  ditto  in  stepped  flashings 

Soldered  shields  to  rolls  

3"  rain-water  pipe  out  of  No.  15  zinc,  with 
ears  soldered  on  and  fixed  with  strong 
galvanised  iron  nails  to  brickwork, 

measured  net 

No.  10  shoes 

„ 8 swan  necks  15"  projection 

„ 10  plinth  bends  2i"  projection  .. 

4"  Half  round  eaves  gutter  out  of  No.  15 
zinc,  including  stout  zinc  clips  nailed  to 

the  rafters,  measured  net 

No.  18  stopped  ends  

„ 10  outlets  .1 

„ 4 angles 


£ 


d. 


PLASTERER. 


Keep  external  work  separate  from  internal  work. 

Measure  plastering  generally  by  the  yard  superficial.  In  all 
work,  except  cement  and  stucco  work,  narrow  widths  may  be  in- 
cluded with  the  general  work.  Measure  walls  and  partitions  from 
top  of  skirting  grounds  to  ceiling  where  not  plastered  down  to 
floor ; where  they  are,  measure  from  floor  to  ceiling.  If  only  ren- 
dered behind  skirtings,  measure  as  if  ordinary  plastering  down  to 
floor,  the  difference  in  value  is  so  small  as  not  to  be  worth  the 
distinction. 


PLASTERER. 


201 


Where  plastering  is  on  old  walls,  take  “ hacking  off  old  plaster- 
ing, and  raking  out  joints  to  form  key  ” for  new,  and  where  the 
surface  is  likely  to  be  very  uneven,  say  in  the  description,  “ allow 
for  any  necessary  dubbing  with  tiles  and  cement.” 

If  part  of  the  plastering  is  on  old,  and  part  on  new  walls,  the 
dubbing  must  be  separately  measured. 

If  it  is  at  any  time  necessary  to  produce  a face  more  than 
1 inch  beyond  the  face  of  brickwork,  add  to  the  description  the 
words  “and  dubbing  out  with  tiles  and  cement.” 

If  any  plastering  is  to  be  more  than  1 inch  thick  it  must  be 
stated. 

Keep  circular  plastering  separate  from  straight. 

Keep  plastering  in  small  quantities  separate  from  the  rest,  and 
measure  by  the  foot  superficial  instead  of  by  the  yard. 

If  any  plastering  is  finished  in  gauged  stuff  it  must  be  stated 
in  the  description,  and  say  what  it  is  gauged  with  and  proportions 
of  the  material. 

Deduct  openings  clear  of  the  grounds,  or  clear  of  the  openings 
where  there  are  no  grounds. 

Make  no  deductions  for  chimneypieces,  as  the  quantity  not  de- 
ducted is  considered  equivalent  to  the  making  good  ; or  deduct 
plastering,  and  add  . . . making  good  to  chimneypieces. 

The  case  of  plastering  to  specially  high  stories  may  be  met  by 
a clause  in  the  preliminary  bill,  which  see. 

When  cement  work,  as  in  reveals,  &c.,  is  stopped  against  stone, 
terra-cotta,  or  brick  facings,  state  it. 

Pugging,  per  yard  superficial. — State  the  thickness  and  of  what 
composed.  Measure  the  whole  surface,  including  the  space  occupied 
by  joists,  and  state  that  the  joists  are  not  deducted. 

Counterlathing  and  Fillets  and  Twice  Rough  Rendering  to 
Partitions,  per  yard  superficial. 

Plastering  to  Walls,  at  per  yard  superficial. — State  if  render, 
render  and  set,  or  render,  float  and  set,  if  circular  keep  separate 
and  bill  in  feet  instead  of  yards. 

Plastering  to  Partitions,  at  per  yard  superficial. — State  if  lath, 
plaster  and  set,  or  lath , plaster , float  and  set,  if  “ lath  and  half  ” or 
“ double  laths.”  The  foregoing  descriptions  in  italics  will  be  suffi- 
cient when  the  lathing  is  of  the  common  thickness.  Deductions  as 
to  walls. 


202 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Stucco,  per  yard  superficial. — State  if  “ render,  float  and  finish, 
trowelled  or  bastard  stucco  for  paint,”  or  “ lath,  plaster,  float  and 
finish,  trowelled  or  bastard  stucco  for  paint.”  State  if  floated  with 
a felt  float.  If  circular,  if  in  narrow  widths  or  small  quantities, 


measure  at  per  foot  superficial. 

Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

76 

- 

_ 

supl. 

Twice  whiten  ceilings  and  soffits 

254 

- 

- 

11 

Pugging  2"  thick  of  lime,  sand  and  chopped 
hay  (the  joists  not  deducted) 

72 

11 

Lathing  and  stout  deal  fillets  nailed  to  the 
quarters,  and  rough  render  one  coat  on 
both  sides  between  quarters  of  partitions, 
the  quarters  not  deducted  

110 

— 

— 

19 

Rake  out  joints  of  old  brickwork  to  form 
key  for  plastering  

15 

— 

- 

11 

Dubbing  out  1"  thick  in  tiles  and  cement 
on  old  walls  

10 

- 

- 

11 

Render  and  set  walls 

75 

- 

- 

11 

Render  float  and  set  ditto 

64 

- 

- 

11 

Ditto,  circular  

110 

— 

— 

11 

Render  float  and  finish  trowelled  stucco  for 
paint 

142 

- 

- 

19 

Lath,  plaster  and  set  partitions 

425 

- 

- 

11 

Lath,  plaster,  float  and  set  ditto 

9 

- 

11 

Ditto,  circular  

400 

11 

Render  float  and  set  walls  gauged  with 
equal  quantities  of  lime  and  cement 

£ 


d. 


Plastering  to  Ceilings  and  Soffits,  at  per  yard  superficial. — 
As  described  for  partitions,  but  state  that  it  is  to  ceilings  and 
soffits.  Keep  sloping  ceilings  separate.  If  between  rafters  state 
it ; measure  the  rafters  in,  and  state  that  they  are  not  deducted. 
If  in  panels,  describe  as  “ in  panels  not  exceeding  . . . yards  each.” 
Keep  flueing  soffits  separate.  The  whitening  will  be  measured 
with  the  plastering,  but  separate  in  the  bill.  The  theory  is  to 
deduct  from  the  ceiling  the  projection  of  cornice  at  one  side  and 
end,  but  this  is  rarely  done  unless  the  cornice  is  unusually  large 
(24  inches  girth). 

Bill. 


1 yds* 

ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

supl. 

[ 64 

_ 

_ 

i ” 

|[  29 

- 

- 

11 

75 

- 

1 11 

20 

- 

Lath,  plaster,  float  and  set  ceilings  and 

soffits 

Ditto,  sloping 

Ditto,  between  rafters,  the  timbers 

measured  in  

Lath,  plaster,  float  and  set  sloping  ceiling 
in  panels,  not  exceeding  4 feet  superficial 

each  

Lath,  plaster,  float  and  set  flueing  soffits  . . 


£ 


d. 


I 


PLASTERER. 


203 


Measure  at  per  foot  run. — Reveals  not  exceeding  9 inches  wide. 
Where  with  an  arris,  describe  both  together  as  arris  and  . . . inch 
return,  arris,  beads,  chamfers,  rounded  angles,  of  the  two  latter, 
stating  girth  or  width.  Arrises  to  salient  angles  of  walls  or  parti- 
tions. 


ft. 

in. 

20 

- 

run 

73 

- 

>* 

42 

- 

»» 

17 

- 

22 

Bill. 


Arris  

Arris  and  7"  return  

Bead  and  two  quirks,  3"  girth  in  all 
Chamfer  2"  wide,  and  arrises 
Rounded  angle,  6"  girth 


£ s. 


d. 


Incised  Plastering,  per  yard  superficial , or  a price  per  yard 
should  he  provided.  Give  a sketch  to  show  the  kind  of  work.  If 
in  panels  number  them,  giving  the  size  and  a sketch.  Bill  in  feet. 
The  material  will  be  defined  by  the  sub-heading  under  which  it 
appears,  as  ordinary  plastering,  Portland  cement,  &c. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

15 

- 

supl. 

Labour  and  materials  to  incised  plastering, 

to  design 

No. 

4 

Ditto  in  panels  18"  x 12"  ditto 

£ s. 


d. 


Rough  Cast,  per  yard  superficial. — State  composition  whether  on 
brick  or  lath,  describe  the  laths,  if  in  small  quantities  measure  per 
foot  superficial. 


yds.  j 

ft. 

in. 

750 

- 

- 

supl. 

643 

>» 

Bill. 

Rough  oast,  made  with  clean  sharp  washed 
shingle  and  sand,  and  Portland  cement 

in  approved  proportions 

Lath  with  oak  laths  as  described,  plaster 
and  float  in  lime  and  hair,  and  finish 
with  rough  cast,  made  with  clean  sharp 
washed  shingle  and  sand,  and  Portland 
cement  in  approved  proportions,  between 
timbers  the  panels  averaging  12"  wide 
in  clear,  and  many  to  irregular  shapes, 
measured  net,  and  clean  timbers  ready 
for  painting  


£ s.'d. 


204 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Cornices. — Where  not  exceeding  12  inches  in  girth  by  the 
foot  run , where  exceeding  12  inches  in  girth  by  the  foot  superficial. 
If  the  cornices  do  not  exceed  12  inches  in  girth  the  length 
of  the  walls  will  be  sufficiently  near  for  the  length  of  the  cornice ; 
where  they  exceed  12  inches  in  girth  the  mean  length  must  be 
taken. 

Where  cornices  are  bracketed  keep  them  separate,  and  state 
that  they  are  “ on  lath.” 

Where  cornices  are  enriched  measure  the  whole  girth  of  the 
cornice,  including  the  space  which  will  be  occupied  by  the  enrich- 
ment, as  moulded  work. 

Coves,  in  cases  where  they  are  not  run  in  the  same  process 
which  produces  the  cornice,  should  be  measured  per  foot  super- 
ficial, and  described  as  coves ; otherwise  measure  and  describe  them 
as  cornices. 

It  is  customary  where  the  girth  of  a cornice  is  measured  from 
the  mould  used  to  run  it,  to  allow  1 inch  beyond  the  actual  girth 
on  the  mould.  Make  the  same  allowance  when  measuring  from  a 
detail  drawing.  This  allowance  is  to  cover  the  expense  of  running 
a screed  on  the  ceiling.  See  also  preamble  to  Plasterer’s  bill, 
Chapter  IV.,  section  Billing.  In  the  absence  of  details  it  will  be 
reasonable  to  assume  that  the  height  of  the  wall  and  width  of  ceiling 
covered  by  cornice  added  together  equal  three-quarters  of  the  girth, 
that  one-third  of  this  is  on  wall  and  two-thirds  on  ceiling. 

It  is  not  usual  to  make  any  distinction  foi^  short  lengths  of 
cornice,  where  of  the  usual  character,  as  to  returns  of  chimney 
breasts,  but  where  from  the  nature  of  the  work  there  are  many, 
anything  under  18  inches  in  length  should  be  described  as  in  short 
lengths,  and  kept  separate. 

Number  all  the  mitres,  irregular  mitres,  stopped  ends,  stopped 
ends  on  splay,  returned  and  mitred  ends,  stating  girth  of  cornice, 
circular  corners,  stating  girth  of  corner  and  cornice. 

Enrichments,  per  foot  run. — State  the  girth,  and  whether  to 
design. 

Number  the  mitres,  and  state  whether  specially  modelled. 

Stopped  ends,  &c.,  as  to  cornices. 

In  all  cases  of  enrichments  state  that  modelling  is  to  be 
included. 


PLASTERER . 


205 


Bill 


Fine  Plaster . 


ft. 

70 

in. 

_ 

supl. 

Plain  face  on  lath,  including  dubbing  out 

402 

1J"  to  form  panel  margin  

Moulded  cornice 

30 

- 

run 

Ditto  6"  girth  

86 

No.  4 mitres 

Ditto  9"  girth  

251 

_ 

No.  16  mitres 

Ditto  10"  girth  

1065 

No.  29  mitres 

„ 1 stopped  end  on  splay  

„ 2 mitred  returned  ends  

Ditto  12"  girth  

47 

- 

yy  1 

Ditto  12"  girth  on  lath 

80 

No.  145  mitres  

„ 2 returned  mitred  ends  

Ditto  12"  girth,  on  lath  with  two  enrich- 

70 

yy 

ments  3"  girth 

No.  8 mitres 

„ 2 irregular  ditto 

„ quadrant  corners  9"  girth 

Enrichment  7"  girth  to  detail  

74 

. 

yy 

No.  6 mitres 

Ditto  9"  girth  

No. 

46 

12 

No.  4 mitres 

„ 2 stopped  ends  

Mitres  to  cornice,  average  15"  girth 
Ditto,  irregular  

£ 


d. 


Moulded  ceiling  ribs  per  foot  run. — State  girth  and  that  they 
are  to  include  cutting  to  form  key  and  making  good  after.  If  net 
girth  state  it.  If  not,  add  to  girth  2 inches  for  screeds. 

Number  the  mitres,  stopped  ends,  &c.  It  will  be  found  most 
convenient  where  ribs  intersect  to  count  and  describe  the  mitres  as 
“ half-mitres.” 


In  the  case  of  ceilings  with  ribs,  an  item  should  appear  in  the 
bill  something  like  the  following : “ Allow  for  setting  out  ceiling 


29  feet  x 21  feet  (‘  to  irregular  plan/  if  irregular)  in  geometrical 
panels  to  detail.” 

Bill 


I ft. 

in. 

112 

run 

Ceiling  ribs  1£"  X 2£",  moulded  5"  girth, 
including  cutting  to  form  key  and  mak- 
ing good  after 

105 

)> 

Ditto,  circular  

No.  412  half  mitres  

Allow  for  setting  out  ceiling  18'  0"  X 11'  0", 
to  geometrical  plan  to  detail 

£ s.  d 


206 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Generally  at  per  foot  run . — Plaster  quirk.  Making  good  plaster- 
ing to  slate  shelves,  &c.  Mouldings  not  exceeding  12  inches  girth, 
stating  the  girth  and  counting  the  mitres. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

70 

_ 

run 

Plaster  quirk 

104 

>> 

Moulding  3"  girth  

No.  24  mitres 

„ 2 stopped  ends  

„ 4 ditto  on  splay 

26 

>5 

Make  good  plastering  to  edges  of  slate 
shelves  

£ 


d. 


Generally  number , making  good  plastering  to  ends  of  bearers, 
cantilevers,  handrails,  &c.,  and  to  those  things  which  have  been 
fixed  after  plastering  was  done. 

Lengths  of  mouldings,  modillions,  paterae,  caps  to  columns  or 
pilasters,  stating  size  and  giving  full  description  and  sketch,  and 
state  that  they  include  modelling,  or  the  repetition  of  the  allusion 
to  modelling  may  be  avoided  by  the  insertion  of  a clause  in  the 
preamble  of  the  bill. 

Bill. 


1 

No. 

4 

1 »» 

1 

2 

)) 

2 

18"  lengths  of  moulding  9"  girth,  with  two 
external  mitres,  two  internal  mitres,  and 
two  internal  irregular  mitres  to  each  as 
caps  to  angle  pilasters,  including  model- 
ling   

Cast  centre  flower  4'  6"  diameter  to  design, 
including  cutting  away  to  form  key  and 

making  good  

Enriched  Ionic  caps  to  columns,  with 
moulded  abacus  and  necking  10"  x 10" 

and  10"  high  

Foliated  caps  to  piers  14"  wide,  with  one 
4£"  and  one  14"  return,  and  5"  high  . . 


£ s. 


d. 


Portland  Cement,  per  yard  superficial. — Measure  as  for  other 
plastering.  State  whether  “ rendered,”  plain-face,  render  and  float, 
or  trowelled,  and  whether  on  brick  or  lath.  Describe  anything 
under  2 feet  wide  as  in  narrow  widths. 

Measure  all  arrises,  rustic  grooves,  &c.,  and  mouldings  not 
exceeding  12-inch  girth,  at  per  foot  run. 

Measure  mouldings  over  12  inches  girth  at  per  foot  superficial. 

Mouldings,  arrises,  &c.,  not  exceeding  18  inches  long  should  be 
described  as  in  short  lengths  and  kept  separate. 


PLASTERER. 


207 


If  mouldings  are  flush,  state  it. 

Observe  that  all  cement  work  forming  plain  faces  between  rustic 
grooves  must  be  described  as  in  narrow  widths. 

Generally  per  foot  run.  Skirtings,  state  height  and  whether 
square,  flush-beaded,  chamfered,  or  moulded.  If  dubbed  out,  state 
how  much  projection. 

Angle,  state  if  with  one  or  two  returns,  and  the  width  of  the 
returns. 

Angle  beads,  and  state  if  with  one  or  two  quirks.  Chamfered 
angles,  state  width.  Splays,  state  width  and  that  they  include 
two  arrises,  and  describe  returns  if  any. 

The  repetition  of  the  words  Portland  cement  in  each  item  may 
be  avoided  by  arranging  a subsection  of  the  bill  headed  Portland 
Cement. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

70 

- 

- 

supl. 

Portland  cement,  plain  face  

40 

_ 

99 

Ditto,  in  narrow  widths  

990 

- 

99 

Ditto,  11"  thick,  in  narrow  widths  to  form 
rustics 

62 

- 

_ 

99 

Ditto,  trowelled 

63 

- 

99 

Ditto,  in  narrow  widths  

105 

- 

99 

Portland  cement  moulding 

20 

- 

99 

Ditto  in  short  lengths 

65 

— 

run 

Arris  

54 

- 

99 

Ditto,  slightly  chamfered 

6 

- 

99 

Mitre  to  splay  

10 

- 

99 

Arris,  and  two  2"  returns 

25 

_ 

99 

Ditto,  and  one  2"  and  one  9"  return 

380 

- 

99 

Flush  bead,  and  two  quirks  1|"  wide  in  all 
No.  40  mitres 

520 

- 

99 

Rustic  groove,  1£"  wide  and  £"  deep .. 

247 

99 

Splay  4"  wide,  including  arrises 

No.  40  mitres 

„ 20  ditto,  irregular 

75 

- 

99 

Moulding  6"  girth  

12 

99 

Ditto  in  short  lengths 

No.  4 mitres 

,,  2 stopped  ends  . . . . : 

194 

- 

99 

Square  skirting  7"  high,  including  mitres, 
stopped  ends,  &c 

67 

- 

99 

Ditto  raking  to  stairs 

13 

- 

99 

Ditto  ramped  to  ditto 

No.  14,  extra  for  short  ramps  

Skirting  moulded  3"  girth,  12"  high  in  all 

No.  10  mitres 

„ 2 ditto,  irregular 

„ 4,  9"  lengths,  with  one  mitre  and  one 

stopped  end  to  each 

95 

99 

£ s. 


d. 


208 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Generally  numbers.  Mitres  to  skirtings,  splays,  mouldings,  &c. 
Stopped  ends  and  mitres  to  splays,  junctions  of  circular  and 
straight  splays,  &c.  In  all  cases  state  girth  or  width. 

Many  of  these  are  “ written  short  ” after  the  lineal  dimension 
to  which  they  belong. 

Bill. 


No. 

10 

99 

20 

6 

99 

18 

99 

16 

V 

8 

99 

2 

99 

20 

99 

45 

/ 

7 

99 

6 

\ 

> 

Make  good  to  ends  of  iron  bars 

Mitres  to  mouldings  19"  girth  (averaged) 

Splayed  ends  to  ditto  21"  ditto 

Stopped  ends  to  ditto  12"  ditto 

Ditto  on  splay  21"  ditto  

Moulded  stops  to  moulding  15"  ditto 
Returned  and  mitred  ends  to  moulding 

16"  girth 

17"  lengths  of  flush  moulding  4"  girth, 

with  four  irregular  mitres  

Quoins  (as  sketch)  22"  long,  with  12"  re- 
turn and  15"  high,  including  dubbing 
and  projecting  1"  from  general  plastering 
Dubbing  out  for  and  forming  plain  key 
stones  1'  2"  x 1'  8",  and  2"  projection  . . 


£ 


d. 


Martin’s,  Keen’s,  or  Parian  Cement.  — Measure  as  other 
cement  work.  State  whether  on  backings  of  coarse  cement  of  the 
same  kind  or  on  backings  of  Portland  cement. 

Whitening  and  Colouring,  per  yard  superficial. — State  if  clair- 
colled,  if  stippled,  whether  once  or  twice  whitened  or  coloured, 
and  whether  on  plastering  or  brick.  Measure  the  foregoing  with 
the  plastering  on  which  it  is  done. 

Distempering  to  Cornices,  per  foot  run , measured  with  the 
cornices. — State  whether  once  or  twice,  whether  in  one  or  more 
tints,  and  the  girth  of  the  cornice. 


Bill. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

423 

- 

- 

aupl. 

Twice  whiten  ceilings 

140 

— 

- 

Claircolle,  and  twice  distemper  ceilings  a 
tint  

640 

— 

- 

a 

Ditto  walls  pink 

140 

1 

run 

Ditto  cornice  12"  girth,  and  pick  out  two 
members  in  another  tint 

£ 


d. 


Whitening  and  distempering  are  more  often  done  by  painters 
than  by  plasterers,  and  many  surveyors  bill  such  items  in  the 
Painter’s  bill. 


PLASTERER . 


209 


Fibrous  Plaster,  per  yard  superficial. — State  whether  on  walls 
or  ceilings,  how  fixed  and  how  finished,  and  what  with,  and 
whether  it  includes  battens.  Measure  it  net  and  to  include  all 
cuttings,  and  describe  it  so. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

30 

supl. 

Fibrous  plaster  slabs  of  the  best  quality, 
fixed  with  1|"  galvanised  iron  screws 
to  2"  x 1"  grounds,  about  2 feet  apart, 
plugged  to  walls,  stopped  and  finished 
with  one  coat  of  setting  stuff,  measured 
net,  and  allow  for  all  cutting  and  waste 

44 

I 

1 

Fibrous  plaster  slabs  of  the  best  quality 
as  ceiling,  fixed  with  11"  galvanised  iron 
screws  to  the  joists,  stopped  and  finished 
with  a thin  coat  of  Parian  cement, 
measured  net,  and  allow  for  all  cutting 
and  waste 

£ s. 


d. 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 

Keep  wrought  and  cast  work  separate. 

In  all  cases  of  heavy  work  measure  the  superficial  quantity  of 
iron  and  state  the  thickness  in  the  dimensions,  so  as  to  obtain  the 
weight. 

For  girders,  columns,  stanchions  and  heavy  pieces  of  ironwork 
generally,  state  the  height  of  hoisting  and  what  trades  they  are 
fixed  by. 

Keep  the  different  kinds  of  articles  separate,  and  in  addition  to 
the  weight  state  what  the  weight  comprises,  as,  so  many  columns 
or  stanchions  of  such  a height. 

Take  a pattern  to  every  variety  of  casting  and  an  alteration 
to  pattern  where  the  pattern  is  altered,  as  in  the  instance  of  the 
shortening  of  a column. 

If  artistic  wrought  ironwork  of  high  finish  is  required,  a sum 
should  be  provided  in  the  quantities  founded  on  an  estimate  from 
an  ironworker  to  be  selected. 

In  measuring  labours  on  iron,  be  careful  to  state  if  any  of  the 
work  is  to  iron  in  position,  as  for  instance  “ No  . . . . rivets  |-inch 
diameter  and  including  holes  through  one  thickness  of  ^-inch  and 
of  f-inch  iron  in  position .” 

Observe  to  measure  the  iron  in  the  internal  rounded  angles  of 


v 


210 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


castings,  or  make  a note  to  add  a percentage  to  the  weight  on  the 
abstract.  2J  per  cent,  addition  is  the  ordinary  custom. 

The  dimensions  of  iron  columns  should  always  appear  in  the 
dimensions  immediately  preceding  those  of  the  work  they  support, 
and  at  the  same  time  should  be  measured  all  their  adjuncts,  as 
brick  piers,  stone  bases,  &c. 

Bill. 


cwts. 

' qrs. 

| lbs.  i 

Cast  Iron. 

45 

2 

7 ! 

In  7 hollow  columns,  and  hoisting  and  fix- 
ing at  various  levels,  not  exceeding  40 

feet  above  street  paving . . 

No.  1 pattern  for  hollow  column  8 feet  high, 
with  moulded  base  cap  and  neckiug,  and 

four  brackets  

No.  3 alterations  to  ditto  

70 

3 

14 

In  5 stanchions  of  H section,  and  hoisting 
and  fixing  at  ground  floor  level 
No.  1 pattern  to  stanchion  of  H section, 
with  square  cap  and  base,  and  four 
stiffeners 

£ s. 


d. 


Eaves  Gutters,  per  foot  run. — The  most  frequent  practice  is 
to  measure  by  the  yard,  any  dimension  less  than  3 feet  being 
called  a yard.  Some  surveyors  measure  the  exact  length,  but  if 
this  is  done  it  should  be  described  as  “ measured  net.”  State  size, 
if  jointed  in  red-lead,  if  bolted  at  joints,  if  screwed  to  fascia  or 
rafters*  feet,  if  bedded  on  brickwork  and  blocked  up  to  falls. 
Describe  the  brackets  or  clips  if  of  unusual  pattern. 

If  it  be  desired  to  adopt  a gutter  of  any  particular  manufacture, 
state  the  name  of  manufacturer,  and  the  number  in  their  trade 
catalogue.  State  if  “ heavy.” 

Number.  The  angles,  outlets,  stopped  ends,  returned  and 
mitred  ends.  The  brackets,  if  of  wrought  iron,  stating  the  weight, 
and  if  ornamental.  Give  a sketch,  and  state  how  they  are  fixed,  or 
a trade  catalogue  may  be  referred  to. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

51 

run 

4"  half  round  eaves  gutter,  with  wrought- 
iron  brackets  screwed  to  feet  of  rafters  . . 

No.  4 angles 

„ 4 outlets 

„ 2 stopped  ends  

£ s. 


d. 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 


21  I 


ft. 

114 


run 


Macfarlane’s  (Glasgow)  4£"  x 3£"  No.  12 
eaves  gutter,  bolted  and  jointed  with 
red-lead  cement,  and  fixed  with  stout 

screws  to  fascia 

No.  44  stopped  ends  

„ 4 angles 

„ 2 ditto,  irregular 

„ 23  outlets  cast  on  to  back  of  eaves 
gutter,  with  small  quadrant  bend  into 
rain-water  pipe 


£ 


d . 


Rain- Water  Pipes,  per  foot  run. — Measure  in  the  same  way 
as  described  for  eaves  gutters.  Where  a manufacturer  is  selected, 
give  the  number  in  trade  catalogue  as  described  for  eaves  gutters. 
State  size,  if  “ heavy,”  whether  round  or  square,  if  set  up  in  red- 
lead  or  iron  cement,  if  joints  are  plugged  with  tow,  if  with  ears 
cast  on,  if  nailed  with  rose  head  or  ornamental  nails,  if  with  oak 
or  teak  plugs  in  the  brick  or  stone  work.  If  with  ornamental 
bands  give  price  each,  or  state  number  in  trade  catalogue,  and 
keep  them  separate  from  the  pipe. 

Number  shoes,  plinth  bends  (state  projection),  swan  necks 
(state  projection),  heads,  if  ornamental,  giving  price  or  number  in 
trade  catalogue,  Y pieces.  State  in  all  cases  the  size  of  pipe.  If 
either  of  these  are  described  in  the  bill  as  “ extra  for,”  their  length 
must  first  be  measured  in  with  the  ordinary  pipe. 

If  either  of  the  foregoing  require  to  be  purpose  made  state  it, 
and  that  it  is  to  include  pattern.  Sometimes  troublesome  bends 
are  made  in  heavy  lead  pipe,  generally  at  a less  cost  than  in  iron. 


ft. 

69 


342 


Bill 

3"  round  rain-water  pipe,  with  ears  cast 
on,  and  fixing  with  wrouglit-iron  rose- 
headed nails  to  brickwork  

No.  5 shoes 

„ 2 elbows 

„ 5 extra  for  plinth  beads,  projection 
„ 4 extra  for  swan  necks,  15"  projection 
Macfarlane’s  (Glasgow)  4"x3"  heavy  rain- 
water pipe,  fixed  with  loose  bands  (else- 
where taken),  with  wrought-iron  nails  to 
and  including  teak  plugs  in  brickwork 

No.  14  extra  for  bends 

„ 11  plinth  bends,  3"  projection  .. 

„ 26  shoes 

„ 117,  No.  6 Macfarlane’s  loose  bands 
„ 5,  No.  13,  ditto  heads 


£ s.  d. 


p 2 


quantity  surveying. 


King  or  Queen  Heads,  number. - 
that  it  is  to  include  pattern. 

Bill 


-Give  weight  of  each.  State 


No. 


King  heads,  weight  112  lbs.  each,  including 
pattern  and  fixing  by  carpenter 


d. 


Coal  Plates,  number. — State  diameter,  whether  plain  or  illu- 
minating, and  include  wrought-iron  hook,  chain,  staple  and 
padlock,  and  protecting  ring  if  any. 


Bill. 


No.  1 


Hayward  Bros.’  (Union  Street,  London, 
S.E.)  patent  14"  illuminating  coal  plate 
with  protecting  ring,  stout  chain,  hook 
and  staple,  and  fixing  to  brickwork,  and 
running  ring  with  cement  


£ s. 


d. 


Pavement  Lights,  number. — State  size,  if  illuminating,  state 
how  glazed,  if  prismatic,  if  with  round  or  square  lenses,  if  with 
irregular  angles  or  irregular  shaped. 

If  patent,  give  address  of  manufacturer  and  number  in  trade 
catalogue. 

The  adoption  of  stock  sizes  will  save  time  and  expense. 


Bill. 


No. 

2 

Hayward  Bros.’  (Union  Street,  London, 
S.E.)  pavement  lights  glazed  with  4"  x 
3"  convex  lenses,  section  2 C.  C.,  the 
lenses  bedded  in  red-lead,  and  the  frames 
bedded  in  cement,  3'  9"  x 1'  7"  .. 

Ditto,  to  irregular  shape,  3'  0"  x 1'  4" 

2 

extreme  

V 

Ditto,  semicircular,  3'  0"  diameter  . . 

£ s.  d. 


Gratings  or  Panels. — State  size  and  thickness,  or  refer  to  a 
number  in  a trade  book. 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 


213 


Bill 


No. 


5 


»> 


2 


gratings,  with  1"  bars  about  2£"  apart, 
and  1"  border,  and  coating  while  hot 
with  a mixture  of  boiling  tar  and  pitch, 
including  pattern  and  fixing,  and  run- 
ning with  cement,  3'  0"  x 1'  3" 
Macfarlane’s  (Glasgow)  No.  389  ornamental 
panel  1'  9"  X 1'  9",  and  fixing  by  brick- 
layer, and  forming  and  rendering  open- 
ing with  cement  through  1^-brick  wall 


£ s. 


d. 


Ornamental  Balusters  or  Newels. — Generally  selected  from 
a trade  catalogue  and  described  by  a number. 


Bill. 


No. 

8 

Macfarlane’s  (Glasgow)  No.  629  baluster 

and  fixing,  and  riveting  to  core  rail 

2 

Ditto  newel  No.  671,  and  fixing  and  rivet- 

ing to  core  rail 

£ 


d. 


Rolled  Joists  in  small  or  medium  sizes,  up  to  9 inches  deep, 


at  per  foot  run , billed  at  per  cwt. — State  if  to  exact  lengths,  if  they 
are  hoisted  to  various  heights.  State  the  weight  in  lbs.  per  foot 
run.  If  over  30  feet  long,  state  it  and  keep  them  separate. 

Large  Rolled  Joists,  per  foot  run,  billed  at  per  cwt. — State  the 
number  of  joists  comprised  in  the  weight,  and  the  height  of  hoisting. 

Many  large  girders  are  constructed  of  rolled  joists  of  stock  sizes 
with  a bottom  or  top  plate  or  both  bolted  on ; they  should  be 
separately  billed. 

Iron  or  steel  joists  are  usually  selected  by  their  weight  per 
foot  run  from  an  iron  merchant’s  list.  Iron  joists  or  girders  should 
always  in  the  dimensions  immediately  precede  the  work  they 
support,  as  a wall  or  floor. 

Bill 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

41 

.3 

21 

26 

2 

14 

27 

1 

7 

20 

- 

- 

Rolled  joists  not  exceeding  9"  deep,  cut  to 
exact  lengths,  hoisting  to  various  levels, 

and  fixing  by  bricklayer 

Ditto  not  exceeding  12"  deep,  and  ditto  .. 
Ditto  18"  deep  in  two  joists,  and  hoisting 
and  fixing  60  feet  above  street  level  by 

bricklayer 

In  one  combination  girder  of  two  10"  x 5" 
joists,  and  1"  top  and  bottom  plate, 
bolted  together,  and  hoisting  and  fixing 
25  feet  from  ground  level . . 


£ 1 s. 


d. 


214 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Riveted  Girders,  measure  the  iron  per  foot  superficial,  stating 
thickness  of  iron,  bill  at  per  cwt. — Add  5 per  cent,  of  the  total 
weight  in  abstract  for  the  weight  of  rivets  of  the  usual  distance 
apart  (“  4-inch  pitch  ”). 

Five  per  cent,  is  the  usual  allowance,  but  in  deep  lattice  girders 
per  cent,  is  sometimes  sufficient. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

26 

1 

7 

In  one  riveted  girder  23  feet  long,  of  boiler 
plate,  with  angle  irons  and  stiffeners, 
and  hoisting  and  fixing  24  feet  above 
ground  level  

£ 


s. 


d. 


Flitch  Plates,  at  per  foot  superficial , billed  at  per  cwt. — State 
that  they  include  perforations,  or  the  perforations  may  be  taken 
separately,  stating  their  diameter  and  the  thickness  of  the  iron. 


Bill. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

22 

2 

14 

In  rolled  iron  flitches,  including  perfora- 

tions and  fixing  by  carpenter 

Chimney  and  Bearing  Bars,  at  per  foot  run,  billed  at  per  cwt. — 
Generally  measured  about  2 feet  longer  than  opening,  and  \ inch 
by  2^  inches.  State  size,  and  if  cambered  and  caulked,  and  add  to 
description  “ and  fixing  by  bricklayer.” 


Bill. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

2 

0 

21 

In  chimney  and  bearing  bars,  cambered 

and  caulked,  and  fixing  by  bricklayer  . . 

Straps  and  Bolts,  at  per  foot  run,  billed  at  per  cwt. — Describe 
as  “ bolts  and  straps,  including  perforations.”  Only  bolts  over 
24  inches  long  should  be  included  with  the  foregoing.  Some 
surveyors  allow  in  the  measurement  six  times  the  diameter  of  the 
bolt  for  the  head  and  nut,  but  it  is  better  to  make  an  item  “ extra 
for  large  head  nut  and  washer  to  1^-inch  bolt,”  or  as  the  case 
may  be. 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 


2I5 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

2 

1 

7 

No. 

3 

Bill. 

In  bolts  and  straps,  including  perforations 

and  fixing  by  carpenter 

Extra  for  sets  of  large  heads,  nuts  and 
washers  to  1£"  bolts 


s.  d. 


Saddle-Bars,  per  foot  run. — State  also  the  total  weight  in  bill. 
State  if  round  or  square,  the  size  of  section,  and  if  galvanised. 
Rings  of  saddle-bar  are  best  numbered,  stating  the  number  of  points 
to  each. 

When  a provision  is  made  for  stained  glass  those  windows  in 
which  it  occurs  may  be  omitted  from  the  measurement  of  saddle^ 
bars ; the  persons  who  supply  the  glass  prefer  to  supply  them  also. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

242 

- 

run 

diameter  galvanized  iron  saddle-bars 

(weight  1 cwt.  1 qr.  21  lbs.) 

Hoop  Iron. — See  Bricklayer. 

Handrails,  at  per  foot  run,  billed  at  per  cwt. — In  bill,  state  length, 
size  and  section,  as  well  as  weight;  describe  as  framed.  Keep 
the  ramped  or  wreathed  parts  separate,  but  treat  in  the  same 
manner.  Number  the  scrolls  as  “ extra  labour  ” the  iron  being 
measured  in  with  the  straight  rail. 


qrs. 

lbs. 

3 

21 

In  2"  x £"  framed  handrail  (25  feet  run) 

1 

- 

2"  x ■§- " ditto,  wreathed  (6  feet  run)  . . 
No.  1 extra  labour  forging  scroll 

„ 1 end  forged,  perforated,  countersunk 

and  screwed  

„ 2 extra  for  forging  small  ramps  . . 

£ 


d. 


Area  Gratings,  the  bars  and  rails  at  per  foot  run,  stating  size 
in  the  dimensions  afterwards  reduced  to  weight  billed  at  per  cwt. 
— Describe  them  as  framed.  “ Framed  ” implies  all  the  necessary 
perforations,  riveting,  &c. 

Bill 


II  cwts. 

I 1 


qrs.  lbs.  | 
1 1 21 ! 


In  one  framed  area  grating . . 


£ s. 


d. 


2l6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Guard  Bars,  at  per  foot  run , billed  at  per  cwt. — As  for  area 
gratings.  Number  the  forged  ends  (generally  pointed),  stating  the 
size  of  bar. 


Bill. 


cwts. 

! qrs. 

lbs. 

3 

14 

In  framed  guard  bars,  and  fixing  by  joiner 
No.  22  ends  of  1£"  X f"  bar,  forged,  and 
with  countersunk  perforation  and  large 

screw 

No.  2 ends  of  §"  bar,  pointed  

£ 


d. 


Newels  of  Balusters,  at  per  foot  run , stating  size  and  whether 
round  or  square,  billed  at  per  cict.  Describe  as  “framed  balusters.” 
Increased  size  to  parts  of  bars  or  rails  are  numbered  and  described 
as  “ extra  labour  and  iron  ” and  a sketch  assists  the  description. 


Bill. 


cwts. 

! qrs. 

lb*. 

£ 

s. 

d. 

2 

2 

7 

In  f"  diameter  framed  balusters 

2 

1 

14 

In  1£"  x 1£"  framed  newels  

As  many  estimators  price  handrail,  balusters  and  newels  at  a 
uniform  price  per  cwt.,  some  surveyors  put  all  together  in  one  item 
as  follows. 


Bill. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

5 

14 

No. 

20 

In  framed  balustrade 

Extra  labour  and  iron  on  2"  x rail  for 

increasing  to  3£"  x 31",  where  11" 
standard  passes  through,  as  sketch 

£ s. 


d. 


Core  Bails,  at  per  foot  run. — In  the  bill  state  length,  size,  as 
well  as  total  weight.  Keep  the  wreathed  or  ramped  parts  separate. 
Number  the  extra  labours. 


qrB. 

lbs. 

1 

21 

1 

Bill. 

In  1"  X core  rail,  with  countersunk 
holes  and  screws  (60  feet  run) 

In  1"  x I"  ditto,  wreathed  (30  feet  run)  .. 

No.  10  forging  short  lengths  of  level 

circular  

„ 3 forging  short  ramps 

„ 1 forging  end  as  newel  cap  3"  dia- 
meter, extra  metal  and  labour 


£ 


s.  d. 


I 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 


217 


Iron  Roof  Trusses. — Measure  the  various  sections  of  bar,  rod, 
angle  or  tee  iron,  &c.,  per  foot  run  and  bill  by  weight,  stating  the 
number  of  trusses  and  the  sizes  of  their  parts.  The  shoes  are 
usually  of  cast  iron,  these  appear  as  numbers,  give  description  and 
weight  of  each.  It  is  best  to  put  them  all  together  in  the  bill  as 
a sub-section  headed  Iron  Roof  Trusses. 


Bill 


I cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

135 

1 

21 

No. 

9 

•n 

27 

» 

16 

» 

24 

»> 

8 

»> 

15 

»» 

36 

48 

>» 

32 

>> 

8 

»» 

8 

» 

34 

8 

16 

32 

16 

• • 

Iron  Hoof  Trusses. 

In  No.  8 roof  trusses  of  4"  x 3",  angle  iron 
rafters  3£"  X 3f",  struts  and  rods  vary- 
ing from  to  If"  diameter,  and  hoisting 
and  fixing  about  32  feet  from  ground  to 

ridge 

Ends  of  f"  bolt,  forged  as  eye,  and  per- 
forated for  1"  bolt  

Ditto  f"  ditto  and  ditto  

Ditto  1"  bolt,  ditto  for  f"  bolt  

Ditto  If"  bolt,  ditto  for  1"  bolt 

Forging  ends  of  5"  rod  as  fork,  beating  out 

ends  to  form  eye  for  1"  bolt  

Ditto  1"  rod  ditto 

Ends  of  2f"  x f"  bar  forged,  beaten  out 

and  perforated  for  f " bolt  

Ditto  2£"  x f"  ditto  for  1"  bolt 

Ditto  3f  x 3|"  tee  iron,  ditto  for  f " bolt  . . 

Large  nuts  to  bolt 

Ditto  f"  ditto 

Screw  ends  and  nuts  to  f"  bolt 

Unions  and  screw  ends  to  f " bolt ! 

1"  Lewis  bolts  7"  long,  with  nuts  and  screw 

ends 

2£"  lengths  of  3"  x 3"  angle  iron  as  cleats, 
and  riveting  with  two  rivets  to  T5^"  iron, 
and  one  perforation,  and  bolt  7 " long 

with  head  and  nut 

Cast-iron  shoes  to  roof  trusses,  weight 
28  lbs.  each,  including  pattern 


£ s. 


d. 


Numbers.  Holes  rimed  out  as  bolt  holes  (this  only  occurs  in 
cast  Work).  Perforations,  state  diameter  and  the  thickness  of  iron. 
Forged  ends,  state  size  of  bar.  Sets  of  ornamental  heads,  nuts, 
and  washers  to  bolts,  stating  diameter  of  bolt.  This  item  to  bolts 
already  measured  at  per  foot  run,  and  no  allowance  having  been 
made  for  their  weight.  Bolts  up  to  24  inches  long  averaged, 
keeping  separate  those  not  exceeding  and  exceeding  12  inches 
long,  and  keeping  the  various  diameters  separate;  state  if  with 
ornamental  heads,  nuts  and  washers. 


2 1 8 QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Bolts  should  be  measured  from  the  inside  of  head  to  the  point 
of  the  screw. 


Bill. 


No. 

20 

Holes  rimed  out 

99 

10 

Holes  through  £"  iron  for  §"  bolts 

99 

12 

Ditto  f"  ditto  for  1"  ditto 

99 

6 

Forging  ends  of  2"  X £"  bar,  and  hole  for 

f"  bolt  

)9 

6 

Sets  of  ornamental  heads,  nuts  and  washers 

to  1£"  bolt 

99 

37 

y bolts,  average  8"  long,  not  exceeding 

12"  long,  with  heads,  nuts  and  washers, 

and  fixing  by  carpenter 

99 

14 

§"  ditto,  average  8"  long,  and  ditto  .. 

59 

25 

bolts,  average  15"  long,  all  over  12"  long, 

with  heads,  nuts  and  washers,  and  fixing 

by  carpenter  

99 

12 

f"  ditto  average  18"  long,  and  ditto  .. 

99 

6 

|"  bolts  9"  long,  with  head  and  handrail, 

II 

nut,  and  fixing  by  carpenter 

£ 


d. 


End  of  joists  cut,  fitted  and  connected  with  cross-joists,  such 

an  item  as  follows  is  common.  “No ends  of  iron  joists, 

2 J inches  by  7 inches,  cut  and  fitted  to  iron  and  riveted  with  6-inch 
length  of  4-inch  by  4-inch  angle  iron  to  web  of  joist  of  similar 
section.” 


Bill. 


No. 


2 


Fitting  end  of  8"  x 5"  joist  to  12"  x 6" 
transverse  joist,  and  riveting  together 
with  two  6"  lengths  of  2"  x 2"  angle 
iron,  including  perforations 


£ 


d. 


Iron  Casements,  Number. — Stating  name  of  manufacturer,  the 
size  of  each,  and  how  fixed. 


No. 

3 

19 

10 

Bill 

Burt  and  Potts’  (York  Street,  Westminster) 
wrought  iron  casements  and  frames., 
section  1,  quality  2,  with  hinges,  gun- 
metal  stays  and  fastenings,  and  fixing 
and  bedding  in  white-lead  to  wooden 

frames  1'  0"  x 2'  0" 

Ditto,  1'  8"  x 1'  11"  


4? 


s.  d. 


Felt  Pads. — State  size  and  kind  of  felt. 


GASFITTER . 


219 


No. 

20 

>» 

12 

Bill 

Pads  of  stout  asphalted  felt  

12"  x 12"  pads  of  boiler  felt,  16  oz.  per 
sheet  . . 


£ 


s.  d. 


Rivets. — State  diameter,  how  many  thicknesses  of  iron  they 
pass  through,  and  that  they  include  holes,  and  as  these  (as  a general 
rule)  are  separately  measured  only  when  the  work  is  “ in  position,” 
state  it. 


Bill 


No. 


20 


Rivets,  and  two  perforations  in  iron  to 
each  in  position 


£ 


d. 


GASFITTER. 

The  intentions  of  the  architect  and  building  owner  are  so  often 
uncertain  at  the  time  of  the  preparation  of  quantities,  that  the 
gasfitting  is  almost  always  remeasured  at  the  completion  of  the 
building. 

Frequently,  therefore,  the  whole  of  the  gasfitting  is  put  into 
the  bill  “ as  provision  ” of  . . . feet  of  the  various  sizes  of  pipe. 

State  the  quality  of  the  tubing  ( “ iron  barrel  ” ) and  if  gal- 
vanised, whether  the  price  is  to  include  tees,  elbows,  connections, 
bends,  &c.,  and  whether  the  joints  are  set  up  in  red-lead  cement. 
Also  whether  it  includes  attendances  and  fixing  floor  boards  and 
joinery  with  brass  cups  and  screws  to  remove. 

State  that  the  gasfitting  is  to  be  executed  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  company’s  inspector. 

* Piping,  per  foot  run , giving  size. 

Number  generally.  Brackets  or  pendants,  usually  P.C.  so  much 
each.  They  are  best  described  by  numbers  from  a trade  list.  Gas 
meteV,  stating  whether  wet  or  dry,  and  the  number  of  lights,  and 
include  stamping  by  company’s  inspector,  and  for  carriage.  When 
the  gas  fittings  are  treated  as  a provision,  fixing  only  so  many 
brackets,  pendants,  &c.,  should  be  taken. 

Count  the  number  of  proposed  lights,  and  provide  a meter  equal 
to  about  -f  of  the  number.  Thus  100  lights  should  have  a 60-light 
meter.  Reference  to  a price  book  will  show  you  the  capacity  of 
the  stock  gas-meter. 


2 20 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  meter  is  generally  hired  from  the  company  at  an  annual 
rental,  in  such  case  it  will  not  appear  in  the  quantities. 

Number.  Tees,  elbows,  diminishing  sockets,  screw  caps,  &c., 
if  not  included  in  general  description  of  piping,  but  they  are 
usually. 

Length  of  lead  pipe  and  connection  with  main  and  meter. 

Gas  main  cock,  stating  size  and  that  it  is  jointed  to  iron  pipe. 

Item  for  attendance. 

Bill. 


Gasfitter — All  as  provision. 


ft. 

in.  1 

run 

400 

- 

pipe,  as  described 

250 

- 

§"  ditto 

100 

- 

1"  ditto 

No. 

1 

1"  brass  gas  main  cock,  with  iron  spanner 

and  connections  with  iron  pipe 

1 

Short  length  of  1"  strong  lead  pipe,  and 

connections  with  main  and  meter  .. 

>» 

1 

Glover’s  best  dry  gas  meter  for  .40  lights, 

and  allow  for  testing  and  stamping  by  gas 
company,  and  carriage,  profit  and  fixing 

Fixing  only , including  nipples. 

» 

1 

16  gas  brackets,  and  allow  for  3"  polished 

mahogany  rose  . . 

»> 

1 

3 gas  pendants,  and  allow  for  ceiling  plates 

» 

1 

or, 

16  Evered’s  (29  Drury  Lane,  London) 

No.  2795  gas  brackets,  and  fixing  with 
nipple  and  3"  polished  mahogany  rose 

3 

Ditto  No.  2632  three-light  pendant,  and 

fixing 

£ 


s.  d. 


BELLHANGER. 


Count  the  number  of  bells  and  the  number  of  pulls.  Describe 
the  carriages.  State  weight  of  bells  (average  each),  if  with  pen- 
dulums and  indicators,  the  gauge  of  the  copper  wire,  if  in  concealed 
zinc  or  copper  tubes,  with  brass  cranks,  steel  springs  and  brass  tee 
plates,  and  it  the  lever  pulls  are  fixed  with  iron  boxes  and  mouth- 
pieces. As  the  estimator  prices  at  so  much  a pull,  the  various  parts 
are  not  measured  in  detail. 

Provide  a sum  for  the  pulls. 

dumber  the  bell  boards.  State  thickness,  if  moulded  or  beaded, 
and  for  how  many  bells.  If  numbers  are  painted  below  bells 


BELLHANGER. 


22  1 


(instead  of  indicators)  measure  the  writing  in  inches,  and  state  if 
plain  or  ornamental  writing,  or  number  the  figures,  stating  their 
height. 

In  cases  of  electric  or  pneumatic  bells  it  will  be  most  con- 
venient to  obtain  an  estimate  from  a manufacturer,  and  to  pro- 
vide a sum  in  the  estimate.  If  taken  out,  see  section  Electric 
Bells. 

State  in  an  item  that  the  carpenter  and  joiner  are  to  attend 
upon,  cut  away  for,  and  make  good  after  bellhanger  to  so  many 
bells  with  so  many  pulls  (and  to  include  the  boards  for  bell  runners, 
&c.,  and  fixing  the  floor  boards  with  brass  cups  and  screws  to 
remove). 

A similar  item  for  bricklayer’s  attendance,  omitting  the  words 
of  the  foregoing  paragraph  which  are  in  parenthesis. 

A similar  item  for  mason’s  attendance,  if  any  is  required. 

Or  the  whole  of  the  cutting  away  and  attendance  may  be  put 
into  one  item. 


Bill 

Bells  as  described,  with  six  lever  pulls  and 
two  sunk  plate  pulls  (a  sum  provided  for 
the  pulls) 


£ s. 


d. 


Provide  for  six  lever  pulls  and  two  sunk  plate  pulls  3/.,  and 
allow  for  carriage,  profit  and  fixing. 

Allow  for  attendance  on  bellhanger  and  for  cutting  away  and 
making  good  in  all  trades. 

If  the  fixing  of  the  pulls  is  not  included  in  the  provision,  state 
the  fixing  as  follows. 


Bill 


No. 

6 

2 

Fixing  only  new  pulls . 

Lever  pulls 

Sunk  plate  pulls 


£ 


d. 


Electric  Bells. — Count  the  number  of  pulls.  Describe  the 
wires,  how  insulated,  how  covered,  the  kind  of  roses,  the  backs,  the 
springs,  the  contacts,  the  bells,  the  indicators,  the  battery.  The 
greater  part  of  the  above  particulars  will  appear  in  the  preamble. 
See  section  Billing. 


222 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  pulls  and  presses  are  best  described  at  “P.C.  . . . each  at 
manufactory.” 

Bill. 


Ground  floor. 

Principal  entrance,  one  4£"  bronzed  press 

Trade  entrance,  one  3£"  ditto 

Study,  one  3"  china  button  

Dining  room,  one  3"  ditto 

Drawing  room,  one  3"  ditto  

Morning  room,  one  3"  ditto  

Drawing  room,  one  3"  ditto  

Hall,  one  3"  ditto  


First  floor. 

Bed  room  4,  one  pear  press  

„ 6,  one  3"  china  button 

„ 8,  one  3"  ditto 

„ 10,  one  3"  ditto 

„ 11,  one  3"  ditto  

„ 4,  one  pear  press  

„ 5,  one  ditto 

Landing,  one  3"  china  button 


8.  d. 

P.C. 

10  6 \ 

» 

8 6 

11 

2 6 l 

M 

2 6 

2 6 

11 

2 6, 

11 

2 6 

11 

2 6 

11 

6 6 

19 

3 0 

3 0 

11 

3 0 

11 

3 0/ 

11 

6 6 j 

11 

6 6) 

11 

3 ol 

To  riDg  and  indicate  in 
kitchen  with  2£"  bell. 


To  ring  and  indicate  on 
second  floor  landing 
with  1\n  bell. 


To  ring  and  indicate  in 
kitchen  with  2£"  bell. 

To  ring  and  indicate  in 
room  16,  second  floor, 
with  2£"  bell. 

To  ring  and  indicate  on 
second  floor  landing 
with  2£"  bell. 


No.  1 


Switch  connection  inside  front  entrance  to 
transfer  current  from  kitchen  bell  to  bell 
on  second  floor  landing  .. 


d. 


Allow  for  attendance  on  electrician,  cutting  away  and  making 
good  in  all  trades,  also  for  fixing  floors  and  joinery  over  wires  with 
brass  cups  and  screws  to  remove,  and  for  supplying  and  fixing  all 
necessary  wooden  casings  fixed  with  brass  cups  and  screws,  for 
wires  which  would  otherwise  be  exposed. 

Speaking  Tubes,  at  per  foot  run. — Assume  that  the  mouth-pieces 
are  placed  about  4 feet  9 inches  from  floor.  The  pipes  and  fittings 
vary  so  much  that  it  is  better  to  obtain  an  estimate  from  a selected 
manufacturer,  and  provide  a sum  founded  upon  his  estimate. 
Attendances  may  be  included  in  the  sum  provided,  or  may  be 
described  in  the  bill,  stating  the  number  of  feet  run. 

If  a measurement  is  preferred,  measure  the  length  of  the  pipe, 
describing  its  size.  The  brass  connections,  the  mouth-pieces  and 
whistles  (for  these  latter  a P.C.  may  be  stated).  Describe  the 
mouth-piece  cases  and  flexible  tubes. 


GLAZIER. 


223 


ft. 

100 


in. 

0 


run 


Bill 

I"  stout  composition  pipe,  including  bends, 
soldered  joints,  wall  hooks  and  fixing  .. 
flexible  tube,  braided  with  mohair  and 

silk  

No.  4 |"  brass  elbows,  with  two  soldered 

joints  

No.  4 §"  brass  unions  with  two  soldered 

joints 

No.  4 f"  walnut  screwed  mouth-pieces,  each 

with  whistle  and  indicator  

No.  4 brass  holders  for  flexible  tube  .. 

„ 2 1"  mahogany  French  polished  mouth- 
piece cases,  with  ivory  tablet  for  two 
pipes 


£ 


8.  d. 


Allow  for  attendance  on  speaking-tube  maker,  cutting  away 
and  making  good  in  all  trades,  and  for  fixing  floors  and  joinery 
over  pipes,  with  brass  cups  and  screws  to  remove. 


GLAZIER. 

The  surveyor  in  measuring  should  observe  where  glass  should 
be  ground,  as  in  borrowed  lights,  w.c.  windows,  &c.,  and  he  should 
call  the  attention  of  the  architect  to  dark  corridors  or  rooms  where 
there  are  no  windows,  when  the  inadvertence  can  be  obviated  by 
glazing  door  panels  or  the  introduction  of  windows,  borrowed 
lights,  or  fanlights. 

All  glass  should  be  measured  per  foot  superficial,  the  extreme 
dimensions  being  measured,  whether  of  square,  circular,  or  irregular 
shape  ; any  part  of  an  inch  is  called  an  inch  in  measuring. 

Measure  the  whole  of  the  glass  in  each  opening  in  a single 
dimension  where  possible. 

If  openings  are  square,  and  the  joinery  is  common  sashes  and 
frames,  the  quantity  of  glass  would  be  very  nearly  as  follows : — 
The  size  of  the  external  openings,  minus  2 inches  of  the  width  and 
6 inches  of  the  height. 

In  all  cases  state  if  glazed  in  indiarubber  or  washleather. 

The  practice  is  now  almost  uniform  of  describing  sheet  glass  as 
cut  to  shapes,  instead  of  measuring  the  circular  cutting  and  risk 
by  the  linear  foot. 


224  QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 

The  term  “ not  exceeding. . . .feet  ” is  better  than  “ under. . . . 
feet.” 

Sheet  Glass. — No  distinction  need  be  made  between  sizes  not 
exceeding  2 feet  superficial.  Keep  separate  the  various  sizes 
above  2 feet,  4 feet,  6 feet,  &c.  State  the  number  of  ounces  per  foot 
superficial,  as  15  oz.,  21  oz.,  26  oz.  Keep  panes  of  irregular  shape 
separate,  and  describe  them  as  “ cut  to  shapes  ” ; keep  separate,  glass 
over  42  inches  long  and  describe  length  ; state  if  ground  on  one  or 
both  sides  ; if  “ matted  ” ; if  coloured,  stating  what  colour. 

Plate  Glass. — State  thickness  and  quality,  and  the  superficial 
quantity  in  a square,  commencing  with  not  exceeding  2 feet  super- 
ficial, and  keeping  each  size  separate,  as  follows,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  10, 
12, 14, 16,  18,  20,  25,  30  feet,  &c.  State  if  cut  to  shapes,  or  bent,  or 
ground,  and  keep  separate,  or  the  bent  glass  may  be  billed  with  the 
ordinary  glass  and  the  bending  separately  stated.  Observe  that 
British  polished  plate  is  polished  down  to  about  £-inch  out  of  f -inch, 
but  it  is  of  a mere  average  thickness.  Exact  thickness  must  be 
paid  an  extra  price  for,  as  it  must  be  gauged,  and  must  be  billed 
separately  and  so  described. 

Measure  at  per  foot  superficial.  Embossing  or  enamelling,  and 
state  the  prime  cost  per  foot  superficial.  Observe  that  embossers 
charge  the  whole  square,  although  part  only  may  be  embossed. 
Bending,  state  superficial  content,  kind  of  glass,  and  radius  of 
curve.  Silvering,  and  observe  to  take  flannel  and  wood  to  back 
of  it. 

Lead  Lights,  per  foot  superficial. — It  will  usually  be  sufficient 
to  allow  half  an  inch  around  the  light  to  be  glazed  beyond  the 
clear  width  between  the  mullions  or  tracery,  but  reckon  all  frac- 
tional parts  of  inches  as  inches  ; describe  the  lead,  if  in  quarries,  if 
bordered,  if  geometrical,  the  description  of  glass,  if  the  lights  are 
secured  with  copper  wire  or  copper  bands.  Keep  {the  parts  in 
cusped  or  pointed  heads,  or  in  tracery,  separate,  measuring  to  the 
extreme  points,  and  stating  that  it  is  measured  square. 

Some  of  the  lead  light  manufacturers  charge  lights  under 
12  inches  wide  as  12  inches  wide ; but  this  fact  may  be  disregarded, 
if  it  is  described  as  measured  net. 

State  if  lead  lights  have  to  be  put  in  from  the  outside  of  build- 
ing. Sometimes  required  in  old  buildings  where  the  stanchions  are 
inside  the  windows,  and  their  removal  is  inexpedient. 


GLAZIER. 


225 


Where  the  glazing  is  ornamental,  and  the  quarries  are  painted 
or  enamelled,  it  is  better  to  obtain  an  estimate  from  a glass  painter 
to  be  selected,  and  either  include  the  total  sum  as  a provision,  or 
describe  as  P.C.  3s.  per  foot,  or  as  the  case  may  be. 

Number.  Copper  clips  and  brass  screws  to  skylights.  Lead  clips 
and  screws.  Engraved  corners,  stating  size  and  colour  and  the 
kind  of  glass. 

Iron  casements;  giving  description,  or  provide  so  much  each, 
and  refer  to  trade  list,  and  include  packing,  carriage  and  fixing, 
and  state  the  number  of  mortises  in  stone  or  wood,  and  lead  and 
running  if  in  the  former. 

Note. — In  case  of  dispute  as  to  the  description  of  glass,  look  for 
bubbles  in  its  substance ; if  in  sheet  glass  they  are  oval,  if  in  plate 
glass  spherical.  Where  glass  is  supposed  to  be  crown,  look  to  the 
edges  of  the  squares,  when  by  careful  examination  faint  concentric 
waves  may  be  seen. 


Bill. 


ft. 

in. 

54 

- 

supl. 

34 

- 

>» 

181 

- 

n 

95 

- 

»» 

18 

- 

n 

33 

- 

11 

5 

— 

it 

10 

_ 

11 

180 

- 

ii 

70 

_ 

50 

- 

* 

70 

_ 

i> 

25 

- 

•1 

20 

- 

run 

*■* 

74 

- 

supl. 

10 

- 

•> 

90 

— 

15  oz.  sheet,  not  exceeding  2 feet  in  a square, 

and  glazing  

21  oz.  ditto,  2'  0"  ditto 

21  oz.  ditto,  4'  0"  ditto 

21  oz.  ditto,  6'  0"  ditto 

21  oz.  ditto,  ground  one  side,  4'  0"  ditto  .. 

21  oz.  ditto,  6'  0"  ditto 

Hartley’s  small  pattern  fluted  rolled 
plate,  not  exceeding  3 feet  in  a square, 

and  glazing  

Ditto  4'  0",  and  glazing  in  indiarubber  . . 
British  polished  plate  glass,  not  exceeding 

2'  0"  in  a square,  and  glazing 

Ditto,  3'  0"  ditto 

Ditto,  4'  0"  ditto,  and  glazing  in  wash 

leather 

Bending  British  polished  plate  glass 
Enamelling  ditto,  P.C.  3s.  6d.  per  foot  supl. 
Circular  cutting  and  risk  to  British  polished 

plate  glass 

British  polished  plate,  not  exceeding  4"  0" 
in  a square,  and  glazing  with  beads, 

elsewhere  taken  

British  polished  plate  glass  of  the  best 
silvering  quality,  not  exceeding  4'  0"  in 
a square,  and  silvering  and  glazing 
Stout  lead  quarry  lights,  P.C.  5s.  per  foot  at 
manufactory,  and  allow  for  profit,  pack- 
ing, carriage,  and  fixing  with  strong 
copper  bands  to  saddle-bars 


£ 


s.  d. 


\ 

Q 


226 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


ft. 

in. 

174 

supl. 

No. 

20 

» 

10 

i) 

4 

»> 

3 

Stout  lead  quarry  lights  in  ornamental 
geometrical  patterns  of  four  varieties, 
glazed  with  stout  rolled  cathedral  plate 
in  varied  tints  with  two  narrow  borders 
of  white  and  ruby  respectively,  and  fixing 

as  last  

Stout  copper  clips  and  brass  screws  . . 

Cast  lead  clips  and  ditto  

Burt  and  Potts’  (York  Street,  Westminster) 
section  10,  quality  1,  wrought-iron  case- 
ments under  3 feet  high,  and  fixing  and 
bedding  in  white-lead  to  wooden  frames 
Ditto  under  4 feet,  with  two  cross-bars  . . 
Allow  for  leaving  all  glass  clean  and  perfect 
at  completion 


£ s. 


d. 


PAPER-HANGER. 


This  trade  may  generally  bo  measured  with  the  plastering. 
The  dimensions  would  be  written  thus : — 


108  0 
10  0 


R.  F.  and  S.  walls, 
and 

Paper  at  Is.  and  hanging. 


Measure  the  superficial  area  of  the  parts  of  the  walls  papered, 
and  deduct  as  for  plastering.  The  quantity  may  be  obtained  from 
the  dimensions  of  that  trade.  The  usual  practice  is  to  allow  one 
piece  in  seven  for  waste,  and  as  a piece  of  paper  should  equal 
63  feet  superficial,  i.e.  12  yards  long,  21  inches  wide,  the  total 
superficial  quantity  in  feet  divided  by  54  should  give  quantity 
required.  But  a piece  of  paper  rarely  exceeds  11  yards  in  length 
= 58  feet  superficial,  it  is  therefore  fairer  to  use  50  feet  as  a divisor. 
Reckon  any  part  of  a piece  as  a whole  piece.  If  any  part  is  on 
ceilings  keep  it  separate. 

French  papers  are  1 8 inches  wide,  and  rarely  exceed  9 yards  in 
length  = 40  feet  6 inches  superficial ; a deduction  of  ^th  gives  a 
divisor  of  about  35  feet. 

The  sizing  and  the  general  preparation  of  the  walls  may  be 
charged  as  “ extra  for  ” at  per  piece,  or  may  be  included  in  the 
preamble  of  the  bill. 


PAINTER. 


227 


State  the  P.G.  per  piece,  if  hung  in  blocks,  if  lined  out. 

In  the  case  of  ornamental  papering,  Lincrusta-Walton,  Ana- 
glypta,  or  Japanese  paper,  measure  the  net  surface  covered  with 
each  kind,  as  before  described,  and  the  borders  at  per  dozen  yards 
run.  As  these  vary  in  width  and  length,  surveyor  must  obtain 
particulars  before  he  reduces  them.  In  the  case  of  these  papers, 
a P.C.  per  superficial  yard  is  the  simplest  method  of  dealing  with 
them. 

Number . The  pieoes  of  paper  sized  and  varnished,  describe  the 
varnish,  and  state  how  many  times  varnished. 

In  all  cases  include  the  hanging  with  the  description. 

Canvas  and  Battens,  at  per  yard  superficial.  State  size  of  battens, 
their  distance  apart,  and  whether  they  are  plugged. 


Bill. 


No. 

» 

)> 

» 

»» 

165 

35 

34 

20 

20 

Pieces  of  paper,  P.C.  Is.  6<2.  per  piece,  and 

hanging  

Ditto  2s.  6 d.  ditto 

Ditto  4s.  6d.  ditto 

Pieces  of  marble  paper,  P.C.  4s.  per  piece, 
and  hanging  in  blocks,  and  including 

marking  lines  as  joints 

Ditto,  extra  for  sizing  and  twice  varnishing 

yds. 

ft. 

in. 

with  the  best  paper  varnish 

75 

supl. 

Lincrusta-Walton,  P.C.  5s.  per  yard  supl., 
measured  net,  and  allow  for  cutting, 
waste  and  hanging 

6 

doz. 

run 

Border  3"  wide,  P.C.  3s.  per  dozen,  and 
hanging  

80 

BUpl. 

Stout  canvas  nailed  to  and  including  2£"  x 
§"  battens  18"  apart  plugged  to  wall, 
and  stoutest  lining  paper,  and  hanging 
with  butt  joints 

£ 


d. 


PAINTER. 

In  measuring  painting  on  the  building  the  object  is  to  obtain 
in  the  readiest  way  the  whole  surface  which  has  been  painted. 

It  is  the  custom  to  add  edges  to  the  height  only,  returns  to 
the  width  only.  This  may  be  illustrated  by  the  example  of  a 
2-inch  moulded  both  sides  door  3 feet  by  7 feet,  with  architraves 
6 inches  wide  projecting  1 inch  beyond  the  face  of  plastering, 
and  jamb  linings  11  inches  wide  double  rebated — the  door  painted 
both  sides. 

Q 2 


228 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Height  from 

Width  across 

floor  to  top 

architraves 
Two  returns  of 

4 ' 0" 

of  architrave. 

7 

6 

architraves 

2" 

Two  edges 

Two  panels 

2" 

of  door. 

4 

4'  4" 

7 10 

2/  4 

4 

7 10 

Knot,  prime,  stop  and 

paint  3 oils. 

Door  and  archi- 

traves 

11" 

7 

0 

17 

0 

Two  rebates 

1" 

7 

0 

— 

3 

0 

1 

0 

Ditto. 

Jamb  linings 

12" 

17 

0 

A piece  of  moulded  both  sides  framing  10  feet  by  10  feet,  where 
no  edges  are  exposed  may  be  measured  as  follows.  Treating  the 
result  (although  the  product  of  three  factors)  as  a superficial 
dimension,  we  have  included  an  allowance  for  edges. 

2/  10  0 
10  0 

1 3 Knot,  prime,  stop  and  paint  4 oils, 
or 

2/  10  0 

10  0 Knot,  prime,  stop  and  paint  4 oils,  and  add  edges. 


If  the  painting  on  ironwork  provided  is  not  included  in  the 
amount  of  provision,  observe  that  it  is  often  painted  two  oils  before 
it  is  supplied. 

In  taking  off  the  painting  from  the  dimensions,  the  surveyor 
has  another  opportunity  of  checking  the  work,  and  if  he  is  watch- 
ful will  probably  find  errors  or  discrepancies. 

Painting  is  measured  in  various  ways,  either  of  which  will 
produce  similar  results.  In  deciding  which  plan  to  adopt,  it  is 
well  to  bear  in  mind  the  manner  in  which  it  will  affect  the  con- 
venience of  possible  variations. 

Some  of  the  methods  are  as  follows  : — 

1st.  Abstracting  the  quantity  directly  from  the  bills  in  two 
columns,  one  in  which  no  allowance  is  required  for  edges,  the 
other  in  which  it  is  required,  and  adding  a proportion  to  one 
column  (usually  one-seventh)  for  edges. 

2nd.  Abstracting  directly  from  the  dimensions  into  two 
columns  of  the  abstract  to  one  of  which  one-seventh  is  added  as 
before,  the  other  column  being  for  work  upon  which  no  allowance 


PAINTER. 


229 


is  required,  i.e.  where  no  edges  are  exposed.  With  this  method  it 
is  well  to  put  against  the  original  dimension,  in  the  description 
column,  the  kind  of  painting  which  has  been  taken,  thus  : as — 

0 = four  oils,  0 and  varnish,  = four  oils  and  varnish,  &c. 

3rd.  (and  best).  Look  through  the  dimensions  from  the  be- 
ginning (after  they  are  squared),  and  repeat  the  dimensions  of 
the  squaring  column,  multiplying  by  a figure,  according  to  the 
kind  of  work,  as  1 foot  for  plain  where  no  edges,  1 foot  2 inches 
where  there  are  edges,  1 foot  3 inches  where  square  framed  or 
moulded.  Put  opposite  each  dimension  the  number  of  the  column 
of  the  original  dimensions  from  which  it  has  been  taken,  thus — 


2/ 

149  0 

1 2 

347  8 

If  this  course  be  adopted  the  painting  to  the  sashes,  frames 
and  squares  had  better  be  taken  at  the  same  time  as  the  joinery  is 
measured,  as  one  sometimes  finds  a difficulty  (the  drawings  having 
been  sent  home  perhaps)  in  determining  the  number  of  squares  in 
a sash. 

State  if  knotted,  stopped,  and  how  many  oils  (the  priming  coat 
counting  for  one  oil),  if  in  extra  colours,  if  in  party  colours, 
whether  on  iron,  wood,  brick,  or  cement,  and  keep  each  kind 
separate. 

Measure  at  per  yard  superficial  all  work  except  that  hereafter 
named.  If  painting  on  iron  (say  four  oils)  is  specified  to  be  “ two 
oils  before,  and  two  oils  after  fixing,”  it  should  be  kept  separate. 

Per  foot  run.  Shelf  edge,  skylight  bar  and  rail,  measuring  each 
side.  Rail  and  bar.  Include  in  this  description  such  things  as 
balusters,  and  things  of  an  approximate  size.  Skirting.  Include 
in  this  description  anything  of  similar  size  not  exceeding  12  inches 
wide  which  is  cut  in  both  edges.  Eaves  gutter.  Describe  as  “in 
and  out.”  Rain-water  pipe,  and  state  if  heated  and  coated  inside 
with  tar.  Iron  railing,  stating  the  height,  whether  ornamental  or 
plain  ; it  is  more  convenient,  when  a price  per  foot  run  is  provided 
for  railing,  to  make  the  provision  include  the  painting.  Bar 
heated  and  dipped  in  oil.  Roof  timbers,  giving  average  size. 

Number.  Coal  plates  and  chains.  Air-bricks.  Gratings  and 
frames.  State  if  one  or  both  sides.  Rain-water  pipe  heads,  in 
and  out.  Bolt  heads.  Hinges.  Latches,  &c.,  blacked.  Touching 
up  vanes  or  finials.  Squares  per  dozen  (counting  two  for  one  to 


230 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


allow  for  the  two  sides),  where  over  2 feet  superficial  call  them 
large  squares,  where  sashes  are  in  one  square  describe  them  as 
“ sheets  ” (counting  two  for  one),  where  over  8 feet  superficial  call 
them  “ large,”  where  over  13  feet,  “ extra  large.”  Window  frames 
(counting  two  for  one  to  allow  for  the  two  sides)  over  24  feet 
superficial  describe  as  “ large  frames,”  over  36  feet  superficial  as 
“ extra  large  frames.” 

Oiling  and  Rubbing,  at  per  foot  superficial . — State  how  many 
times  oiled  and  on  what  wood. 

Staining,  Sizing  and  Varnishing,  at  per  yard  superficial. — 
Describe  the  stain.  State  if  oil  stain.  Describe  the  varnish  and 
how  many  times  varnished. 

French  Polishing,  per  foot  superficial. — Handrails  per  foot  run, 
and  if  to  be  covered  with  holland  or  paper  state  it. 

Writing,  per  inch  lineal.  — Thus  twelve  letters  lj  inch  high 
equal  18  inches  of  writing,  or  they  may  be  numbered,  stating  the 
height.  State  if  plain  and  if  ornamental,  what  kind  and  the  colour, 
and  if  shaded. 

Varnishing,  per  yard  superficial. — State  if  “ on  natural  wood  ” 
or  on  painted  work. 

Graining  and  Varnishing,  per  yard  superficial. — Measure  as  for 
plain  painting,  and  describe  as  “ extra  for.”  State  if  combed,  if 
grained  and  over  grained,  and  describe  the  wood  intended  to  be 
imitated,  if  varnished  one  or  twice,  and  describe  the  varnish. 

Flatting. — Measure  as  for  plain  painting  and  describe  as 
“ extra  for.” 

If  decoration  is  a separate  contract,  the  taking  off  and  refixing 
of  ironmongery  is  best  done  by  general  contractor. 

Bill 


ydg. 

101 

15 

ft. 

0 

394 

0 

ip. 

0 

0 

No. 

0 

supl. 

run 

2 

supl. 

On  Iron. 

Two  oils  before  fixing  . . 

Bar  and  rail 

14"  x 9"  panels  both  sides 

Two  oils  before  fixing,  and  two  oils  after  fixing 

536 

0 

run 

Rail 

129 

0 

» 

Eaves  gutter,  in  and  out  

429 

0 

No. 

16 

Rain-water  pipe,  and  heat  and  coat  on  the 

inside  with  purified  gas  tar 

No.  4 heads  to  ditto,  inside  and  out  .. 
Air-bricks  both  sides  . . 

PAINTER. 


ft. 

in. 

No. 

n 

20 

3 

10 

Handrail  brackets 

Pairs,  strap  hinges  cut  in  black 

Stoves  blacked  

Clean , rub  down , and  paint  two  oils  on  old  work 

- 

~ 

supl. 

On  woodwork..  * 

324 

run 

Bar  and  rail 

91 

- 

j> 

Hail  cut  in  both  edges 

614 

- 

11 

Skirting 7 

No. 

42 

Frames 

30 

Ditto,  large 

»» 

4 

Ditto,  extra  largo 

11 

9 

Dozen  squares  

V 

6 

Ditto,  large 

» 

2 

Ditto,  extra  large 

- 

- 

supl. 

Knot,  prime,  stop  and  paint  three  oils  on  wood- 

work  

318 

_ 

run 

Rail 

774 

>» 

Skylight  bar  and  rail 

2150 

- 

11 

Skirting 

No. 

54 

Frames 

» 

5 

Ditto,  large 

i) 

1 

Ditto,  extra  large 

j» 

6 

Casements  

10 

Dozen  squares  

>» 

1* 

Ditto,  large 

»* 

* 

Ditto,  extra  large 

- 

- 

supl. 

Knot,  prime,  stop  and  paint  four  oils  on  wood - 

work  

489 

- 

run 

Skylight  bar  and  rail 

123 

- 

5* 

Skirting 

No. 

48 

Frames 

»> 

1 

Ditto,  large 

» 

1 

Ditto,  extra  large 

6 

Casements  

» 

10 

Dozen  squares  

n 

Ditto,  large 

i 

Ditto,  extra  large 

- 

- 

supl. 

Knot , prime , stop  and  paint  four  oils,  the  last 

parti-colours  on  woodwork 

114 

- 

run 

Skirting 

French  polishing,  including  protection  from 

damage 

85 

- 

supl. 

On  mahogany  

27 

- 

run 

Skirting 

1079 

- 

supl. 

On  wainscot  ..  

101 

- 

run 

Ditto,  handrail  

- 

- 

supl. 

Stain,  size  and  twice  varnish  on  woodwork  .. 

101 

- 

run 

Skirting 

110 

Plain  writing 

Allow  for  touching  up  at  completion,  and 

leaving  perfect 

QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


232 


USE  AND  WASTE. 


Shoring  where  not  provided  for  by  a clause  in  the  bill,  should 
be  measured  and  charged  as  “ use  and  waste.” 

Measure  shoring  at  per  foot  cube.  Number  the  sets  of  wedges, 
describe  size  and  whether  oak  or  fir.  Measure  the  ironwork  as 
described  in  section  Founder  and  Smith. 

Needling  is  best  included  with  the  particular  item  of  cutting 
away  which  requires  it. 

Bill 


ft. 

in. 

100 

- 

cube 

No. 

6 

Use  and  waste  of  timber  in  ehoring,  in- 
cluding all  wedges,  boop-iron  and  labour 
Pairs,  18"  x 12"  oak  wedges  


£ 


d. 


Shoring  rarely  appears  in  quantities  in  the  above  form,  it  is 
more  generally  provided  for  by  a clause. 

“ All  cutting  of  openings  to  include  any  necessary  needling  or 
shoring.”  See  also  section  Billing,  preliminary  bill. 

In  the  absence  of  an  express  stipulation  that  the  timber  used 
in  shoring  shall  bo  new,  old,  if  it  serves  its  purpose,  should  be 
accepted. 

VENTILATION  AND  WARMING. 

This  work,  if  for  a large  building,  is  generally  a provision,  but 
the  surveyor  should  see  the  engineer  to  whom  it  is  to  be  entrusted, 
and  make  inquiry  as  to  the  requisite  constructive  arrangements, 
so  that  he  may  provide  for  them  in  the  quantities  by  measuring 
all  but  apparatus  in  the  usual  way. 

The  attendance  upon  the  engineer  is  most  fairly  met  by  the 
provision  of  such  a sum  as  the  surveyor  may  think  will  cover  the 
work,  the  exact  amount  to  be  adjusted  at  completion  as  a day 
account. 

Bill 

£ s.  d. 

Provide  for  ventilation  to  be  done  by 
£500. 

Allow  for  attendance  upon,  cutting  away 
for,  and  making  good  after  ventilating 
engineer  £50. 


CREDITS. 


233 


CREDITS. 

Where  an  old  building  is  to  be  pulled  down  to  make  room  for  a 
new  one  there  are  several  courses  open  to  the  architect.  Where 
none  of  the  old  materials  are  to  be  used  in  the  new  building  it  is 
better  either  to  sell  them  as  they  stand  to  a dealer  in  old  building 
materials  (this  is  often  arranged  by  tender),  or,  if  too  large  for  one 
man  to  deal  with,  and  worth  the  expenditure  for  an  auctioneer’s 
charges,  they  are  sold  at  auction  in  lots ; in4either  case  the  purchase 
involving  pulling  down  and  clearing  away  rubbish  by  the  pur- 
chaser, as  also  any  necessary  shoring  by  him  to  adjoining  build- 
ings. 

Observe  that  the  purchaser  will  usually  only  pull  down  to 
ground  level,  unless  an  express  stipulation  is  made  to  the  contrary. 

A wise  precaution  is  to  insist  upon  the  deposit,  by  the  purchaser 
of  an  old  building,  of  a sum  of  money  to  be  forfeited  if  he  should 
fail  to  finish  his  contract. 

The  other  way  is  to  arrange  that  the  old  materials  shall  be  the 
contractor’s  property,  and  in  such  a case  a bill  of  credits  should  be 
prepared.  It  is  obvious  that  the  measurement  of  old  materials  to 
produce  a bill  of  credits  should  be  conducted  in  a different  manner 
to  that  of  new  material,  as  old  buildings  frequently  hardly  pay  for 
pulling  down.  The  most  valuable  material  is  usually  lead.  Where 
there  is  to  be  no  clerk  of  works,  the  exact  weight  should  be  as 
nearly  as  possible  arrived  at  by  careful  measurement.  It  is  always 
best  to  assume  for  your  bill  that  the  lead  weighs  1 lb.  per  foot 
superficial  less  than  the  original  weight.  Where  it  is  intended  to 
have  a clerk  of  works  it  is  better  to  measure  the  lead  sufficiently 
carefully  to  obtain  a near  approximation  for  the  purpose  of  the 
tender,  and  by  a clause  in  the  bill  state  that  the  lead  will  be 
weighed  as  it  comes  from  the  roofs,  and  that  the  contractor  is  to 
state  in  his  tender  how  much  per  cwt.  he  will  allow  for  it,  after 
deducting  the  expense  of  weighing,  the  exact  quantity  being  ad- 
justed at  the  settlement  of  the  accounts.  Some  surveyors  weight  the 
whole  at  4 lbs.  per  foot  superficial,  and  state  this  in  a clause  of  the 
bill.  The  allowance  for  waste  on  old  lead  is  4 lbs.  per  cwt.  In 
the  case  where  only  parts  of  a building  are  to  be  removed,  the  items 
must  be  measured  and  enumerated. 


234  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

A few  examples  of  the  method  of  procedure  are  as  follows  : — 
brickwork  may  be  measured  at  per  rod  superficial ; roofing  may  be 
described  as  so  many  squares  of  slating  and  boarding  and  roof 
timbers ; flooring  as  so  many  squares  of  flooring  and  joists. 

Quarter  Partitions. — As  so  many  squares. 

Other  items  in  some  such  condensed  form  as  the  following  : — 
“ One  set  of  sashes  and  frames  to  opening  4 feet  by  6 feet  6 inches, 
with  linings  and  finishings,  York  sill,  &c.” 

“ One  four-panel  square  door  2 feet  9 inches  by  6 feet  6 inches, 
with  linings  and  finishings.”  In  all  cases  state  the  position  of  tho 
material  in  the  old  building. 

“ Remove  and  credit  roof  of  present  third  floor,  about  32  feet  by 
56  feet,  comprising  5 roof  trusses,  6 dormer  windows,  7 skylights, 
13  squares  of  slating  and  boarding  and  rafters,  and  about  45  cwts. 
of  lead.” 

Where  the  whole  of  a small  building  is  to  be  removed  its  posi- 
tion and  general  description  will  be  sufficient  without  measuring. 


Bill. 

Pull  down  and  credit  the  coal  store  in 
kitchen  yard  


d. 


Where  any  of  the  old  materials  are  to  be  re-used,  and  their  use 
is  dependent  upon  the  decision  of  the  architect,  they  should  bo 
stacked  in  such  a manner  that  they  may  be  conveniently  examined 
and  the  rejected  parts  carted  away,  and  such  parts  as  are  left 
measured  and  valued  by  the  surveyor  and  charged  to  the  builder. 

Where  old  bricks  are  intended  to  be  re-used  and  a quantity  are 
stacked,  a proportion  of  which  are  likely  to  be  rejected,  it  is  better 
to  take  down  a cubic  yard  of  them  from  the  stack  and  settle  upon 
a certain  proportion  per  yard  which  may  be  used,  and  such  propor- 
tion may  be  charged  to  the  builder  as  before. 

See  also  the  section  on  Billing,  page  255. 

The  foregoing  pages  will  give  a general  idea  of  the  principal 
methods  of  measurement,  and  prove  some  guide  as  to  the  way 
to  deal  with  analogous  cases,  but  in  the  case  of  practice  there  will 
arise  many  points  which  only  a thorough  knowledge  of  construction 
and  mature  experience  will  enable  the  surveyor  to  treat.  Besides 
these,  he  will  not  unfrequently  meet  with  arches  without  abut- 


CREDITS. 


235 


merit;  girders,  joists  and  beams  inadequate  to  the  support  of 
the  proposed  weight ; roof-trusses  which  would  inevitably  thrust 
out  the  walls  they  were  intended  to  rest  upon  ; walls  apparently 
standing  upon  nothing  ; suggestions  of  impossible  jointing  of  stone- 
work ; impracticable  staircases,  &c. ; all  of  which  anomalies  as  a 
building  expert  it  will  be  his  duty  to  rectify. 

The  surveyor  should  also  be  able  to  judge  of  the  possibility  of 
working  particular  materials  in  the  manner  specified,  and  if  neces- 
sary, suggest  the  substitution  of  others. 

Although,  in  the  erection  of  a building,  a division  of  responsi- 
bility is  as  much  as  possible  to  be  avoided,  yet  it  should  be 
remembered  that  where  there  is  a large  quantity  of  work  for 
which  a builder  would  necessarily  obtain  a sub-contract,  as  iron- 
work or  glass,  it  will  sometimes  produce  a considerable  saving  to 
obtain  separate  tenders  for  it,  and  the  bills  of  quantities  may  be 
arranged  with  that  view. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

As  a general  rule  it  is  best  to  avoid  abbreviations,  except  those 
which  are  universally  understood  and  used ; frequently  even  those 
can  only  be  interpreted  by  their  context ; they  are  as  follows.  They 
may  be  used  in  dimensions  and  abstracts,  but  not  in  bills : — 


A.  B.  .. 

GENERAL. 

..  As  before. 

B.  S.  .. 

Both  sides. 

B.  W.  G. 

.. 

Birmingham  wi 

Ct. 

gauge. 

Cement. 

Cir.  .. 

. . 

Circular. 

Co. 

,, 

Course. 

Ddt.  ' .. 

.. 

Deduct. 

Dia. 

.. 

Diameter. 

E.  T.  .. 

.. 

Elsewhere  taken. 

E.  0.  .. 

.. 

Extra  only. 

Incg.  . . 

.. 

Including. 

Irreg.  . . 

.. 

Irregular. 

Lab. 

.. 

Labour. 

Mo.  .. 

. . 

Moulded. 

M.  G.  .. 

.. 

Make  good. 

N.  W. 

# , 

Narrow  widths. 

0.  S. 

One  side. 

P.  M. 

.. 

Purpose  made. 

P.  C. 

. . 

Prime  cost. 

Ko. 

. . 

Rough. 

Semi. 

. . 

Semicircular. 

S.  E. 

.. 

Stopped  ends. 

Segl. 

.. 

Segmental. 

S.  L. 

. . 

Short  lengths. 

S.  Q. 

.. 

Small  quantities. 

Ice. 

Once. 

2ce. 

Twice. 

3ce. 

. , 

Thrice. 

4ce. 

. . 

Four  times,  &c. 

L •• 

Angle. 

© 

.. 

§"  diameter. 

Wrot. 

Wrought. 

236 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


EXCAVATOR. 

B.  A.  P.  .. 

Brass  axle  pulleys. 

Centg 

Centering. 

P.  F.  I.  & R. 

Part  filled  in  and 

Chfd 

Chamfered. 

rammed. 

D.  C.  F.  .. 

Deal  cased  frames. 

D.  H 

Double  hung. 

BRICKLAYER. 

F.  E.  S. 

Feather  - edged 

springer. 

B 

Brick,  as  1 B,  2 B,  &c. 

Fd 

Framed. 

B.  & P. 

.. 

Bed  and  point. 

F.  S 

Flat  sweep. 

B.  M.  .. 

.. 

Birdsmouth  (R.C.B.M. 

H.  B.  S.  .. 

Herring-bone  strut- 

or F.  C.  B.  M.). 

ting. 

Co. 

Course. 

I.  W 

Iron  weights. 

C.  &P... 

. . 

Cut  and  pin. 

N.  R.M.  E... 

Notched  returned 

Chy.  .. 

. . 

Chimney. 

mitred  ends. 

D.  P.  C. 

.. 

Damp-proof  course. 

O.S.&W.  Sills 

Oak  sunk  and 

E.  0.  C. 

.. 

Extra  only  in  cement. 

weathered  sills. 

F.  C.  .. 

.. 

Fair  cutting. 

0.  S 

One  side. 

Foots  . . 

.. 

Footings. 

O.  G 

Ogee. 

Gd.  arch 

.. 

Gauged  arch. 

Q.  S 

Quick  sweep. 

H.  I.  B. 

.. 

Hoop-iron  bond. 

Q-  P 

Quarter  partition. 

Ptd.  arch 

.. 

Pointed  arch. 

R.  M.  E.  .. 

Returned  mitred  ends. 

Relg.  A. 

.. 

Relieving  arch. 

Rebd 

Rebated. 

R.  0.  W.  & P. 

Rake  out,  wedge  and 

Sqr 

Square. 

F. 

point  flashings. 

S.  H 

Single  hung. 

R.  C.  .. 

.. 

Rough  cutting. 

Wrot 

Wrought. 

R.  C.  B.  M. .. 

Rough  cut  birdsmouth. 

W.  B 

Wood  brick. 

P.  &C. 

.. 

Parget  and  core. 

X Tongd.  .. 

Cross-tongued. 

Segl.  A. 

.. 

Segmental  arch. 

S.Q.  .. 

.. 

Squint  coins  (R.C.S.Q. 

S.  B.  C. 

or  F.  C.  S.  Q.). 

PLASTERER. 

•• 

Skewback  cutting. 

Ct 

Cement. 

MASON. 

Dist 

Distemper. 

K.  Ct 

Keene’s  cement. 

B.  & J... 
Cir.  F.  .. 
Mo.  F.  .. 

•• 

Bed  and  joint. 
Circular  face. 
Moulded  face. 

L.  & P 

L.  P.  &S.  .. 
L.  P.  F.  & S. 

Lath  and  plaster. 
Lath,  plaster  and  set. 
Lath,  plaster,  float  and 
set. 

Lime  white. 

P.  F.  .. 

Plain  face. 

L.  W 

R.  S.  .. 

•• 

Rough  sunk  face. 

P.  Mo.  C.  .. 

Plaster  moulded  cor- 

S. F.  .. 

Sunk  face. 

nice. 

Plain  plaster  cornice. 

Yk.  .. 

•• 

York. 

P.  P.  C. 

Par.  ct 

Parian  cement. 

CARPENTER  AND  JOINER. 

Portd.  ct. 

Portland  cement. 

R 

Render. 

Archve. 

.. 

Architrave. 

R.  & S 

Render  and  set. 

B.  S.  .. 

Both  sides. 

R.  F.  &S.  .. 

Render,  float  and  set. 

B.  F.  .. 

. . 

Bead  flush. 

Wh 

Whiten. 

B.  B.  .. 

•• 

Bead  butt. 

Weathg. 

Weathering. 

ABB  RE  VIA  TIONS. 


237 


FOUNDER  AND  SMITH. 


C.I.  .. 

Galvd.  .. 

..  Galvanised. 

H.  N.  W. 

. . Head  nut,  and  washer. 

R.  L J... 

. . Rolled  iron  joists. 

R.  W.  P. 

..  Rain-water  pipe. 

W.  I.  .. 

PLUMBER. 

C.  C.  N.  ..  Close  copper  nailing. 
H.  P High  pressure. 

S.  J Soldered  joint. 

T.  M Trumpet  mouthed. 


PAINTER. 


F Flat. 

G Grain. 

K Knot. 

2 O.  or  © ..  Two  oils. 

P Prime. 

S Stop. 

V Varnish. 


GLAZIER. 

B.  P.  P.  ..  British  polished  plate. 


238 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  IY. 

SQUARING  THE  DIMENSIONS,  ABSTRACTING 
AND  BILLING. 

After  the  dimensions  are  taken  off,  they  should  be  squared  ready 
for  abstracting.  They  should  be  squared  by  one  person,  who 
should  put  his  figures  in  the  squaring  column  in  black  ink.  They 
should  be  checked  by  another  person,  who  should  tick  every 
dimension  correctly  squared  with  red  ink,  and  where  the  calcu- 
lation is  wrong,  make  the  alteration  in  red  ink.  This  is  a better 
plan  than  for  the  first  man  to  square  in  pencil,  and  the  second  to 
ink  in  the  dimensions.  The  result  of  squaring  in  ink  is  greater 
carefulness.  Do  not  neglect  to  check  the  corrections. 

Areas  of  circles  and  semicircles  will  be  obtained  from  the 
published  tables  without  calculation.  ‘ Laxton’s  Price  Book  * 
contains  these. 

There  are  various  short  ways  of  squaring  dimensions ; at  the 
risk  of  appearing  prolix,  a few  well-known  instances  may  be 
mentioned : — 

15'  x 4"  x 3"  = 1'  3"  cube. 

15'  x 6"  x 2"  = 1'  3"  „ 

Dividing  the  15  feet  by  12  gives  the  same  result  in  each  case. 

Analogous  cases  will  frequently  be  discovered  by  an  observant  person. 

The  working  may  often  be  cleared  of  fractions  by  multiplying 
the  “ times  ” into  one  of  the  dimensions  instead  of  into  the  total. 

The  student  as  he  becomes  familiar  with  dimensions  will 
discover  many  labour-saving  expedients  ; one  is  varying  the 
order  of  his  factors,  thus  : — 

8/16  0 
3 

2|  = 6'  8" 

3"  x 8 = 2 ft.,  2£"  x 2 ft.=  5,  16'  0"  x 5"  = 6'  8",  a cumbrous  expression 
of  a rapid  mental  process. 


ABSTRACTING. 


239 


The  person  who  is  squaring  should  look  for  instances  of 
dimensions  omitted ; he  will  sometimes  find  work  which  is  osten- 
sibly measured  by  the  foot  cube  with  only  two  dimensions, 
5 0 

thus,  £ 0 > superficial  dimensions  with  only  one,  thus,  5 0 ; 

he  should  call  the  attention  of  the  “ taker  off  ” to  such  as  these. 

Carry  the  result  of  every  item  into  the  squaring  columns. 
The  practice  of  neglecting  to  do  so  in  the  case  of  “ numbers  ” is 
frequent,  and  is  a fruitful  source  of  error. 


ABSTRACTING. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the  items  of  an  abstract  will 
be  in  the  order  of  the  bill.  Consequently  the  form  of  bill, 
elsewhere  given,  may  be  consulted  for  that  order. 

Small  quantities  of  work  and  separate  sections  may  sometimes 
be  billed  from  the  dimensions,  and  the  labour  of  abstracting  saved 
in  such  a case.  Write  on  the  margin  of  the  dimension  sheet  “ Bill 
Direct.”  The  practice  is,  however,  dangerous,  unless  a reference 
to  the  column  appear  on  the  abstract. 

In  abstracting,  an  unchanging  order  of  procedure  is  as  im- 
portant as  in  “ taking  off.” 

The  usual  method  is  to  abstract  one  trade  at  a time,  and  this, 
taking  into  consideration  the  pressure  which  is  commonly  put 
upon  the  surveyor,  is  the  most  convenient  course  ; but  there  is  an 
additional  element  of  safety  if  the  abstractor  can  commence 
abstracting  at  the  beginning  of  the  dimensions,  and  proceed  with 
the  dimensions  seriatim , irrespective  of  distinction  of  trade.  If 
there  is  any  error  in  the  “ taking  off  ” and  he  is  observant,  he  is, 
by  following  this  course,  much  more  likely  to  discover  it. 

If  this  cannot  be  done,  not  more  than  one  person  should 
be  employed  to  abstract  one  trade,  nor  more  than  one  person  to 
check  it. 

The  abstractor  should  adopt  one  unvarying  practice.  First, 
write  the  dimension  in  the  column  of  the  abstract,  then  cross  it 
out  on  the  dimensions.  Let  each  line  show  clearly  its  beginning 
and  end,  see  Fig.  32. 

This  will  be  a guide  to  each  distinct  process.  When  there  are 


240 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


two  or  more  processes  to  one  item  of  dimensions,  requiring  two  or 
more  lines,  put  the  lines  in  the  squaring  column  last,  see 
Fig.  33. 

N.B. — The  dotted  lines  indicate  red  ink. 

At  the  bottom  of  every  column,  as  soon  as  the  abstract- 
ing of  that  column  is  complete,  the  abstractor  should  put 
a tick  in  black  ink.  When  the  trades  are  each  abstracted 
by  a different  clerk,  much  time  will  be  saved  in  this  way, 
for  instead  of  looking  down  every  column  of  dimensions 
to  see  if  all  is  abstracted,  a glance  at  the  bottom  of  the 
column  will  be  all  that  will  be  necessary.  ^IG*  32- 

When  there  are  several  items  to  one  dimension,  it 
will  be  a good  practice  to  abstract  them  in  the  order  in  which  the 
builder  does  them. 

The  clerk  who  checks  should  first  read  the  item  on  the 
dimensions ; secondly,  find  it  on  the  abstract  and  tick  it  in  red ; 
thirdly,  cross  out  the  dimensions  in  red.  If  he  does  not  always 


proceed  in  one  order  he  will  find  himself  not  (infrequently 
uncertain  whether  he  has  crossed  out  the  item  or  not,  as 
dimensions  frequently  recur.  When  the  checker  cannot  find  a 
dimension  in  its  proper  place  in  the  abstract  he  should  write  it  in 
red  at  the  bottom  of  its  proper  column,  and  he  should  write 
opposite  to  it  the  page  or  column  of  dimensions,  from  which  it  is 
derived,  thus,  125  feet  6 inches  (14),  so  that  it  may  be  the  easier 


\ Northern  CraJ)l& 


Fig.  33. 


ABSTRACTING. 


241 


checked.  When  he  has  checked  the  whole  sheet  of  abstract,  he 
will  probably  find  the  item  in  another  column  without  a tick, 
he  can  then  cross  it  out.  When  every  dimension  of  a column 
is  checked  he  should  put  a tick  in  red  at  the  bottom  of  the 
column. 

The  tendency  of  the  inexperienced  abstractor  is  to  use  too  little 
paper,  and  he  will  frequently  find,  when  perhaps  not  more  than 
half-way  through  the  set  of  dimensions,  that  he  has  no  room  for 
any  fresh  items  without  using  supplementary  sheets. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  practice  he  should  use  plenty  of  paper. 

The  trouble  of  abstracting  may  be  much  reduced  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  folding  of  the  paper  which  is  in  the  middle  of 
each  sheet,  so  that  two  frequently  recurring  items,  although 
separated  by  a number  of  other  items,  may,  by  a mere  turning 
over  of  a half  of  the  paper,  be  consecutively  abstracted. 

It  is  the  practice  of  some  surveyors  to  put  opposite  to  each 
dimension  the  number  of  the  column  from  which  it  is  taken, 
thus : — 

Rough  Cutting. 

44*9  (54) 

87-3  (58) 

This  greatly  facilitates  reference,  and  in  the  case  of  large  works 
saves  much  time,  for  it  sometimes  happens  that  after  an  abstract 
has  been  ostensibly  checked,  some  item  is  discovered  without  a 
tick  against  it,  and  time  is  lost  in  attempting  to  find  the  dimen- 
sions : by  stating  the  column  this  is  avoided.  In  abstracting 
from  dimensions  where  one  regular  and  known  order  of  taking  off 
is  adopted,  the  abstracting  of  the  column  number  is  not  so  essential, 
but  in  measuring  from  the  actual  work  the  order  followed  depends 
so  much  upon  accidental  circumstances  that  the  exact  place  of  a 
dimension  in  the  measuring  book  is  (without  this  practice)  very 

difficult  to  determine.  Write  references  to  books  thus : J^(book)' 

When  a dimension  is  corrected  in  the  abstract,  the  number  of  the 
column  should  always  be  placed  against  it,  so  that  the  correction 
may  be  easily  verified.  The  corrections  should  always  be  checked. 

When  an  item  in  the  abstract  is  in  the  wrong  place  refer  to  it 
by  some  mark  (as  a star)  in  the  right  place. 

To  shorten  the  bill,  averaging  on  the  abstract  should  as  much 

R 


242 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


as  possible  be  adopted.  It  should  be  observed  that,  where  it  is 
desired  to  produce  an  average  size,  one  of  the  dimensions  of  each 
superficial  item  entering  into  the  average  should  be  similar  to  that 
of  the  others,  for  cubic  dimensions  two,  as  otherwise  the  result 
will  be  incorrect.  When  the  conditions  are  as  follows  it  will  be 
right : — 

Sashes  and  Frames  as  described. 

ft.  in.  ft.  in. 

2 = 4 Ox  6 0 

2 = 4 Ox  8 0 

4 = 8 0 x 14  0 
Average  2 0x36 

The  correct  method,  where  the  dimensions  vary,  is  to  find  the 
superficial  contents  of  each,  and  average  them,  thus : — 

ft.  in.  ft.  in.  ft.  in. 

3/  1 8x2  6 = 12  6 superficial. 

2/  2 0 x 3 0 = 12  0 

5)24  6 

4 10  average. 

See  also  section,  “ Examples  of  Abstracting,”  p.  249. 

Some  examples  of  suitable  items  for  averaging  in  various  trades 
are  as  follows : — 

Bricklayer. — The  lengths  of  ventilating  or  smoke  flues  when 
measured  by  the  foot  run. 

The  thickness  of  the  walls  for  eyelets  and  perforations. 

The  length,  depth  and  thickness  of  arches  when  numbered. 

Mason. — The  size  of  perforations  through  stone  of  the  same 
kind  and  thickness. 

Girth  of  mitres,  stopped  ends,  &c.,  to  mouldings  and  splays. 

Size  of  stone  templates  of  the  same  thickness. 

Slate  Mason. — Girth  of  notchings,  size  of  sinkings,  and 
perforations. 

Carpenter. — Size  of  cesspools. 

Joiner. — Size  of  small  casements  and  frames  or  sashes  and 
frames. 

Girth  of  notchings,  lengths  of  balusters. 

Plumber. — Short  lengths  of  pipe  where  similar  labours. 

Plasterer. — Girth  of  mitres,  stopped  ends,  &c.,  to  mouldings 
and  splays. 


, ABSTRACTING. 


243 


Founder  and  Smith. — Length  of  bolts  of  each  diameter. 
Height  of  hoisting  of  iron  columns,  girders,  &c. 

The  order  of  the  abstracts,  and  consequently  of  the  bills,  is  as 
follows : — 


No.  1.  Preliminary  and  provisions. 

„ 2.  Excavator  and  drains. 

„ 3.  Bricklayer  and  waller. 

„ 4.  Mason. 

[„  5.  Slater,  tiler  and  slate  (or  mar- 
ble) mason. 

„ 6.  Carpenter. 

„ 7.  Joiner  and  ironmonger. 

„ 8.  Plumber  and  zincworker. 


No.  9.  Plasterer. 

„ 10.  Founder  and  smith. 
„ 11.  Gasfitter. 

„ 12.  Belllianger. 

„ 13.  Glazier. 

„ 14.  Paperhanger. 

„ 15.  Painter. 

„ 16.  Separate  estimates. 


A few  general  rules  for  abstracting  should  be  remembered. 

Write  the  name  of  the  work  and  the  trade  at  top  of  each  sheet, 
and  on  the  first  sheet  write  “In  ...  . sheets ” ; a sheet  of  abstract 
has  occasionally  been  mislaid  with  disastrous  consequences. 

If  there  should  be  more  than  one  abstract  to  a trade,  number 
them  consecutively,  No.  1,  No.  2,  &c. 

Commence  the  abstract  of  each  trade  with  the  leading  item  of 
that  trade. 

Then  follow  with  cubic  dimensions,  superficial  dimensions,  lineal 
dimensions,  numbers. 

Items  of  labour  only  should  always  precede  those  which  involve 
labour  and  material. 

In  each  section  commence  with  the  item  of  the  smallest  value. 
In  lineal  dimensions — carpenter  and  joiner — this  will  be  disre- 
garded, size  will  regulate  the  process,  as  1 inch  X 2 inches,  1 inch 
X inches,  1 inch  X inches,  &c. ; but  the  order  of  size  may 
sometimes  be  departed  from,  as  1J  X 2 rough  fillet,  lj  X 3 ditto, 
lj  X 3J  ditto,  &c.,  recommencing  with  a smaller  size,  lj  X 2j, 
chamfered  fillet,  &c.  (See  also  p.  246.) 

When  an  item  has  been  measured  lineally  and  there  are  extra 
labours  upon  it,  it  is  better  that  they  should  immediately  follow 
the  lineal  dimensions  (see  “ writing  short,”  p.  256.) 

In  casting  abstracts,  deducting  or  averaging,  use  blue  ink. 

For  checking  use  red  ink. 

The  examples  of  abstracts  will  sufficiently  explain  themselves. 
(See  examples-,  p.  248.) 

r 2 


244 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Where  the  description  of  an  item  is  long  it  need  not  be  com- 
pletely copied  in  the  abstract,  but  the  description  may  be  partly 
copied  into  the  abstract,  and  the  dimensions  referred  to  by  the 
number  of  the  column  of  the  dimensions  for  the  remainder.  Thus, 
“ 1 Dresser,  see  col.  54.” 

The  abstractor  should  never  alter  the  phraseology  of  any  items 
in  the  dimensions  without  consulting  the  “ taker  off” ; if  he  does 
so  he  is  very  liable  to  error. 

Preliminary . — The  first  part  of  the  abstract  will  be  a collection 
of  preliminary  items,  and  it  is  a good  plan  to  begin  each  of  these 
with  the  word  “allow,”  so  as  to  clearly  distinguish  them  from 
provisional  items,  the  former  being  at  the  risk  of  the  contractor, 
the  latter  being  adjusted  at  completion  according  to  proportion  of 
amount  or  quantity  expended  or  used.  (See  also  p.  258.) 

Items  of  allow,  when  long,  may  be  referred  to  by  column.  Often 
they  are  items  of  notes  made  at  the  building,  and  it  is  convenient 
to  write  them  into  the  bill  direct  from  the  book ; this  is  best  done 
by  the  man  who  makes  the  original  notes. 

Where  the  work  consists  partly  of  alterations  the  items  of 
alteration  should  follow  the  general  preliminary  items. 

It  is  often  the  case  that  preliminary  items  do  not  appear  in  the 
dimensions  at  all,  nor  in  the  abstract,  such  items  being  written 
direct  from  a former  bill  of  similar  work. 

Provision. — The  amounts  provided  are  better  placed  together  at 
the  beginning  of  the  series  of  bills.  It  is  the  practice  of  some 
surveyors  to  put  provisional  items  at  the  end  of  the  trade  to  which 
they  belong.  The  former  method  saves  trouble  and  is  better, 
unless  the  work  is  tendered  for  by  separate  tradesmen,  in  which 
case  the  latter  course  must  be  adopted. 

Where  the  precise  quantity  of  the  work  which  is  intended  to 
be  executed,  and  for  which  the  sum  is  provided,  is  known,  it  is 
better  to  state  the  quantity  as  well  as  the  amount.  For  instance, 
“ Provide  for  20  feet  of  iron  railing,  30Z.” 

Where  the  provision  consists  of  material,  it  is  better  to  place  it 
in  the  same  position  in  the  bill  as  it  would  hold  if  it  were  not  a 
provision,  but  write  it  in  the  manner  following : — 


ft. 

in. 

| 

100 

— 

Cube. 

Fir  framed  in  roofs.  As  provision. 


ABSTRACTING. 


245 


Such  an  item  would  be  dealt  with  at  the  final  settlement,  the 
total  quantity  in  the  bill  being  deducted  and  the  quantity  used 
measured  and  added. 

Excavator. — Where  there  are  but  few  items  and  few  kinds  of 
material  the  general  rotation  as  to  “ cubes,”  “ superficial, ” and 
“ runs,”  may  be  maintained ; where  there  are  many  it  will  save 
writing  and  be  more  convenient  for  pricing  to  adopt  the  order — 
cubic  and  superficial  quantities  of  excavation,  then  cubic  and 
superficial  quantities  of  concrete,  &c.,  then  drains  and  cesspools. 

Bricklayer. — In  abstracting  brickwork  always  prefer  to  abstract 
into  the  one  and  a half  brick  column,  where  equally  convenient,  as 
this  saves  reducing.  The  methods  are  as  described  below : — 

50  feet  superficial  of  half  brick  thick  may  be  abstracted  as 
25  feet  of  one  brick,  or  16  feet  8 inches  of  one  and  a half  brick. 

50  feet  superficial  of  two  bricks  thick  as  100  feet  of  one  brick. 

50  feet  superficial  of  two  and  a quarter  bricks  thick  as  25  feet 
of  one  and  a half  brick  and  50  feet  of  one  and  a half  brick. 

There  is  far  less  liability  to  error  in  the  abstracting  of  brick- 
work if  the  deductions  are  placed  in  the  position  shown  on  the 
abstract  (see  pp.  4 and  5)  than  if  arranged  as  follows  : — 


One  brick. 


One  brick  deduct. 


One  and  a half  brick. 


One  and  a half  brick  deduct. 


In  abstracting,  observe  the  principle  of  reducing  on  the 
abstract,  not  on  the  dimensions,  the  latter  is  a frequent  cause  of 
error.  Some  abstractors,  to  avoid  making  a heading  for  a cube 
brickwork,  deduct  ^th  from  each  item  of  it  in  the  dimensions,  thus 
reducing  as  they  go  on ; this  is  not  a good  practice.  Abstract 
it  as  cube  brickwork — deduct  ^th  from  the  total,  and  carry  it  to 
the  reduced  brickwork  when  preparing  the  abstract  for  billing. 

Be  careful  that  unwary  assistants  do  not  divide  cubic 
dimensions  by  9 instead  of  27,  and  vice  versa. 

Where  there  are  various  kinds  of  facings  and  a good  number 
of  items  of  extra  labours  upon  the  facing  it  is  advisable  to  let  an 
abstract  of  them  follow  the  general  abstract,  but  otherwise  they 
may  come  in  with  the  general  items  of  the  bill. 

Small  metal  articles  which  involve  bricklayers’  work  in  the 
setting  are  usually  billed  with  the  bricklayers’  work  at  the  end  of 
the  numbers. 


246 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Mason. — Keep  each  of  the  various  kinds  of  stone,  with  its 
labours,  separate.  Commence  with  the  stone  of  least  value. 

Keep  the  items  of  “ stone  and  labour  ” in  a separate  section. 

Slater , Tiler,  Slate  and  Marble  Mason. — Keep  the  work  to  each 
trade  separate,  following  the  usual  rotation — superficial,  runs, 
numbers — beginning  with  the  main  item  of  the  trade,  as  squares 
of  slating  or  tiling. 

Carpenter. — Abstract  joists  to  flats  with  fir  framed  in  roofs. 

Keep  the  different  kinds  of  wood  separate,  commencing  with 
the  ordinary  items  cf  cube  fir. 

In  a small  work  it  will  be  sufficient  to  adopt  the  common 
practice  of  arrangement — cubes,  superficial,  runs,  numbers, 
according  to  value.  In  the  case  of  a large  work  it  is  sometimes 
more  convenient,  and  a saving  of  writing,  to  divide  the  work 
into  sections,  as  where  there  is  a large  number  of  lineal  items  of 
“ fir  wrought  and  framed  in  white-lead  ” of  various  sizes  and  with 
various  labours  upon  them ; spires,  filches,  and  dormers  are  often 
kept  separate  in  the  same  manner  with  advantage. 

Any  separate  section  should  follow  the  numbers  of  the  general 
carpentry. 

Where  “ fixing  only  ” to  ironwork  has  been  taken  it  should 
come  last  in  the  abstract. 

In  abstracting  things  measured  by  the  foot  run  and  of  various 
sizes,  2 inches  by  3 inches,  4 inches  by  6 inches,  &c.,  take  them 
in  the  order  of  their  scantlings,  the  smallest  first,  disregarding  the 
fact  that  some  of  the  smaller  ones  are  of  more  value  than  the 
larger,  because  of  the  greater  amount  of  labour  upon  them. 

Joiner  and  Ironmonger. — The  usual  order  is  as  follows : — 
“ Floors,”  “ skirtings,”  “ skylights  and  sashes  and  frames,” 
“ doors,”  architraves  and  mouldings”  (if  a considerable  number 
of  items,  if  not  abstract  with  sundries),  “thicknesses  and 
framings,”  “ sundries,”  “ staircases,”  “ work  in  mahogany,” 
“ wainscot,”  &c.,  keeping  each  kind  of  wood  separate ; “ iron- 
mongery and  fixing,”  or,  whore  a sum  has  been  provided,  “ fixing 
only  ironmongery.” 

Plumber  and  Zincworker. — Abstract  the  lead  first,  under  the 
heading  of  its  own  weight,  as  4 lbs.,  5 lbs.,  Ac.,  and  afterwards 
reduce  it  to  cwts. ; abstract  together  lead  in  gutters,  flats,  flash- 
ings ; abstract  together  stepped  flashing  and  secret  gutters ; then 


ABSTRACTING. 


247 


labours  to  the  lead,  copper  pipes,  lead  pipes,  soldered  joints,  and 
labours  to  pipes,  short  lengths  of  pipe,  traps  of  various  kinds, 
brass  work,  lavatories,  w.c.  apparatus,  baths,  urinals,  cisterns. 

When  internal  and  external  plumbery  is  kept  separate  the 
same  order  is  adopted  for  each. 

The  zincworker  may  follow  the  plumber.  Superficial,  runs, 
numbers. 

Plasterer. — Commence  with  the  common  plastering,  superficial, 
runs,  numbers,  and  keep  the  various  kinds  separate,  then  work  in 
fine  plaster. 

Work  in  cement,  keeping  each  kind,  as  Portland,  Martin’s, 
Keen’s,  separate. 

Tile  paving  (except  quarries)  and  wall  tiling. 

Plastering  in  narrow  widths  and  small  quantities  should 
always  be  billed  in  feet. 

Sometimes  the  external  and  internal  plastering  are  separately 
billed,  but  only  in  a large  work. 

Founder  and  Smith. — Keep  the  cast  and  wrought  iron  separate. 
Keduce  all  to  weight.  The  same  constant  of  weight  should  be 
used  for  wrought  iron  and  rolled  iron. 

Gasfitter.  — Commence  with  the  pipes,  the  smallest  first ; 
follow  with  fittings  and  their  fixing  according  to  their  value, 
lengths  of  pipe,  main  cock,  meter.  If  the  fittings  are  a provision , 
fixing  only  gas  fittings  according  to  value. 

j Bellhanger. — Commence  with  the  bells ; follow  with  the  pulls 
and  fixing  according  to  their  value.  If  the  pulls  are  a provision, 
a section  of  fixing  only , according  to  their  value,  will  follow  here. 

Glazier . — Commence  with  the  glass  of  the  smallest  value  and 
arrange  it  according  to  the  superficial  content  of  the  squares,  the 
smallest  first ; follow  with  each  kind  arranged  in  a similar  manner, 
abstracting  any  extra  labour  on  any  particular  kind  of  glass 
following  that  glass,  lead  lights,  copper  or  lead  clips. 

When  the  abstracting  is  completed,  cast  up  all  the  columns, 
deduct  the  deductions,  and  reduce  each  item  that  requires  re- 
duction ; let  every  process  be  checked,  and  the  work  will  then  bo 
ready  for  billing.  When  columns  are  very  long  it  will  always  be 
a saving  of  time  to  divide  them  into  several  casts.  Let  the 
calculations  on  the  abstracts  be  exact,  any  adjustment  as  to 
measure  or  weight  should  be  left  until  the  time  of  billing. 


248 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  ABSTRACTING. 
(See  also  form  of  Bill.) 


Brickwork  and  its  Reduction. 

“ Bricklayer  No.  1.” 

“ For  description  of  material  see  Col.  40  dims.” 
Reduced  Stock  Brickwork  in  Mortar. 


Cube.  Deduct.  1 B.  Deduct. 


100 

0 

Cube. 

100 

0 

1 B. 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

10 

0 

100 

0 

10 

0 

10 

0 

10 

0 

300 

0 

10 

0 

300 

0 

10 

0 

30 

0 

— 

— 

30 

0 

— 

— 

30 

0 

30 

0 

270 

0 

l 

270 

0 

Ddt.  £th  = 30 

0 

^rd=  90 

0 

240  0 180  0 


Iloop  Iron. 


Billed  as — 


Add  5 per  cent,  for  laps. 

1?  x*" 

hoop-iron 
bond  and 
laying  in 
walls. 


100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

300 

0 

: 15 

0 

315 

0 

•27 

85  lbs. 

0 3 1 


yds.  ft.  in. 

105  - - run  1J”  x Ty'  hoop-iron  bond  and  laying  in 
walls  (weight,  3 qrs.  0 lbs.) 


li  B.  Deduct. 


100  0 1*  B. 

100  0 — 

100  0 10 

0 

10 

0 

300  0 10 

0 

30  0 - 

— 

30 

0 

270 

0 

180 

0 

240 

0 

690 

0 

2 rods,  146  feet. 


ABSTRACTING. 


249 


Perforations  in  brickwork. 

Perforations 
in  wall  for 
pipe  and 
making  good. 


10  = 20  bks. 
10  = 20  „ 
10  = 15  „ 


Billed  as — 


30  = 55  bks. 
Average,  If  bks. 


No.  30  Perforations  in  wall  average  If  bricks  thick  for 
pipe  and  making  good. 


Arches. 


Extra  labour  and  mate- 
rials cutting  and  waste 
to  relieving  arches. 


ft. 

In. 

B. 

B. 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

30  = 

300 

0 

X 

30 

X 

45 

10  0 x 1 B x 1|  B. 

averaged. 


Billed  as— 


Ditto  to  segmental 
arches. 


ft. 

In. 

B. 

B. 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

10  = 

100 

0 

X 

10 

X 

15 

30  = 

300 

0 

X 

30 

X 

45 

10  0 x 1 B.  x 1|  B. 

averaged. 


No.  30  Extra  labour  and  materials  cutting  and  waste  to 
rough  relieving  arches. 

10  ft.  0 in.  x 1 brick  x 1£  brick  averaged. 

„ 30  Ditto,  segmental,  10  ft.  0 in.  x 1 brick  x 1 2 -brick,  ditto. 


• Labour  on  Facings — 

Moulded  cor- 
nice two  courses 
high  moulded  7" 
girth  as  sketch, 
col.  82. 


100 

0 

Mitres. 

100 

0 

— 

Stops. 

100 

0 

10 

— 

10 

10 

300 

0 

10 

10 

— 

10 

30 


30 


250  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

Billed  as — 
ft.  in. 

300  - run  Extra  on  facings  for  moulded  cornice  two 
courses  high  and  7 in.  girth,  as  sketch. 

No.  30  mitres. 

„ 30  stops. 


Method  of  arrangement  by  which  the  repetition  to  every  item  of  the 
words  “ framed  and  wrought  ” is  avoided. 

Heading  of  section  in  bill — 

Fir  framed  and  wrought  all  round  where  required. 


2£  x 2£  bearer. 


100  0 Do.  plugged. 

100  0 

100  0 100  0 

100  0 

300  0 100  0 


300  0 


Lead. 


Milled  lead  and  labour  in  flats,  gutters,  flashings,  &c. 


4 lb.  5 lb.  6 lb.  7 lb. 


100  0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100  0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100  0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

300  0 

300 

0 

300 

0 

300 

0 

4 

5 

6 

7 

1200  lb. 

1500 

lb. 

1800 

lb. 

2100 

lb. 

1500  V 

1800 
2100 

6600 


cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 
58  3 20 


ABSTRACTING. 


251 


Billed  as — 
cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

58  3 21  Milled  lead  and  labour  in  flats,  gutters  and 

flashings. 


Plastering. 


Twice 

Render 

whiten 

float 

ceilings 

and  set 

and 

walls. 

soffits. 

100  0 

270  0 

100  0 

270  0 

100  0 

540  0 

300  0 

30  0 

60  yds. 

270  0 

30  yds. 

whiten. 

And  2ce 

— 

whiten. 

Lath 

Ddt. 

plaster 

Lath 

float 

•plaster 

10 

0 

and  set 

float 

10 

0 

ceilings. 

and  set 

10 

0 

soffits. 

— 

— ~ 

100  0 

Ddt. 

30 

0 

100  0 

— 

100  0 

Ddt. 

100  0 

10' 

0 

100  0 

10 

0 

100  0 

10) 

0 

300  0 

10 

0 

10 

0 

30  0 

— 

— 

300  0 

10 

0 

- 

30 

0 

30  0 

270  0 

\ 

30 

0 

270  0 

30  yds.  

30  yds. 


The  words  “ twice  whiten  n being  written  in  the  foregoing  manner  over  all 
the  items  which  are  whitened,  the  totals,  as  soon  as  all  are  abstracted,  should  be 
re-abstracted  in  the  proper  place  ready  for  billing. 


Mitres  to 
moulding. 


ft.  in. 
100  = 50  0 
100  = 100  0 
100  = 66  8 


300  = 216  8 


Billed  as — 


8£  in.  average. 


No.  300  Mitres  to  moulding  average  9 in.  girth. 


Founder  and  Smith. 

Exact  Weight. 

C.  I.  weighted  at  38  lbs.  per  foot  supl.  of  1 in.  (37  ’50) 
W.I.  „ 41  lbs.  „ „ (40*32) 


252 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Cast  Iron . 


And  odd  2|  per  cent,  for  featherings. 


In  No.  10  girders  and  fixing 
20  feet  from  ground  level. 


In  No.  20  hollow  columns  and  fixing 
at  ground  level. 


Supl. 


Supl. 


i in. 

fin. 

4 in. 

1 in. 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

'A)  300 

0 

(B)  300 

0 

300 

0 

300 

o 

\ 

Supl. 


Supl. 


Columns. 

1"  collected. 


150  0 
300  0 
375  0 
600  0 


Girders 

collected. 


1"  iron  supl. 

Pattern 

(A)  150  0 

for  girder 
11  ft.  6 in. 

(B)  225  0 

long  and 
9 in.  wide 

375  0 

Altera- 

as sketch 

38 

tion 
to  do. 

col.  18 

14250  lbs. 
2*%  356 

/ i 

1 

14606  lbs. 


cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 
130  1 18 


liin.  2 in.  1425  0 


38 


100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 54150  lbs. 

100 

0 

100 

0 2J%  1354 

300 

0 

300 

Ha  55504  lbs. 

\ \ 


cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 
495  2 8 

Pattern  for 
hollow  column 
with  moulded 
cap,  base  and 
necking,  and 
four  brackets, 

8 ft.  high 
in  all. 

Alterations 

1 to  do. 


4 


Billed  as — 
cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

130  1 21  In  No.  10  panelled  girders  and  hoisting  and 

fixing  20  ft.  from  ground  level. 

No.  1 pattern  for  panelled  girder  11  ft  6 in. 

long  and  9 in.  wide,  as  sketch. 

No.  I alteration  to  ditto. 


ABSTRACTING. 


cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

495  2 7 In  No.  20  hollow  columns  and  fixing  at  ground- 

floor  level. 

No.  1 pattern  for  hollow  column  with  moulded 
cap,  base  and  necking,  and  four  brackets, 
8 ft.  high  in  all. 

No.  4 alterations  to  ditto. 


Wrought  Iron. 


Add  5 per  cent,  for  rivets. 


In  No.  6 riveted  girders. 


Supl. 

tin. 

Supl 

. i in. 

Supl 

• 1 *n- 

100 

0 

ioo' 

0 

000 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

300 

0 

300 

0 

300 

0 

112 

6 

150 

0 

187 

6 

Supl.  i in. 


100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

300 

0 

262 

6 

Girders 

collected. 


Supl.  l in. 


112 

6 

150 

0 

187 

6 

262 

6 

712 

6 

41 

29213 

lb. 

1461 

= 5 

30674 

lb. 

cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 
273  3 14 


Billed  as — 
cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

273  3 14  In  No.  6 riveted  girders  and  hoisting  and  fixing 

20  feet  above  the  ground  level. 


254 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

In  rolled  iron  joists. 


4"  X 3"  = 12  lbs.  per  ft. 


12 

6 

13 

0 

14 

9 

40 

3 

12  lb. 

483  lb. 

584 

1479 

2546  lb. 


6i"  X 3"  = 16  lbs.  per  ft. 


15 

0 

12 

6 

9 

0 

36 

6 

16 

lb. 

584 

lb. 

\ 


8"  X 5"  = 29  lbs.  per  ft. 


17 

6 

18 

0 

15 

6 

51 

0 

29 

lb. 

1479 

lb. 

\ 


cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

22  2 26 

Billed  as — 
cwts.  qrs.  lbs. 

22  3 - In  rolled  iron  joists  cut  to  exact  lengths  and 

hoisting  to  various  levels  and  fixing  by  brick- 
layer. 


Bolts. 


Under  12  in.  long 


£ in.  diameter 
screw  bolts 
— long,  with 
heads,  nuts 
and  washers, 
and  fixing  by 
carpenter. 


in. 

10  = 

100 

9 = 

90 

10  = 

80 

29  = 

270 

9 in.  average. 


Billed  as — 


£ in.  ditto. 


in. 

10  = 

100 

10  = 

100 

10  = 

100 

30  = 

300 

10  in.  average. 


Over  12  in.  long. 


f in.  diameter 
screw  bolts 
— long,  with 
heads,  nuts 
and  washers, 
and  fixing  by 
carpenter. 


in. 

10  = 

200 

10  = 

250 

10  = 

150 

30  = 

600 

20  in.  average. 


No.  29  £ in.  diameter  screw  bolts,  under  12  in.  long, 
average  9 in.  long,  with  heads,  nuts  and 
washers,  and  fixing  by  carpenter. 

„ 30  £ in.  ditto,  10  in.  long,  and  ditto. 

„ 30  | in.  ditto  over,  12  in.  long,  average  20  in.  long, 
and  ditto. 


BILLING . 


255 


Glass. 

21  oz.  sheet  glass,  and  glazing  in  squares 
not  exceeding  . . . feet  supl. 


2 ft.  0 in.  4 ft.  0 in.  6 ft.  0 in. 


100  0 100  0 100  0 

100  0 100  0 100  0 

100  0 100  0 100  0 

300  0 300  0 300  0 

Billed  as — 
ft.  in. 

300  - supl.  21  oz.  sheet  glass  in  squares  not  exceeding 
2 ft.  0 in.,  and  glazing. 

300  - „ 21  oz.  ditto,  4 ft.  0 in.,  and  ditto. 

300  - „ 21  oz.  ditto,  6 ft.  0 in.,  and  ditto. 


Paper . 


Billed  as — 

No.  6 Pieces  of  paper  P.1 


Paper 
P.C.  2s. 
per  piece, 
and 

hanging. 


100 

0 

100 

0 

100 

0 

54)300 

0 

5 pieces  30  ft. 

).  2s.  per  piece,  and  hanging. 


BILLING. 

The  general  rule  as  to  order  of  billing  is  to  begin  each  trade 
with  the  principal  item  of  that  trade,  as — Bricklayer,  rods  of  brick- 
work ; mason,  cubic  feet  of  stone ; slater,  squares  of  slating  ; 
carpenter,  cubic  feet  of  timber ; joiner,  squares  of  flooring ; founder 
and  smith,  cwt.  of  iron ; plumber,  cwt.  of  lead,  &c.,  and  generally 
speaking,  adhere  as  closely  as  possible  to  the  order,  cubes,  suprs., 
runs,  numbers. 

Any  total  in  the  abstract  having  odd  inches  is  billed  as  a foot 
when  six  inches  or  over,  and  where  under  six  inches  the  inches  are 
discarded,  thus — 4 feet  6 inches  is  called  5 feet,  4 feet  5 inches  is 
called  4 feet.  In  work  priced  per  yard  cube  13^  feet  is  called  a 


256 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


yard,  under  13J  feet  is  rejected.  Similarly,  when  work  is  priced 
at  per  square,  parts  of  5 feet  are  treated  as  5 feet,  or  discarded, 
thus — 108  feet  would  he  called  1 square  10  feet,  107  feet  1 square 
5 feet,  72  feet,  70  feet,  73  feet,  75  feet.  This  practice  saves  con- 
tractors much  trouble  in  pricing,  and  in  works  of  fair  size  the 
differences  neutralise  each  other ; but  in  small  measured  accounts 
it  is  better  to  adopt  the  exact  quantities. 

In  plastering  or  painting,  where  half  a yard  superficial,  call 
the  dimension  a yard ; where  under  half  a yard,  disregard  it. 

Materials  charged  per  cwt.  proceed  on  the  same  principle,  call- 
ing the  lbs.  0,  7,  14,  or  21,  when  less  than  a quarter. 

Where  there  is  any  departure  from  the  usual  mode  of  measure- 
ment the  fact  should  be  stated  in  the  preamble  of  the  bill. 

In  items  where  scantlings  are  stated,  put  the  smaller  one  first, 
as  6 inches  by  8 inches,  and  write  the  name  of  the  article  immedi- 
ately after  the  size,  and  before  describing  the  labour,  as,  for 
instance,  6 inches  by  8 inches  fascia , moulded  6 inches  girth. 

Repeat  the  figures  of  scantlings  or  thicknesses  when  billing  as 


not 


3"  x 4"  wrought  and  framed  rail. 

3"  x 4"  „ „ twice  splayed. 

,,  x „ „ „ twice  splayed. 


Numbers  also  should  invariably  be  repeated  even  when  similar. 

Work  described  as  “ in  small  quantities  ” should  always  be  billed 
in  feet. 

Where  a number  of  items  are  in  deal,  and  others  in  pitch  pine, 
mahogany,  &c.,  a heading  will  save  the  repetition  of  the  words,  deal, 
pitch  pine,  &c.,  thus : “ Doors  in  deal ,”  “ Skirtings  in  deal,”  “ Best 
Honduras  mahogany,”  &c.,  and  generally,  if  there  are  many  items 
of  a sort,  judicious  headings  will  save  writing. 

Gratings,  air-bricks,  &c.,  connected  with  the  general  construc- 
tion, and  which  involve  the  labour  of  a bricklayer,  mason,  or 
carpenter,  should  be  billed  at  the  end  of  the  trade  with  which 
thev  are  connected. 

4/ 

In  some  cases  it  is  found  convenient  to  give  the  detailed 
quantities  of  a particular  item,  so  that  a separate  amount  may  be 
arrived  at ; this  is  called  “ writing  short  ” (see  A below).  Another 
case  in  which  the  same  plan  is  adopted  is  that  of  the  extra  labours 


BILLING. 


257 


on  work  measured  lineally  (see  B below).  In  cases  like  A inches 
may  be  stated. 

In  writing  the  bills  keep  the  whole  of  one  item  on  the  same 
page,  and  do  not  write  parts  of  the  same  word  on  two  lines. 

When  it  is  desired  that  an  article  shall  be  supplied  by  a parti- 
cular person,  insert  his  name  and  address,  with  the  description  of  the 
said  article. 

Carefully  observe  that  the  words  cube , superficial , run , number , 
are  written  in  where  these  divisions  commence,  as,  to  take  an 
instance,  the  word  run  is  sometimes  omitted  where  the  superficials 
terminate,  and  the  lineal  dimensions  consequently  appear  to  be 
superficial. 


A.— No.  1 Stepladder,  as  detail  following,  viz. 


ft. 

50 


run 


ft. 

10 

43 

17 

3 

40 

13 

47 

37 

No, 

»» 


Cube,  fir  framed 

Superficial,  planing 

„ 1^-inch  rough  batten  land- 

ing, with  open  joints  .. 
„ l|-inch  deal  rough  lining 

, tt  Id  »>  treads 

„ lj-inch  deal  rough  treads, 

framed 

„ 2-inch  deal  rough  framed 

strings  

Run,  labour  to  rounded  edge  to  3 

inches  fir 

Housings  of  treads  

Ogee  cut  ends  to  bearers,  6 inches  by 

3 inches  

Ends  of  bearers,  &c.,  cut  and  pinned 
into  wall  

Amount  of  stepladder  . . . . £ 

Carried  to  adjoining  column. 


B. 

3 inches  by  9 inches  window  sill,  tooled,  sunk, 
weathered  and  throated. 

No.  20  fair  ends. 


d. 


£ s.  d. 


Observe  that  the  wards  “ and  including  " be  used  where  re- 
quired, as  in  describing  tiling  and  lathing,  write  “ on  and  including 
11  x | sawn  fir  laths/’  or  in  description  of  doors  when  glass  is 
beaded  in,  “ with  and  including  mitred  and  screwed  beads  for  glass. 

Observe  also  the  distinction  between  “ as  pattern  (out  of  stock, 
if  not  more  definitely  described),  and  “ to  detail  ’ or  “ to  design. 

s 


258 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Take  care  that,  so  far  as  possible,  the  same  word  has  but  ono 
meaning  throughout  the  set  of  bills,  especially  the  words  “ provide  ” 
and  “ allow.”  It  is  convenient  to  apply  the  word  “ provide  ” to 
those  amounts  or  quantities  which  are  provided,  and  which  will  be 
the  subjects  of  future  adjustment,  and  the  word  “ allow  ” to  all 
items  the  cost  of  which  are  at  contractor’s  risk,  and  not  subject 
to  interference.  Parts  of  “allows”  should  consequently  not  be 
deducted.  (See  p.  244.)  It  is  not  expedient  to  contract  any  of  the 
words  in  a bill ; write  all  at  full  length. 

Sometimes  labour  is  saved  by  billing  items  without  abstracting ; 
in  such  case  write  against  them  in  dimensions  “ to  bill  direct.” 

Either  every  trade  may  have  a separate  bill,  or  two  or  three 
trades  may  be  put  into  one  bill,  or  the  bill  may  be  continuous  ; in 
either  case  each  of  the  trades  will  be  carried  separately  to  summary, 
and  each  bill  will  have  a heading  similar  to  the  following : — 

Estimate, 

For  proposed  house  and  offices  at  Sutton,  Surrey,  for  John 
Smith,  Esq. 

, Esq.,  Architect, 

24  Montague  Square, 

July  1878.  London,  W.C. 

It  is  often  convenient  when  part  of  the  work  is  new  and  part 
alteration  to  old,  to  make  a separate  bill  of  the  alterations,  heading 
it  “works  on  the  site  ” ; the  builder  in  the.  latter  case  will  have 
to  take  this  bill  only  to  the  site. 

A separate  bill  may  often  be  made  with  advantage  of  the 
general  contractor’s  work  in  connection  with  a sub-contract  for 
ventilation,  machinery,  &c. 

Head  each  trade  with  number  and  trade,  thus — “ No.  2. 
Excavator  and  drains.” 

The  sketches  should  be  drawn  in  the  bill  before  any  checking 
is  done,  so  that  they  also  may  be  checked. 

When  the  work  is  in  a district  where  other  than  London  methods 
of  measurement  are  used,  it  will  be  advisable  if  they  are  not  adopted 
to  say  “ all  the  modes  ot  measurement  and  allowances  in  this  bill 
of  quantities  are  in  accordance  with  the  London  practice.” 

Another  preliminary  clause  sometimes  used  is  as  follows : “ In 
all  trades  the  London  mode  of  measuring  has  been  adopted,  viz.  all 
openings  for  doors,  windows,  &c.,  have  been  deducted  from  the 


BILLING . 


259 


gross  totals,  and  all  quantities  of  stone  and  other  materials  stated 
in  the  several  bills  are  the  net  measurements.  Whon  fixed  in 
the  work,  all  allowances  for  waste,  &c.,  must  be  considered  in  the 
prices.” 

Preliminary  Bill. — ‘This  should  commence  with  clauses  from  tho 
conditions  which  may  affect  tho  amount  of  tender,  such  as  tho 
following  :-~- 

“ The  site  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  road  leading  from  Kow 
to  Richmond,  and  opposite  to  the  Cumberland  Gate  of  Kew 
Gardens”  (description  of  position  will  often  be  unnecessary 
beyond  the  heading  of  the  bill). 

“ The  building  to  be  completed  fit  for  occupation  by  the  . . . 
day  of  . . . under  a penalty  of  £ . . . per  week  as  liquidated 
damages,  delay  consequent  upon  strikes  only  excepted.”  Some- 
times, “ in  case  of  extra  works,  the  time  shall  be  extended  one 
week  for  every  £100  worth  of  additional  work.” 

“ Payments  will  be  made  to  the  contractor  at  the  rate  of  75  per 
cent,  upon  the  value  of  the  work  executed  until  completion,  when 
an  additional  20  per  cent,  will  be  paid,  and  the  remaining  5 per 
cent,  at  the  expiration  of  six  months.” 

The  old  “Conditions  of  Contract”  published  by  tho  R.I.B.A. 
involve  a different  arrangement : “ When  the  value  of  the  works 
executed,  and  not  included  in  any  former  certificates,  shall  from 
time  to  time  amount  to  the  sum  of  £ . . . , or  otherwise  at  tho 
architect’s  reasonable  discretion,  the  contractors  are  to  be  entitled 
to  receive  payment  at  the  rate  of  80  per  cent,  upon  such  value 
until  the  difference  between  the  percentage  and  the  value  of  tho 
works  executed  shall  amount  to  10  per  cent,  upon  the  amount  of 
the  contract,  after  which  time  the  contractors  are  to  be  entitled  to 
receive  payment  of  the  full  value  of  all  works  executed  and  not 
included  in  any  former  payment,  one  moiety  of  the  balance  being 
paid  on  completion,  and  remainder  in  . . . months.” 

The  payment  and  maintenance  clauses  are  various,  and  have  to 
be  drawn  to  meet  special  cases.  Architects’  instructions  usually 
regulate  these. 

“ No  part  of  the  work  to  be  let  as  task-work.” 

“ A fully-priced  copy  of  the  estimate  ( sometimes  sealed ) is  to  be 
deposited  with  the  architect  within  a week  of  signing  contract, 
extras  and  omissions  to  be  valued  at  the  prices  of  the  contract,  and 

s 2 


26o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


any  item  of  extra  work  which  does  not  exactly  agree  with  the  descriptions 
of  the  original  estimate  to  he  valued  at  a price  analogous  thereto .” 
Sometimes  “ the  quantities  will  form  part  of  the  contract.” 

The  clause  commonly  appears  without  the  part  in  italics ; when 
it  does  the  builder  will  argue  that  the  rates  of  the  original  estimate 
shall  be  only  applied  to  such  items  of  extra  work  as  are  exactly 
described  in  the  bill  of  quantities. 

This  condition,  if  uniformly  adopted,  will  produce  in  course  of 
time  an  improvement  in  the  system  of  tendering.  When  a large 
quantity  of  extra  work  has  been  anticipated,  builders  have  some- 
times priced  their  original  estimate  at  an  absurdly  low  rate,  with 
the  idea  of  making  their  profit  by  charging  an  exorbitant  price 
for  the  extra  work. 

“ The  contractor  will  be  required  to  keep  an  approved  foreman 
constantly  upon  the  works.” 

“ For  the  remaining  conditions  see  the  copy  appended  to  the 
specification.” 

“ Allow  for  insurance  from  fire  to  the  amount  of  (two-thirds,  or 
as  the  case  may  be)  tender,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  directed,  and 
make  good  after  fire  or  any  other  accident.” 

“ Allow  for  supplying  water  for  all  the  works,  including  fees, 
temporary  plumbing,  and  storage  of  water.” 

“ Allow  for  giving  notices  to  all  authorities  requiring  notice,  and 
for  supplying  any  drawings  required,  and  paying  all  fees.  (The  fee 
for  District  Surveyor  is  for  a building  . . . stories  in  height,  and  not 
exceeding  . . . squares  in  area.)”  The  foregoing  part  in  parenthesis 
applies  only  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  London  County  Council. 

Observe  that  where  a new  building  is  connected  with  old  ones, 
District  Surveyor’s  fees  must  be  included  for  them  as  well  as  for 
the  new  ones ; reference  to  the  schedules  of  the  Building  Act  will 
show  how.  Include  also  the  fee  for  inspection  under  the  new  bye- 
laws of  the  London  County  Council. 

“ Allow  for  each  trade  to  attend  upon  all  other  trades,  and  for 
all  jobbing  connected  therewith.”  This  clause  will  not  supersede 
the  necessity  of  special  items  for  attendance. 

“ Allow  for  all  scaffolding,  rods,  &c.,  and  stakes  and  labour  in 
setting  ®ut  the  works.” 

When  the  building  is  large,  leave  out  the  word  scaffolding  in 
previous  clause  and  insert  the  following : — 


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261 


“ Allow  for  the  necessary  scaffolding  for  a building  about 
. . . feet  long,  by  . . . feet  wide,  and  . . . feet  from  ground 
to  ridge,  with  . . . chimney  stacks  rising  to  a height  . . . feet 
from  ground,  and  a turret  rising  to  a height  of  . . . feet,  and  in- 
cluding an  apartment  . . . feet  by  . . . feet,  and  . . . feet  high.” 
(The  latter  clause  when  there  is  a very  large  room  or  hall  involv- 
ing internal  scaffolding.) 

“ Allow  for  an  office  for  clerk  of  works  and  the  requisite  firing, 
light  and  attendance,  and  for  all  sheds,  &c.,  required  for  keeping 
materials  under  cover,  and  for  carrying  out  the  works.  If  any 
materials  not  usually  protected  are  to  be  kept  under  cover  they 
should  be  particularised,  such  as  lime,  facing  bricks,  &c. 

“ Allow  for  proper  latrines  for  the  workmen,  for  keeping  same 
in  a clean  and  decent  condition,  and  for  emptying  as  may  bo 
required,  and  removing  at  completion.” 

“ Allow  for  enclosing  the  site  with  an  approved  post  and  rail 
fence,  and  for  preventing  the  men  from  trespassing  upon  any  other 
part  of  the  ground  beyond  that  enclosed.”  The  foregoing  in  case 
of  a park  or  garden. 

“ Allow  for  covering  the  walling  during  inclement  weather, 
and  for  providing  all  requisite  temporary  lights,  doors,  water- 
shoots,  covering  to  stonework  and  terra-cotta,  tile  pieces  to  steps, 
and  any  other  requisite  protection  to  the  whole  of  the  works.” 

“ Allow  for  making  good  any  injury  to  the  building  from  any 
cause,  and  for  making  good  pointing  after  injury  from  frost.” 

“ Allow  for  making  good  any  injury  to  adjoining  buildings 
consequent  upon  these  alterations,  and  for  any  necessary  shoring.” 
Allow  for  necessary  watching  and  lighting.” 

“ Allow  for  keeping  foundations  free  from  water,  and  for  any 
temporary  drainage,  baling,  or  pumping  that  may  be  required.” 

“ Allow  for  clearing  away  all  dirt  or  rubbish  and  superfluous 
materials  as  they  accumulate,  for  washing  (or  twice  scrubbing) 
floors  at  completion,  and  for  leaving  the  whole  of  the  premises 
clean.” 

“ Allow  for  affording  facilities  to  any  other  parties  employed 
upon  the  buildings,  so  that  their  works  may  proceed  during  the 
progress  of  the  contract,  and  allow  them  use  of  ordinary  scaffolding 
and  ladders.” 

“ Allow  for  casing  and  otherwise  protecting  any  of  the  work 


262 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


done  by  other  tradesmen,  and  be  responsible  for,  and  make  good  or 
pay  for  the  making  good  of  any  work  which  may  suffer  for  want 
of  such  casing  or  protection.” 

“ Allow  for  keeping  the  works  in  proper  repair  for  . . . months 
(usually  six)  after  completion,  and  for  making  good  any  defects  or 
imperfections  which  may  arise  during  that  period,  and  for  making 
good  pointing  to  roofs  or  walls  after  injury  from  frost.” 

“Allow  for  erecting,  maintaining  and  altering  as  may  be 
required,  and  afterwards  removing,  a hoarding,  with  the  necessary 
gates  and  fastenings,  fans,  planked  footway,  post  and  rail  fence, 
&c.,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  local  authorities,  for  a length  of  . . . 
feet,  with  two  returns  . . . feet  in  length.”  The  foregoing  would 
apply  in  a public  thoroughfare. 

Sometimes  supply  and  fix  to  front  wall  for  its  whole  height 
from  ceiling  of  ground  floor  to  top  of  parapet  a close  boarded  fan 
2 feet  6 inches  wide. 

Sometimes  the  right  of  letting  the  hoarding  to  an  advertise* 
ment  contractor  is  reserved  by  the  proprietor,  and  sometimes 
advertising  is  prohibited. 

“ Allow  for  carrying  on  the  works  while  the  present  buildings 
are  in  use.”  This  applies  in  case  of  additions. 

In  case  of  an  erection  on  the  site  of  an  old  building — 

“ Allow  for  emptying  any  old  drains  or  cesspools  that  may  bo 
met  with  in  course  of  excavation,  and  for  filling  in  same  with  hard, 
dry  brick  or  stone  rubbish,  or  lime  core,  well  rammed.” 

“ Allow  for  leaving  temporary  openings  in  roofs,  walls  or  floors 
as  may  be  required  or  directed  for  the  getting  in  of  cisterns, 
boilers,  machinery,  &c.,  and  make  good  afterwards  in  all  trades.” 

“ The  contractor  to  send  in  with  his  tender  the  names  of  two 
responsible  sureties  who  are  willing  to  be  bound  jointly  and 
severally  with  him  in  the  sum  of  £ . . . for  the  duo  completion  of 
the  contract  and  the  bond  to  be  executed  on  the  signing  of  the 
contract,” 

The  foregoing  is  a general  outline  of  the  most  frequent  re- 
quirements, but  in  almost  every  building  some  special  conditions 
will  be  required  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  case. 

The  general  rule  is  to  embody  in  the  preliminary  bill  any 
condition  which  is  likely  to  affect  the  value  of  the  work. 

Xu  the  case  of  an  estimate  comprising  works  of  alterations  the 


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263 


items  of  alterations,  i.e.  such  as  are  not  mcasurod  for  quantity, 
should  follow  here,  and  they  should  he  arranged  in  such  order  that 
the  contractor  would,  in  reading  the  items,  go  through  the  building, 
beginning  with  the  topmost  floor,  for  instance,  and  dispose  of  it 
without  any  necessity  for  his  return  to  that  part  of  the  building. 
In  all  cases  state  the  exact  position  of  the  work. 

Where  there  are  a very  large  number  of  items  of  alteration 
some  surveyors  make  a separate  bill  of  them. 

“ Allow  for  pulling  down,”  &c. ; describe  the  pulling  down. 
(“  See  Bill  No.  20.”)  See  also  remarks  on  credits  bill. 

If  any  part  of  the  work  is  in  darkness,  as  in  the  case  of  sub- 
basements, it  should  be  stated. 

Sometimes  the  following,  “ allow  for  laying  on  temporary  gas 
pipes  to  now  basement,  and  for  paying  for  the  necessary  gas, 
candles,  &c.” 

Alterations . — When  the  estimate  is  mainly  for  the  alteration  of 
an  old  building,  it  will  greatly  assist  the  estimator  to  place  at 
the  beginning  of  the  preliminary  bill  an  item  similar  to  the 
following : — 

“ The  work  consists  of  raising  the  building  by  an  additional 
story,  of  building  a new  kitchen  and  dining-room  adjoining  the 
north  wall  of  the  building,  and  a billiard-room,  with  conservatory 
over,  adjoining  the  south  wall,  and  of  various  small  alterations 
and  additions  throughout  the  old  building.” 

A small  block  plan,  lettered  A,  B,  C,  &c.  (and  which  may  be 
referred  to  by  these  letters)  is  a useful  appendage  to  a bill  of  quan- 
tities of  alteration,  and  makes  the  items  easier  to  understand. 

“ Insurance  from  fire,  and  the  water  company’s  fees  will  be 
paid  by  the  proprietor,  but  contractor  to  allow  for  any  temporary 
plumbing  and  storage  of  water.” 

“ The  whole  of  the  inserted  work,  as  mouldings,  panellings,  &c., 
to  match  old.” 

Special  reference  to  scaffolding  is  also  expedient,  thus : — 

“ Allow  for  erecting  a strong  scaffold  about  36  feet  long  and 
to  a height  of  50  feet  from  ground  level  as  may  be  necessary,  for 
the  raising  of  additional  story,  and  include  cutting  out  and  making 
good  all  putlog  holes,  and  for  removal  of  scaffold  at  completion.” 

“ Allow  for  any  necessary  shoring  and  strutting  while  under- 
pinning eastern  wall  and  chimney  breast  about  22  feet  run.” 


264 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Provisions. — The  points  connected  with  provisions  which  re- 
quire attention  are  the  packing , carriage , profit  and  fixing.  Vaiious 
methods  of  treatment  of  the  same  item  appear  below.  Always 
state  carefully  what  the  sum  provided  is  to  cover. 

To  meet  the  question  of  profit  it  is  sometimes  stated  that  the 
amounts  provided  are  to  be  paid  net  to  any  tradesman  selected  by 
the  architect  on  his  certificate. 

A clause  such  as  this  will  define  the  position  you  take  : “ Pro- 
vide the  following  sums  to  be  used  as  directed,  or  deducted  if  not 
required.  If  contractor  desires  a profit  he  must  add  it  to  the 
amount  named  in  each  case.” 

The  letters  P.C.  or  the  words  prime  cost,  shall  mean  the  price 
at  the  manufactory  after  deducting  trade  discount,  but  not  discount 
for  cash. 

Allow  on  all  provisions  for  profit,  packing,  carriage  and  fixing. 

Sometimes,  “ All  the  following  provisions  to  include  fixing,  un- 
less specially  described  otherwise.” 

“ Provide  the  sum  of  £100  for  ten  chimneypieces,  and  allow  also 
for  packing,  carriage,  profit  and  fixing,  including  the  necessary 
cramps.” 

“ Provide  the  sum  of  £100  for  ten  chimneypieces  and  fixing.” 

“ Provide  the  sum  of  £100  for  ten  chimneypieces  (fixing  else- 
where taken).” 

“ Provide  for  modelling  of  terra-cotta  £ . . . ” 

“ Provide  for  extra  works  £ . . . ” 

Submit  the  provided  amounts  to  the  architect  for  his  approval 
before  the  bills  are  lithographed. 

When  the  quantity  of  work  for  which  a provision  of  money  is 
made  is  not  settled,  it  is  not  fair  to  add  “ allow  for  fixing.” 

It  may  be  necessary  to  measure  a considerable  amount  of  work 
in  connection  with  provisional  sums,  and  in  such  cases  it  is  con- 
venient to  make  a separate  bill  of  the  provisions,  commencing 
with  the  sums  provided,  and  following  with  the  collateral  works 
in  the  usual  order  of  a bill. 

Some  surveyors  use  the  following  : “ In  all  cases  where  letters 
P.C.  are  made  use  of  in  this  specification,  they  are  intended  to 
imply  the  published  catalogue  price,  and  the  architect  shall  be 
empowered,  if  he  thinks  proper,  to  order  the  articles  of  any  special 
manufacturer  to  the  full  value  of  the  sum  named  ” ; others,  “ All 


BILLING . 


265 

provisional  items  shall  include  10  per  cent,  profit  for  the  contractor 
calculated  on  the  net  amount  after  deducting  trade  discount.” 

The  division  of  labour  in  the  case  of  provisions  requires  careful 
stipulations.  When  a sum  of  money  has  been  provided  for  con- 
structional ironwork  like  the  following — 

“ Provide  for  constructional  ironwork  and  fixing  £2000,” 
and  it  is  intended  that  the  general  contractor  shall  unload,  &c., 
some  such  clause  as  follows  will  appear  in  the  hill  of  quantities 
of  the  general  contract : 

“ Unload,  get  into  building,  deposit,  hoist,  and  assist  in  fixing 
....  tons  of  iron  joists,  girders  and  columns.” 

When  a sum  of  money  is  provided  for  terra-cotta  delivered  at 
the  building,  “ provide  for  terra-cotta  £....” 

“Allow  for  assisting  the  manufacturer  of  the  terra-cotta  in 
setting  out,  and  for  furnishing  any  necessary  particulars  to  manu- 
facturer, and  for  unpacking,  storing  and  protecting  it,  and  making 
good  any  damage.”  The  fixing  only  will  be  elsewhere  described. 

When  a sum  of  money  is  provided  for  granite  work,  “Provide 
for  granite  work  £ . . 

“ Allow  for  assisting  the  granite  merchant  in  setting  out  and 
for  furnishing  any  necessary  particulars  to  merchant,  and  for  un- 
packing, storing  and  protecting  it,  and  making  good  any  damage.” 
“ Allow  for  supplying  water  to  the  fibrous  plaster  manu- 
facturer ; for  assisting  to  unload,  store  and  protect  the  same  to  the 
extent  of  about  25  squares;  for  arranging  as  to  time  for  the 
execution  of  the  work,  after  the  grounds  are  fixed ; for  the  erection 
and  use  of  scaffolding  required  by  the  manufacturer ; for  clearing 
away  all  rubbish  when  ordered  by  the  clerk  of  works ; and  for 
leaving  the  whole  in  a clean  and  orderly  condition;  (The  ceiling 
joists  and  other  preparations  are  included  in  the  carpenter’s  bill./’ 
The  examples  of  preambles  to  trades  which  follow  will,  of 
course,  be  considerabty  modified  in  special  cases,  and  by  the 
specification  of  the  particular  work. 

Piling , Coffer  Bams , rftc. — “ The  prices  of  piling  and  dams  to  in- 
clude spikes,  nails,  oak  treenails,  and  all  workmanship  and  labour 
in  preparing  and  connecting  timbers  together  by  lapping,  notching? 
bevel,  or  birdsmouth  cuttings,  including  boring  for  bolts.” 

“ The  driving  of  piles  to  include  use  of  pile  engine,  staging 
and  hoops  or  rings.” 


266 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ Allow  for  Largos  or  floating  stages,  which  will  be  necessary 
for  a part  of  the  work.” 

“ The  fir  shall  be  sound  Dantzic  fir,  free  from  sap  and  all  defects, 
not  less  than  144  square  inches  in  section  properly  squared,  and 
from  straight  trees  ; all  to  be  creosoted  under  pressure  with  not  less 
than  8 lbs.  of  creosote  to  each  cubic  foot  of  timber ; all  cut  ends, 
scarfs  and  surfaces  of  tops  of  piles  shall  be  tarred  with  Stockholm 
tar.  All  piles  to  be  driven  with  a ram  weighing  not  less  than 
20  cwt.,  and  the  driving  continued  until  each  pile  will  not  go 
down  more  than  half  an  inch  with  ten  blows  of  the  ram  falling 
9 feet.” 

“ Any  pile  split  or  otherwise  damaged  in  driving  shall  not  be 
drawn,  but  cut  off  at  the  level  of  the  bed  of  stream,  and  another 
pile  driven  instead,  as  near  as  possible  to  that  first  mentioned,  at 
contractor’s  expense.” 

“ The  net  length  only  of  the  pile  has  been  measured,  contractor 
must  allow  for  waste.” 

“ Allow  for  any  necessary  barging,  any  extra  cost  for  working  in 
the  water,  and  for  any  extra  cost  of  labour  involved  in  tide- work.” 
“ The  price  for  driving  piles  to  include  use  of  pile  engine, 
staging  and  hoops  or  rings.” 

“ Allow  for  all  spikes,  staples  and  dogs.” 

“ Allow  for  all  necessary  pumping  and  baling.” 

“ Contractor  must  make  his  own  arrangements  and  allowances 
as  to  tide  work.” 

Brick  Sewers. — “The  work  consists  of  the  construction  of  a 
brick  sewer  running  parallel  with  the  existing  northern  main 
sewer,  from  a point  about  600  feet  north  of  the  northern  end  of 
Victoria  Road  to  the  northern  end  of  Lyndhurst  Road.” 

“ All  materials  supplied  in  carrying  out  the  works  mentioned 
in  this  specification  shall  be  the  very  best  of  their  several  kinds, 
and  to  the  approval  of  the  engineer.  Any  material  that  may  be 
disapproved  shall  be  kept  upon  the  works  until  their  completion.” 
“ The  contractor  shall  pay  to  all  persons  engaged  by  him  in 
carrying  out  the  works,  such  wages  as  are  generally  accepted  as 
current  in  the  locality  for  each  trade  for  competent  workmen,  and 
shall  from  time  to  time,  whenever  required  so  to  do,  produce  to  the 
Council  sufficient  evidence  that  such  wages  are  paid  by  him,  and 
also  that  none  of  the  work  is  sublet.” 


BILLING. 


267 


“ The  contractor  shall  not  sublet  or  let  as  task  work  any  part 
of  the  work  without  the  consent  of  the  engineer  in  writing 
previously  acquired.” 

“ The  work  to  be  commenced  within  seven  days  from  the  receipt 
of  a written  notice  from  the  clerk  to  the  Council  or  the  engineer, 
and  to  be  completed  and  handed  over  to  the  Urban  District 
Council  within  six  months  after  the  date  of  such  notice,  under 
penalty  of  10Z.  per  day  as  liquidated  damages.” 

“ Payments  will  be  made  to  the  contractor  on  the  certificate  of 
the  engineer,  at  the  rate  of  80  per  cent,  on  the  value  of  work 
executed,  and  materials  on  the  works.  The  first  payment  to  be 
made  when  the  engineer  shall  consider  that  10  per  cent,  of  the 
work  contracted  for  has  been  done,  and  subsequent  payments  in 
similar  proportions.  Five  per  cent,  three  months  after  certificate 
of  completion,  and  the  remainder  six  months  after  completion.” 

“ Each  section  of  the  works  shall  be  commenced  at  such  times 
and  only  such  lengths  shall  be  opened  as  the  engineer  may  direct,  and 
the  execution  of  work  shall  proceed  at  such  speed  as  he  may  direct.” 
“The  contractor  will  be  required  to  keep  a competent  and 
approved  foreman  constantly  on  the  works,  and  he  shall  not  be 
changed  except  with  the  engineer’s  approval.” 

“ The  contractor  shall  find  two  good  and  sufficient  approved 
sureties  in  the  penal  sum  of  one-third  the  amount  of  the  accepted 
tender  for  the  due  and  complete  fulfilment  of  the  contract  entered 
into  by  the  said  contractor.” 

“ The  contractor  shall  deposit  with  the  engineer,  within  a week 
of  signing  the  contract,  a copy  of  the  bill  of  quantities,  upon  which 
basis  the  tender  has  been  prepared,  fully  priced  and  moneyed  out, 
and  the  value  of  any  deviation  or  deduction  shall  be  calculated  at 
the  rates  of  the  original  estimate.” 

“ The  contractor  shall  send  in  with  his  tender  samples  of  tho 
Staffordshire  blue  bricks  and  seconds  gault  bricks,  proposed  to  be 
used  on  the  works.” 

“ No  earth,  rubbish,  or  materials  shall  bo  deposited  upon  any 
pavements  or  crossings,  under  penalty  of  £5.” 

“ For  the  remaining  conditions,  see  the  full  copy  appended  to 
the  specification.” 

“ Allow  for  supplying  water  for  all  the  works,  including  fees, 
any  necessary  temporary  plumbing,  and  storage  of  water.” 


268 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ Allow  for  giving  notices  to  any  persons  requiring  notice,  and 
pay  all  fees.” 

“ Allow  for  setting  out  the  works  and  for  supplying  all  rods, 
tapes,  stakes,  poles,  labour  and  other  matters  in  setting  out  the 
works,  and  also  such  as  may  be  required  by  the  engineer  or  his 
assistant  to  check  the  setting  out.” 

“ The  works  will  be  carried  out  under  the  supervision  of  a clerk 
of  works.  Allow  for  supplying  and  fitting  up  an  approved  mov- 
able office  (10  feet  x 8 feet)  for  his  accommodation,  with  all 
requisite  fittings,  stove,  firing,  lighting,  attendance,  &c.,  maintain- 
ing same  and  removing  during  the  progress  of  the  works  to  such 
positions  as  may  be  directed.” 

‘ “ This  office  to  be  contractor’s  property  at  completion  of  the 
works.” 

“ Allow  for  delivering,  when  called  upon,  at  the  engineer’s  office, 
samples  of  the  Staffordshire  blue  bricks,  seconds  gault  bricks,  stock 
bricks,  cement,  gravel,  sand,  pipes  and  granite  cubes,  intended  to  be 
used  on  the  works,  for  the  approval  of  the  engineer ; all  articles  and 
materials  used  shall  agree  in  every  respect  with  the  approved 
samples.” 

“ Contractor  to  use  great  care  to  damage  as  little  as  possible 
the  watercourses,  hedges  and  fences  which  he  may  have  to  break 
through  for  the  construction  of  the  works.  Allow  for  making  good 
at  completion,  and  for  leaving  in  as  good  order  as  before  disturb- 
ance.” 

“Allow  for  making  ample  provision  in  place  of  the  water- 
courses where  broken  through  during  the  progress  of  the  works, 
so  that  the  flow  of  water  is  in  no  way  obstructed.” 

“ Allow  for  preserving  intact,  properly  slinging  or  holding  in 
position,  or  raising  or  lowering  where  necessary  all  gas,  water,  or 
other  pipes,  plugs,  boxes,  &c.,  met  with  in  course  of  the  works, 
making  good  and  leaving  all  perfect  at  completion.” 

“ Allow  for  protecting  the  whole  of  the  works  included  in  this 
contract,  and  for  making  good  or  paying  compensation  for  any 
damage  or  accident  to  persons  or  property,  and  all  claims  for 
anything  that  may  be  stolen,  removed,  or  destroyed,  also  allow  for 
making  good  all  sewers,  drains,  gas-pipes,  water-pipes,  or  other 
property  broken  or  damaged  by  contractors,  servants,  agents,  or 
workmen,  by  or  in  consequence  of  their  operations,  or  in  conse- 


BILLING. 


269 


quence  of  trespass  committed  by  them,  and  whether  such  damago 
or  defects  may  be  or  might  have  been  discovered  during  the 
progress  of  the  works,  or  whether  payment  may  have  been  wholly 
or  partially  made  on  the  works  approved  as  having  been  properly 
done.  And  in  case  of  any  action  or  suit  at  law,  or  other  pro- 
ceedings being  brought  or  taken  against  the  Urban  District 
Council,  or  any  of  their  officers  or  servants  in  respect  of  any  such 
damage  or  defects,  or  any  loss,  damage,  or  injury  by  reason  thereof, 
or  consequent  therefrom,  to  fully  indemnify  the  Urban  District 
Council  therefrom,  and  forthwith  pay  to  them  such  sum  as  may  be 
required.” 

“Allow  for  taking  up  or  undoing  any  portion  of  the  work 
executed  (if  the  engineer  should  so  order)  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  if  such  work  has  been  done  according  to  the  terms  of 
specification.” 

“ Allow  for  affording  the  engineer  or  his  representative  every 
facility,  and  such  tools  and  labour  as  he  may  require  to  examine 
and  test  the  materials  and  work.” 

“ The  contractor  will  be  required  to  enter  into  a proper  contract 
and  bond  to  carry  out  the  work,  to  be  prepared  by  the  solicitors  of 
the  Urban  District  Council.  Allow  for  the  expense  of  its  prepara- 
tion.” 

“ Allow  for  keeping  the  works  in  repair  for  six  months  after 
the  date  of  certificate  of  completion,  and  for  making  good  any 
defects  or  imperfections  that  may  arise  during  that  period.” 

, “Allow  for  supplying,  fixing  and  maintaining,  during  the 
progress  of  the  works,  such  substantial  and  proper  fences  as  may 
be  necessary  for  guarding  and  protecting  them  from  injury,  as  well 
as  the  public  from  accidents,  as  also  a sufficient  number  of  lights 
to  properly  light  the  works  and  fencing,  and  provide  a watchman 
whenever  a trench  is  open  during  the  night.” 

. “ Allow  for  supplying,  wherever  necessary,  proper  planked 

footways  with  substantial  handrails,  to  the  engineer’s  satisfaction.” 
“ Allow  for  keeping  trenches  free  from  water  from  whatever 
source,  and  for  doing  all  baling  or  pumping  required.” 

“ Allow  for  any  new  sewers  or  house  drains  to  be  connected 
with  the  new  sewers  during  the  progress  of  the  works,  if  the 
Council  or  their  engineer  shall  require  it,  and  all  expenses  con- 
sequent thereon  ” 


270 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ Allow,  in  commencing  to  dig  trenches,  for  carefully  taking 
up,  laying  aside  and  preserving  for  reinstatement  all  turf,  soil, 
granite,  gravel  and  all  other  surface  material.” 

“ Allow  for  removing  from  the  works  with  all  convenient 
speed  all  surplus  ground,  rubbish,  materials,  or  other  matters 
taken  out  of  the  trenches  or  elsewhere,  and  not  required  for  use  on 
the  works.” 

“ Allow  for  filling  in  all  irregularities  in  the  trenches  resulting 
from  bad  workmanship  or  otherwise,  with  concrete  or  gravel  firmly 
rammed  in  as  the  engineer  may  direct,  and,  where  the  bottom  is 
soft,  for  excavating  to  a further  depth,  and  filling  in  with  cement 
concrete  as  described,  well  rammed.” 

“ Allow  in  trenches  for  pipe  sewers  for  taking  out  the  ground 
under  each  socket  so  that  no  part  of  the  socket  shall  touch  the 
bottom  of  the  trench,  but  each  pipe  shall  have  a firm  and  even 
bearing  on  the  ground  throughout  its  entire  length.  Should  the 
soil  be  gravel,  the  hole  for  the  socket  shall  be  filled  with  soft 
puddled  clay.” 

“ The  sand  to  be  clean  and  sharp,  free  from  all  loam  and  clay, 
and  well  washed  before  using.” 

“ The  gravel  to  be  clean  and  perfectly  free  from  loam  or  clay.” 
“All  hard  core  shall  be  composed  of  hard  burnt  clinkers, 
bricks,  or  other  approved  hard  material ; no  rags,  tins,  or  other 
perishable  materials  shall  be  used.” 

“ The  cement  to  be  Portland  of  the  best  quality,  from  an 
approved  manufacturer,  to  weigh  not  less  than  114  lbs.  per  striked 
imperial  bushel  when  poured  lightly  into  the  measure  ; to  be  slow 
setting,  uniform  in  quality,  grey  in  colour ; when  gauged  of  such 
fineness  that  at  least  95  per  cent,  will  pass  through  a sieve  of  2500 
meshes  to  the  square  inch,  and  when  gauged  pure  in  the  proportion 
of  9 oz.  of  water  to  40  oz.  of  cement,  and  on  the  following  day 
placed  in  water  and  allowed  to  set  for  7 days  under  water  it  shall 
withstand  a tensile  strain  of  at  least  400  lbs.  per  square  inch.” 

“ The  cement  to  be  delivered  perfectly  fresh  on  the  work,  in 
such  quantities  only  as  from  time  to  time  directed  by  the  engineer.” 
“ The  concrete  to  be  composed  of  one  part  by  measure  of  Port- 
land cement,  five  parts  by  measure  of  clean  gravel  or  broken  stone, 
not  larger  than  1 J inch  cubes,  and  one  part  of  clean  sand,  the  whole 
thoroughly  mixed  together  on  boards  before  any  water  is  applied.” 


BILLING . 


271 


“ The  mortar  to  bo  gauged  in  tho  proportion  of  one  part  by 
measure  of  cement  to  two  parts  by  measure  of  clean,  sharp  sand ; 
no  mortar  or  cement  that  has  once  set  shall  be  used.” 

“Proper  boxes  shall  be  supplied  and  used  for  measuring  tho 
materials  for  mortar  or  concrete,  and  both  shall  be  mixed  on  a 
proper  timber  staging.” 

“ The  bricks  used  in  the  construction  of  the  brick  sewers  shall 
be  hard  burnt,  wire  cut,  gault  arch  bricks,  square  and  even  in 
thickness,  of  the  quality  called  seconds,  and  the  sides  radiating.” 

“ The  Staffordshire  blue  bricks  shall  be  of  the  best  quality.” 

“ The  stock  bricks  shall  be  sound,  hard,  well  burnt,  and  truly 
shaped  ringing  stocks,  free  from  all  defects.” 

“ The  brickwork  where  possible  shall  be  laid  old  English  bond, 
all  bed  and  cross  joints  are  to  be  full  of  mortar,  and  no  joint  shall 
exceed  a quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  all  neatly  struck 
flush  with  the  work  as  it  proceeds.” 

“The  drain  pipes  shall  be  of  the  best  glazed  stoneware, 
socketed,  perfectly  cylindrical,  straight  and  free  from  blisters, 
flaws,  cracks  and  other  defects.  All  pipes  shall  be  of  dimensions 
as  follows : — 


Diameter. 

Thickness. 

Length  in  Work. 

Depth  of  Socket. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

4 

h 

2 

If 

6 

5 

8 

2 

If 

9 

i 

2'  or  2'  6" 

2* 

12 

1 

2'  or  2'  6" 

2* 

15 

U 

2'  or  2'  6" 

2f 

18 

U 

2'  or  2'  6' 

2f 

“ The  materials  excavated  shall  be  laid  as  compactly  as  practi- 
cable And  neatly  trimmed  up,  a space  being  left  on  each  side  of  the 
trench  of  a width  of  not  less  than  2 feet  as  passage.” 

“ When  passing  through  the  fields  and  gardens  the  contractor 
and  his  men  shall  keep  within  twenty-five  feet  on  either  side  of 
this  trench.” 

“ The  trenches  for  all  sewers  and  drains  shall  be  excavated  in 
open  cutting,  the  full  width  of  trench.” 


272 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“All  joints  in  laying  pipe-sewers,  or  drains,  shall  be  made 
with  one  strand  of  tarred  yarn  and  neat  cement,  the  cement  to 
thoroughly  fill  the  space  between  the  spigot  and  socket,  and  to  be 
finished  smooth  on  the  outside.  No  part  of  the  cement  joint  shall 
be  made  in  water.” 

“ Great  care  shall  be  taken  that  no  cement  or  other  material 
is  left  inside  the  pipes,  every  pipe  must  be  cleaned  before  the  next 
one  is  laid.  If  on  examining  the  work  at  completion  any  cement 
or  other  material  is  found  in  the  pipe,  or  that  irregularities  of  any 
kind  exist,  the  pipes  shall  be  taken  up  and  relaid  by  the  contractor 
in  a proper  manner  at  his  own  cost.” 

“ All  sewers  and  drains  shall,  on  completion,  be  perfectly  water- 
tight.” 

“ On  completion  of  each  length  of  the  work  and  after  the  same 
has  been  approved,  the  trenches  shall  be  carefully  filled  in  for  a 
thickness  of  six  inches  above  the  brickwork  of  the  sewer  or  the 
pipes  with  the  finest  material  excavated,  and  the  remaining  portion 
in  layers  not  exceeding  six  inches  in  thickness,  extending  the  whole 
length  to  be  filled  in,  and  rammed  with  iron  rammers ; for  every 
man  filling  in,  two  men  shall  be  employed  to  ram,  and  so  on  in  pro- 
portion for  any  number  filling  in.” 

“The  trench  shall  be  watered  if  the  engineer  considers  it 
necessary.” 

“ The  surface  of  the  trench  in  the  fields  when  finished  shall  be 
left  at  a level  of  six  inches  above  the  adjoining  land.” 

“ In  filling  in  the  trenches  in  the  highway,  no  clay  shall  be 
placed  nearer  than  fifteen  inches  from  the  surface,  but  that  portion 
of  the  trench  shall  be  filled  in  with  material  as  follows : — 9 inches 
of  hard  core  as  before  described,  3 inches  of  double  screened  ballast, 
and  3 inches  of  granite,  similar  to  that  forming  the  surface  of  the 
adjoining  roadway.” 

“ The  surface  materials  preserved  for  re-use  shall  be  screened, 
and  so  much  of  the  same  as  may  be  considered  suitable  by  the 
engineer  shall  be  used  for  repairing  that  part  of  the  road  which 
has  been  broken  up  ; but  should  there  not  be  a sufficient  quantity  of 
screened  material  to  make  good  the  surface  and  reinstate  it  in  as 
good  a condition  as  before  being  disturbed,  the  contractor  shall 
provide,  and  lay  on  at  his  own  cost,  the  required  quantity  of  fresh 
material,  so  as  to  assimilate  it  with  the  adjoining  surface,  whether 
the  same  be  macadamised  or  otherwise.” 


BILLING. 


273 


“Provide  for  additional  work,  to  be  used  as  directed,  or  de- 
ducted if  not  required,  £100.” 

“ For  the  new  sewer,  which  is  3 feet  10  inches  across  the  widest 
part,  the  trench  has  been  measured  4 feet  6 inches  wide,  and  for 
the  9-inch  pipe  drains,  3 feet  wide ; anything  beyond  this  must 
be  allowed  for  by  the  contractor.’’ 

“ Sometimes  the  old  line  of  the  sewers  is  nearly  followed  by 
the  new,  and  in  measuring  the  digging  no  deduction  has  been  made 
for  the  space  occupied  by  the  old  sewers,  nor  has  any  deduction 
been  made  from  the  measured  quantity  of  earth  carted  away.” 

“ The  quantities  stated  of  earth  carted  away  represent  solid 
cubic  yards  in  position! 

Excavator  and  Drains. — Commence  with  a description  of  mate- 
rials, &c.,  something  like  the  following : — 

“ The  concrete  to  be  composed  of  one  part  fresh  ground  stone 
lime,  and  six  parts  of  clean  ballast  and  sand,  thrown  from  stages  not 
less  than  six  feet  from  the  bottom  of  the  trench,”  or  “ well  rammed 
in  6-inch  layers.” 

“ All  excavation  to  trenches  to  include  strutting  and  planking, 
and  grubbing  up  old  foundations,  if  required.”  The  foregoing 
when  the  strutting  and  planking  has  not  been  measured. 

“ Sand  and  gravel  sufficient  for  the  builders’  purposes  may  be 
obtained  upon  the  site,  but  none  to  be  carted  away,  and  the 
contractor  is  to  properly  fill  up  any  excavation  made  by  him 
for  that  purpose,”  or  “ it  is  believed  that  sand  and  gravel,  &c.,”  or 
“ any  sand  or  gravel  found  upon  the  site  shall  be  allowed  for  at 
the  market  price  of  sand  or  gravel  delivered,  after  deducting  the 
cost  of  carting  away  a yard  of  earth  measured  before  digging.” 

This  is  an  item  which  will  often  save  considerable  expense,  but 
the  surveyor  must  be  quite  certain  that  the  case  is  as  he  describes  it. 

The  drains  will  follow  the  items  of  excavation  and  concrete, 
with  a'  heading  something  like  the  following : — 

Drains  in  all  trades , as  provision. 

(“  As  provision,”  if  their  course  is  not  determined.) 

“ The  drains  are  to  be  glazed  stoneware  socketed  pipes,  of  the 
best  quality,  half-socketed  at  junctions  (or  every  ten  feet  in  length, 
or  both),  laid  to  falls  in  trenches,  upon  a well-rammed  bottom, 
jointed  in  Portland  cement,  and  the  joints  puddled  around  with 

T 


274 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


clay.  Including  excavation,  filling  in,  ramming,  carting  away  (or 
otherwise  removing)  surplus  earth,  and  any  necessary  strutting 
and  planking,  and  cleaning  out  at  completion.”  “ Allow  for  care- 
fully testing  the  drainage  at  completion  by  a water  or  other  test 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  architect.” 

Or,  “ The  drain  pipes  to  be  the  best  glazed  stoneware  socketed 
pipes,  of  approved  London  make,  perfectly  straight,  truly  cylindri- 
cal and  perfectly  smooth  as  to  the  interior  glaze,  to  be  tested  for 
straightness  by  the  insertion  of  a cylindrical  plug  of  the  full  length 
of  the  pipe,  and  a quarter  of  an  inch  less  in  diameter  than  the 
pipe  to  be  tested.  This  plug  must  pass  quite  freely  through  every 
pipe  used.” 

“ The  channels  and  bends  in  manholes  to  be  executed  with  white 
glazed  channel  pipes  of  Winser’s,  Broad’s,  or  other  approved  make.” 

“ The  drains  to  be  laid  truly  straight  in  line  and  gradient,  so 
that  a lighted  candle  held  at  one  end  of  the  pipe-line  may  be  seen 
to  be  truly  concentrical  from  the  other  end,  the  full  bore  of  the 
pipe  showing.” 

“ The  contractor  will  be  required,  at  his  own  expense,  to  test  the 
drains  in  the  presence  of  the  architect,  or  his  assistant,  at  such  time 
as  he  may  appoint,  by  filling  them  with  water  as  often  as  neces- 
sary, and  proper  stoppers,  screw  plugs,  hose,  &c.,  must  be  provided.” 

“ If  any  drain  is  found  to  be  leaky,  or  the  test  as  to 
straightness  is  not  satisfactory,  it  shall  be  taken  out  and  relaid  at 
the  contractor’s  expense.” 

“ The  stoneware  pipe  drains,  traps,  &c.,  are  to  be  jointed  and 
filleted  all  round  with  neat  Portland  cement.  The  pipes  are 
to  be  carefully  and  thoroughly  cleaned  out  on  the  inside  as  the 
work  of  laying  proceeds,  and  are  to  be  laid  on  beds  of  Portland 
cement  concrete  6 inches  thick  (7  to  1),  and  after  being  tested  and 
approved  by  the  architect  are  to  be  flaunched  up  with  concrete 
on  each  side  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  pipes,  and  again  must  be 
passed  by  him  before  being  finally  covered  up,  when  the  concrete 
shall  finish  16  inches  by  16  inches  for  4-inch  pipes,  and  18  by 
18  inches  for  6-inch  pipes.” 

“ The  prices  for  drains  are  to  include  for  all  necessary  planking 
and  strutting  to  the  trenches,  for  keeping  the  excavations  clear  of 
water,  for  removing  old  drain  pipes  where  exposed  by  new  trenches, 
and  for  the  removal  of  any  soil  or  contaminated  earth  met  with.” 


BILLING. 


275 


Note: — “The  body  of  the  pipe  to  be  laid  upon  the  concrete, 
and  the  concrete  to  be  cut  out  under  each  collar  to  allow  of 
sufficient  space  to  make  the  joint.” 

Waller. — “ The  rubble  for  walling  to  be  obtained  from  . . . 
quarry,  to  be  free  from  flaws,  sand  or  clay  holes,  and  to  be  selected 
for  hardness.*’ 

All  the  other  materials  to  be  as  described  in  bricklayer’s  bill. 
Sometimes  “ allow  for  building  a piece  of  walling  as  described,  about 
2 yards  superficial  and  18  inches  thick,  as  a specimen  to  be 
approved  before  commencing  the  work,  and  pull  it  down  and  clear 
it  away  when  directed.” 

Bricklayer. — “ The  bricks  to  be  sound,  hard,  square,  well  burnt 
and  truly  shaped,  and  free  from  all  defects,  and  equal  to  samples 
deposited  with  and  approved  by  the  architect  before  signing  of 
contract.” 

“No  soft  or  place  bricks,  broken  bricks,  or  bats  will  be  allowed 
to  be  used,  except  where  required  for  bond.” 

“ The  lime  to  be  freshly  burnt  Dorking  or  Merstham  stone  lime.” 
If  selenitic  lime — “ The  lime  to  be  selenitic,  used  and  mixed 
exactly  in  accordance  with  the  company’s  printed  instructions.” 

“ The  sand  to  be  clean  and  sharp,  and  washed  if  required.” 

“ The  mortar  to  be  composed  of  one  part  of  lime  to  three  parts 
of  sand,  mixed  in  a mortar  mill,  and  in  quantities  sufficient  only  for 
the  day’s  consumption.” 

“ The  cement  to  be  the  best  Portland,  weighing  not  less  than 
112  lbs.  per  bushel,  and  to  bear  a tensile  strain  of  600  lbs.  on  1 J inch 
square  after  being  set  in  water  seven  days  (or  give  maker’s  name), 
mixed  in  the  proportions  of  one  of  cement  to  three  of  washed  sand, 
and  no  cement  that  has  once  set  is  to  be  used.” 

See  another  description  of  cement  in  preamble  to  bill  of  Sewers. 
“ The  bricks  to  be  well  wetted  before  being  laid.” 

“The  brickwork  to  be  thoroughly  flushed  up  with  mortar, 
every  joint  to  be  filled  (state  if  grouted),  to  be  laid  Old  English 
(or  Flemish)  bond;  no  four  courses  to  rise  more  than  1 inch 
higher  than  the  bricks  when  laid  dry.” 

“ The  price  of  brickwork  is  to  include  for  all  rough  cutting,  and 
fitting  and  bonding  of  brickwork  with  stonework.”  The  foregoing 
where  ashlar  or  stone  dressings  form  a part  of  the  work. 

“ The  red  brick  facings  are  all  in  small  quantities  to  strings. 


276 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


quoins,  reveals,  &c.,  and  in  parts  may  be  considered  as  nearly  equal 
to  rubbed  and  gauged  work ; the  moulded  courses  are  all  in  red 
bricks,  the  girth  of  same  has  been  measured  and  included  in  the 
superficial  quantity  of  facings.  A considerable  part  of  the  moulded 
work  is  in  short  lengths,  and  all  to  include  the  extra  labour  in  over- 
sailing.” “ The  brickwork  of  projections  is  measured  and  included 
in  general  brickwork.” 

“ The  price  for  facings  to  include  the  bonding  of  the  different 
kinds  of  facings  with  each  other.” 

The  foregoing  item  “ the  red  brick  facings,”  &c.,  is  only  to  be 
used  when  the  moulded  courses  are  measured  as  “ extra  on  facings.” 

“ The  moulded  bricks  to  be  of  the  usual  stock  patterns,  but  of 
perfect  and  true  shape.” 

If  the  moulded  bricks  for  strings,  &c.,  cannot  be  obtained  from 
the  manufacturer’s  stock,  insert  the  following : “ All  the  moulded 
courses  to  be  cut  and  rubbed  to  detail.” 

Sometimes  “ for  the  moulded  strings,  cornices,  &c.,  the  bricks 
may  be  moulded  or  cut  at  contractor’s  option.” 

Terra-cotta. — Where  the  quantity  is  small  it  will  be  sufficient 
to  put  the  items  into  the  bricklayer's  bill ; where  a large  quantity, 
make  a separate  bill  of  it ; a description  may  be  easily  produced 
from  the  following  clauses : — 

Where  the  quantity  is  large  it  is  the  custom  of  some  surveyors 
to  arrange  this  work  in  two  sections,  one  for  “ fixing  only,”  which 
would  be  a part  of  the  contract  for  the  building ; the  other  for  the 
“ manufacture  and  delivery,”  which  would  be  a separate  contract ; 
but  it  is  a better  course  to  throw  the  whole  responsibility  upon  the 
builder. 

It  should  be  remarked  that  no  work  requires  a more  stringent 
and  careful  specification  than  terra-cotta,  but  only  those  parts  of 
the  subject  are  dealt  with  in  the  following  clauses  which  imme- 
diately affect  the  value  of  the  work. 

The  preamble  to  each  section  should  contain  such  conditions 
as  follow : — 

if  for  fixing  only. — “ The  manufacturer  to  receive  any  necessary 
assistance  from  the  contractor  in  setting  out  the  terra-cotta,  and  to 
allow  for  the  necessary  workshops  for  the  use  of  the  modeller  to  an 
extent  to  be  approved  by  the  architect.” 

“ The  manufacturer  will  deliver  the  terra-cotta  on  the  site,”  but 
the  contractor  to  unpack  it. 


BILLING. 


277 


“ The  terra-cotta  to  be  delivered  on  the  site  free  from  damage  ■ 
any  piece  of  it  which  may  be  damaged  for  want  of  protection  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  the  building  shall  be  removed  by  the  contractor, 
and  replaced  by  a perfect  piece  at  the  contractor’s  expense.” 

“ The  contractor  shall  make  any  objection  that  he  may  wish 
to  make  to  any  portion  of  the  terra-cotta  within  ten  days  of  its 
delivery  at  the  building.” 

“ The  terra-cotta  shall  be  thoroughly  bonded  with  and  course 
with  the  brickwork  ; to  include  all  cutting,  fitting  and  bonding  of 
brickwork  therewith ; and  no  joint  shall  exceed  one-quarter  of  an 
inch  in  thickness.  The  jointing  to  be  in  accordance  with  the  detail 
drawings  to  be  supplied.  None  of  the  original  surfaces  to  be  filed, 
rubbed,  or  chipped,  unless  they  are  to  be  concealed,  and  these  sur- 
faces are  to  be  as  little  interfered  with  as  may  be.”  The  chambers 
of  the  terra-cotta  to  be  filled  in  with  fine  concrete  (state  its  com- 
position, and  whether  lime  or  cement  concrete,  or  cement  and  sand, 
and  its  proportions).  “ Each  piece  of  terra-cotta  to  be  thoroughly 
soaked  with  water  before  the  filling  in  of  the  chambers,  and  the 
brickwork  and  terra-cotta  in  connection  therewith  to  be  thoroughly 
flushed  in  with  mortar.” 

“ The  terra-cotta  to  be  set  in  fine  mortar,  neatly  pointed  as  the 
work  proceeds,  cleaned  down  at  completion,  and  left  perfect.”  (De- 
scribe any  peculiarities  as  to  pointing.) 

“ All  the  vertical  and  horizontal  arrises  to  be  left  exactly  true 
and  regular.” 

If  for  Manufacture  and  Delivery  of  Terra-cotta  only. — “ The  whole 
of  the  terra-cotta  to  be  thoroughly  burned,  of  uniform  colour,  free 
from  cracks  or  other  defects,  the  arrises  sharp  and  true,  the  en- 
riched work  clean  and  sharp,  and  the  whole  equal  in  finish  to  the 
original  models.  All  jointed  in  accordance  with  the  detail  draw- 
ings and  chambered  as  required,  but  so  as  in  no  place  to  leave  a 
less  thickness  than  2 inches.  No  piece  of  terra-cotta  shall  measure 
more  than  15  inches  either  way.  The  mortises,  joggles,  grooves, 
perforations,  &c.,  to  be  prepared  on  each  piece  before  the  burning, 
and  each  piece  to  be  so  prepared  as  to  require  no  filing,  rubbing,  or 
chipping  after  the  firing.  The  whole  to  be  equal  in  colour,  truth 
of  line  and  finish  to  samples,  which  are  to  be  deposited  with  the 
architect  before  signing  of  contract.” 

“ The  terra-cotta  is  to  be  delivered  on  the  site  at  the  manufac- 
turer’s expense,  and  to  be  unpacked  by  the  contractor,  but  the 


278 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


manufacturer  shall  bo  responsible  for  any  damage  that  may  occur 
to  it  before  the  unpacking.” 

Although  the  terra-cotta  may  be  a separate  estimate,  the 
general  contractor  should  have  a copy  of  the  bills  for  reference. 

“ The  manufacturer  shall  set  out  the  work  with  the  contractor’s 
assistance,  and  they  shall  together  arrange  as  shall  be  necessary  for 
the  identification  of  the  pieces  of  terra-cotta ; but  the  manufacturer 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  allowance  for  shrinkage  and  for  the  ac- 
curacy of  the  size  of  each  finished  piece,  and  shall  mark  each  piece  as 
arranged  with  the  contractor.” 

“ The  models  will  be  prepared  for  the  manufacturer’s  use,  but 
he  shall  perform  all  packing  and  carriage  of  them  from  the  build- 
ing to  his  works.” 

“ The  whole  of  the  terra-cotta  shall  be  delivered  between 
. . . day  of  . . . and  . . . day  of  . . . and  the  rate  of 
delivery  shall  be  in  a regular  proportion  to  the  quantity,  and  the 
time  commencing  on  the  first  mentioned  day.” 

“ If  the  manufacturer  shall  fail  to  deliver  the  terra-cotta  at 
the  stipulated  rate,  he  shall  pay  or  allow  to  the  employers  as  and 
by  way  of  liquidated  or  agreed  damages,  the  sum  of  £ . . . per  week 
for  every  week  during  which  the  building  shall  be  delayed  in  con- 
sequence thereof.” 

“ Any  part  of  the  work  which  shall  prove  defective  between  the 
date  of  its  delivery  and  the  end  of  six  months  after  the  completion 
of  the  building,  shall  be  removed  and  reinstated  at  the  manufac- 
turer’s expense.” 

Payments. — (Repeat  the  clause  as  to  payments  to  be  found  in 
the  preliminary  bill.) 

“ Any  alteration  in  the  works  is  not  to  vitiate  the  contract,  but 
is  to  be  valued  in  accordance  with  the  original  estimate,  and  for 
this  purpose  a priced  copy  of  quantities  is  to  be  deposited  with  the 
architect.” 

Models  for  Terra-cotta. — When  the  contractor  prepares  his  own 
models,  a clause  should  follow  the  quantities  of  terra-cotta  in  the 
bill.  Thus,  after  the  plain  and  moulded  terra-cotta,  “ the  foregoing 
quantity  of  terra-cotta  will  involve  the  preparation  of  (number) 
different  models  or  moulds  which  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  con- 
tractor.” After  the  enriched  terra-cotta,  “ the  foregoing  quantity 
of  terra-cotta  will  involve  the  preparation  of  (number)  different 
models  or  moulds  which  are  to  he  supplied  by  the  contractor  ”;  or  if  a 


BILLING. 


279 


provision  has  been  made  for  the  models  of  enriched  work,  say,  “ to 
bo  supplied  by  Messrs.  . . . , and  for  which  a sum  is  provided.” 

Concrete  Buildings. — Describe  materials. 

“The  prices  to  include  all  the  necessary  apparatus,  centres, 
moulds,  <fec.,  required,  and  allow  for  fixing,  altering,  removing  and 
making  good  after,  and  for  building  in  all  plugs,  timbers,  ends  of 
stone,  &c.,  as  required.” 

Mason. — “ The  stone  to  be  the  best  quality  of  its  kind,  free  from 
vents,  beds,  sandholes  and  all  other  imperfections,  finished  with  a 
finely  rubbed  (or  dragged)  face,  set  on  its  natural  bed  in  fine  mor- 
tar (or  cement),  cleaned  down  at  completion,  and  left  perfect.” 

“ Every  stone  to  hold  its  full  length  and  height  square  to  the 
back.” 

“ Any  stone  which  may  be  injured  during  the  erection  of  the 
building  shall  be  removed  and  replaced  by  the  contractor  at  his 
own  expense.” 

(It  is  sometimes  provided  that  any  stone  injured  shall  be  re- 
placed, or  the  full  cost  of  replacement  deducted  from  the  amount 
due  to  the  contractor.) 

“ The  Yorkshire  stone  described  to  be  rubbed  to  have  the  rub- 
bing completed  on  the  premises,  and  the  arrises  left  perfect.” 

“ All  the  mouldings  to  be  worked  to  zinc  moulds.”  Observe 
that  any  special  point  affecting  any  particular  kind  of  stone  should 
appear  in  the  preamble,  as  when  any  particular  bed  is  desired,  as 
the  “ Scott  ” bed  in  Tisbury  stone,  or  when  it  is  necessary  that 
the  stone  should  be  from  any  particular  quarry,  as  the  Way  croft 
for  Portland  stone,  Parkspring  or  Spink  well  for  Yorkshire  stone,  (fee. 

“ The  stone  is  measured  net  as  set,  and  is  to  include  sawing  and 
waste.” 

Sometimes  “ the  price  for  superficial  labour  to  include  arrises 
and  those  for  moulded  and  sunk  work  shall  include  all  preliminary 
faces.” 

If  the  use  of  quarry  worked  stone  is  intended,  some  such  clause 
as  the  following  will  be  required,  if  not  a direct  contract  with 
the  quarry  owner  : — 

“ The  stone  may  be  quarry  worked,  and  its  quality  shall  be  equal 
to  a sample  deposited  with  the  architect,  but  it  shall  receive  any 
extra  labour  at  the  works  which  workmanlike  finish  may  require  ; 
all  to  be  finished  with  a neatly  dragged  face,  and  to  include  all 
stone,  labour,  pebble  dowels,  arris-joggles  and  cement.” 


28o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


If  a direct  contract  with  the  quarry  owner — 

“ The  quality  shall  he  equal  to  a sample  of  stone  and  labour 
deposited  with  the  architect.  The  stones  shall  be  fitted  together 
ready  for  setting,  and  shall  include  all  necessary  joggles  and  holes 
for  dowels.  The  stones  shall  be  marked  with  numbers  for  iden- 
tification, shall  be  accompanied  by  a key  plan,  and  shall  be  packed 
and  delivered  at  the  works  at  convenient  times.  All  stone  re- 
quired below  level  of  ground  floor  before  ...  all  stone  required 
between  ground  and  first  floor  before  . . . The  stone  merchant 
shall  be  responsible  for  and  make  good  any  damage  sustained 
in  transit.” 

“The  general  contractor  will  unload  and  unpack  and  fix  the 
stone  and  do  any  extra  labour  at  the  works  which  workmanlike 
finish  may  require.” 

When  a Separate  Contract  for  Granite . — “ The  granite  to  be 
equal  to  samples  to  be  deposited  with  the  architect,  to  be  prepared 
in  all  respects  ready  for  setting,  each  piece  to  be  numbered  or 
otherwise  marked  so  as  to  indicate  its  position,  and  the  price  to 
include  packing  and  carriage  and  delivery  on  the  works.  The 
contractor  for  the  general  works  will  unload  and  fix  the  granite, 
and  any  loss  incurred  in  adapting  the  stones  to  fit  their  intended 
position  to  be  deducted  from  any  amount  due  on  this  contract.” 

Or,  “ The  granite  to  be  of  an  approved  colour,  equal  to  sample  to 
be  deposited  with  the  architect,  and  the  price  to  include  preparing 
the  whole,  properly  fitted  together,  ready  for  setting,  with  all  neces- 
sary grooves,  sinkings  and  holes  for  dowels,  packing  and  delivery 
at  the  works  at  such  times  as  will  be  found  most  convenient, 
and  each  piece  properly  marked  for  identification  in  setting.” 

Note. — “ The  unloading,  hoisting  and  setting  will  be  done  by 
the  contractor  for  the  general  works,  but  should  any  portion  of 
the  work  require  reworking,  refitting,  or  notching,  the  cost  of 
such  work  to  be  treated  as  a deduction  due  under  this  contract.” 

“ The  sizes  of  the  various  blocks  are  the  net  sizes  required 
when  fixed,  no  allowance  having  been  made  for  waste  or  for  the 
local  mode  of  measurement.” 

“ No  preliminary  faces  have  been  given,  excepting  the  beds  and 
joints,  which  have  been  taken  on  the  extreme  sizes  of  the  blocks, 
all  labours  are  the  net  finished  faces  as  they  appear  when  fixed  in 
the  building.” 


BILLING . 


281 


Tiler . — No  preamble. 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  cleaning  out  gutters  and  leaving  all  roofs  perfect 
and  weatherproof  at  completion.” 

Slater. — No  preamble. 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  cleaning  out  gutters  and  leaving  all  roofs  perfect 
and  weatherproof  at  completion.” 

Carpenter . — “ The  timber  to  be  of  the  best  description,  from 
Memel  or  Riga  (or  Dantzic),  sawn  die  square,  free  from  sap,  shakes, 
large,  loose,  or  dead  knots,  and  all  other  defects,  and  sawn  into 
scantlings  immediately  after  signature  of  contract.” 

“ The  teak  to  be  of  the  best  Moulmein,”  free  from  all  defects. 
“The  oak  to  be  of  English  growth,  of  the  best  quality  and 
well  seasoned  ” or  (Dantzic  oak). 

(The  whole  of  the  specified  or  figured  dimensions  of  timbers  to 
be  the  finished  sizes  when  fixed  in  the  building.)  See  Carpenter : 
Modes  of  Measurement.  Sometimes  : “ No  allowance  for  waste 
has  been  made  in  these  quantities.” 

When  the  proposed  work  is  in  one  of  the  northern  counties,  it 
is  advisable  to  say,  “ The  prices  for  cube  fir  to  include  all  labour 
and  nails  in  framing  and  fixing,”  in  which  case  labour  and  nails 
need  not  be  measured  separately. 

Joiner. — “ All  the  materials  to  be  sound  and  well  seasoned,  free 
from  shakes,  loose  or  dead  knots,  and  all  other  defects.” 

“ The  deals  to  be  the  best  yellow  Christiania  or  Onega.” 

“ The  whole  to  be  carefully  faced  up  for  paint,  or  to  be  selected 
deal  kept  clean  for  staining,  finished  with  the  plane  without  the 
use  of  sandpaper.” 

“ The  teak  to  be  the  best  Moulmein.” 

“ The  wainscot  oak  to  be  the  best  Memel,”  cut  on  the  quarter. 
“The  mahogany  to  be  the  best  quality  of  its  kind,  of  good 
figure,  and  carefully  prepared  for  French  polishing.” 

“ The  American  walnut  to  be  of  the  best  quality  and  even 
grain.” 

“ All  glued  joints  are  to  be  cross-tongued.” 

“ The  whole  of  the  work,  except  floors  and  skirtings,  is  to  be 
wrought  both  sides,  unless  otherwise  described.” 

(“The  dimensions  and  thicknesses  figured  and  measured  in  the 


282 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


bill  of  quantities  to  be  the  finished  sizes  when  fixed.”)  See  Joiner  : 
Modes  of  Measurement. 

Sometimes  this  : — “ The  oak  joinery  to  have  double  tenons  to  all 
framings  where  the  thickness  exceeds  1J  inch.  All  oak  window- 
backs,  dadoes  and  similar  framings  are  to  have  the  mouldings 
screwed  from  the  back.  All  oak  doors  are  to  have  the  mouldings 
framed  and  screwed  together  at  angles,  let  into  the  stiles  and 
rails,  well  glued  in  and  fixed  without  nails  or  screws.”  The 
remainder  of  the  oak  joinery  to  be  secretly  fixed  and  the  whole 
kept  clean  for  polishing.” 

“ All  circular  work  to  include  the  necessary  cylinders.” 

“ All  the  mahogany  or  other  hard  woods  to  be  secretly  fixed  and 
kept  clean  for  polishing.” 

“ The  pitch  pine  intended  for  varnishing  to  be  from  Savannah 
of  best  quality,  of  good  figure,  carefully  selected,  free  from  galls 
and  other  defects,  and  kept  clean.” 

Sometimes  the  following : — “ If  the  joints  of  the  flooring  open 
•jSgfh  of  an  inch  before  the  payment  of  final  balance,  the  flooring 
shall  be  taken  up  and  relaid  at  contractor’s  expense.” 

“ The  floors  to  be  covered  thickly  with  dry  sawdust  after 
laying  until  completion.” 

“ The  flooring  and  joinery  over  all  pipes  and  bell- wires  to  be 
fitted  to  remove,  and  screwed  with  brass  cups  and  screws.” 

“ The  floor  boards  and  other  mill-prepared  work  to  be  stacked 
upon  the  ground  within  two  weeks  of  signing  the  contract.” 

“ The  joiners’  work  to  be  put  together  without  wedging  up, 
immediately  after  signing  contract,  in  a dry  place,  ready  for  the 
inspection  of  the  architect,  who  is  to  be  at  liberty  to  visit  con- 
tractor’s workshops  at  all  reasonable  hours  for  that  purpose.” 

Ironmonger. — “ The  ironmongery  to  be  of  the  best  quality  and 
strongest  description,  all  to  be  fixed  with  screws,  the  brasswork 
with  brass  screws.  All  iron  butts  to  be  wrought.” 

Sometimes,  “ All  the  locks  to  be  subject  to  one  mastership,  and 
to  have  two  master  keys  to  pass.  All  the  lock  furniture  to  be 
. . . patent.” 

“ The  locks  and  latches  to  be  Hobbs  & Co.’s  machine  made,  fine 
finish;  all  the  lock  and  latch  furniture  to  be  Hobbs  & Co.’s 
patent  double  spindle  furniture.” 

If  the  ironmongery  is  a separate  contract,  “ The  whole  of  the 


BILLING . 283 

ironmongery,  except  butts  and  cups  and  screws,  to  be  supplied  by 

Messrs but  contractor  will  fix  it.” 

Plumber. — The  lead  to  be  the  best  milled  lead.  “ To  include 
all  solder  joints,  wall  hooks,  &c.,  necessary  to  the  completion  of 
works.” 

“The  water  supply  to  bo  executed  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
water  company’s  inspector.” 

“ All  pipes  above  1 J inch  diameter  to  have  tacks.” 

All  pipes  to  weigh  the  following  weights  per  yard  lineal  in 

lbs. 

£ in.  f in.  1 in.  11  in.  1£  in.  2 in. 

Strong  — — — — — — 

Middling  — — — — — — 

(Fill  in  weights  for  the  various  sizes.) 

“ All  pipes  to  be  thoroughly  tested  at  completion,  the  soil 
pipes  to  be  plugged  at  bottom  and  filled  with  water  to  the  top, 
the  traps  to  be  temporarily  covered  with  stout  sheet  lead  soldered 
down  and  weighted.  All  cocks  to  be  of  the  best  quality  high- 
pressure  screw-down  taps,  with  screw  ferrules,  and  engraved  Hot 
or  Cold.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“Allow  for  paying  fees  for  connection  with  main,  including 
screw  ferrule,  and  for  leaving  the  whole  of  the  plumber’s  work  in 
perfect  order  and  working  condition,  and  for  making  good  roads 
and  footways  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  local  authorities.” 

Plasterer. — “ The  sand  to  be  clean  and  sharp  (free  from  salt, 
clay  and  other  impurities),  and  washed  if  required.” 

“ The  lime  to  be  fresh,  well-burnt  chalk  lime ; that  for  the 
setting  coat  run  into  putty  at  least  one  month  before  it  is  required 
for  use  ; ” or,  “ The  lime  to  be  selenitic,  used  in  accordance  with 
the  company’s  instructions.” 

- “ The  laths  to  be  lath  and  half,  rent  out  of  the  best  red  Baltic 
wood,  butted  at  joints,  the  joints  frequently  broken,  and  nailed 
with  wrought-iron  nails.” 

“ The  laths  for  external  work  to  be  double  English  oak,  rent  out 
of  straight  hearty  stuff,  free  from  sap,  well  nailed  at  each  bearing 
with  strong  galvanised  iron  nails  and  butt-jointed.” 

“ The  hair  to  be  the  best  long  back  hair,  well  beaten,  and  used 
in  such  proportions  as  the  architect  shall  direct.” 


284 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Sometimes  the  exact  proportions  of  materials  are  prescribed 
thus  : “ The  stuff  to  be  mixed  in  the  following  proportions : — 
2J  yards  of  sand,  40  bushels  of  lime,  one  cwt.  of  hair.” 

“ The  Portland  cement  ” (describe  as  in  preamble  to  Bricklayer). 

“ The  Martin’s  (or  Parian  or  Keen’s)  cement  to  be  on  backings 
of  coarse  Martin’s  cement  ” (or  Portland). 

When  cornices  have  been  measured  net  girth,  “ the  cornices 
have  been  measured  the  net  girth  of  the  moulding ; no  allowance 
has  been  made  for  screeds.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  cutting  out  all  blisters,  and  for  making  good  any 
defects  with  plaster  of  Paris.” 

Founder  and  Smith. — “ All  the  cast  and  wrought  iron  to  be  of 
the  best  quality,  and  to  include  smith’s  work  in  fixing , and  all  other 
tradesmen’s  work  herein  described.” 

This  clause  is  used  when  fixing  only  ironwork  is  not  stated  in 
the  bill. 

Or,  “ The  wrought  iron  to  be  equal  in  quality  to  the  best 
Staffordshire,  and  capable  of  bearing  a tensile  strain  of  22  tons 
per  square  inch  of  sectional  area  before  fracture,  and  a cross-strain 
of  11  tons  without  permanent  set.” 

“ The  castings  to  be  of  strong  grey  No.  3 pig-iron  cast  from 
second  melting.” 

There  is  a great  variety  of  description  in  the  current  specifi- 
cations of  iron. 

“All  the  bolts  to  have  Whitworth  threads,  of  full  diameter, 
and  the  nuts  to  fit  perfectly.” 

Some  surveyors  insert,  “The  cast  iron  has  been  calculated  at 
38  lbs.  and  the  wrought  iron  at  40  lbs.  per  foot  superficial  of  an 
inch  thick  ” ; this  is  not  recommended,  the  better  way  is  to 
calculate  at  the  proper  weight. 

“ The  ironwork  shall,  if  so  directed,  be  subjected  to  a test  not 
exceeding  half  the  breaking  weight  at  the  contractor’s  expense, 
and  the  contractor  shall  replace  any  piece  of  defective  ironwork 
with  new.” 

Or,  “ The  quantities  are  all  to  include  the  cost  of  proving, 
hoisting  and  all  fixing  complete,  excepting  where  otherwise  de- 
scribed.” 

Testing  being  expensive,  the  word  proving  shall  not  be 
inserted  unless  it  is  intended  to  carry  it  out. 


BILLING . 


285 


Gasfitter. — “ The  pipes  to  be  Russell’s  patent  wrought-iron 
welded  tubing,  with  all  necessary  tees,  bends,  angles  and  connec- 
tions, and  jointed  in  red-lead  cement.” 

“ All  the  gasfitting  to  be  done  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  gas 
company’s  inspector,  and  to  be  left  perfect.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Pay  fees  to  gas  company  for  connecting  with  main,  and  allow 
for  all  attendances,  and  cutting  away  and  making  good,  and  deal 
blocks,  and  for  making  good  road  and  footways  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  local  authorities.”  In  good  work  add,  “ All  floor  boards  and 
other  joinery  over  pipes  to  be  fitted  to  remove,  with  brass  screws 
and  cups.” 

Bellhanger. — “ The  bells  to  be  . . . oz.  bells  (averaged)  of 
varied  tone,  hung  with  best  well-stretched  copper  wire  in  con- 
cealed zinc  (or  copper)  tubing,  with  steel  springs,  cranks,  pen- 
dulums and  indicators,  and  with  iron  boxes  and  mouthpieces  for 
the  pulls.” 

Electric  Bells. — “ The  bells  to  be  electric,  the  wires  to  be  No  20 
B.W.G.  copper  of  best  quality  insulated  with  gutta-percha,  double- 
covered  with  cotton,  and  afterwards  varnished,  and  to  be  concealed 
in  zinc  tubes.  The  buttons  to  have  china  roses,  ebonite  backs, 
German-silver  springs  and  platinum  contacts.” 

“ The  pear  presses  to  be  of  hard  wood,  polished,  with  German- 
silver  springs  and  platinum  contacts,  and  each  to  have  9 feet  of 
flexible  silk  cord  and  a stout  hardwood  rosette,  polished.” 

“ The  bells  and  indicators  to  be  in  |-inch  Spanish  mahogany 
cases  of  the  best  quality,  French  polished ; every  bell  which  is  con- 
nected with  more  than  one  room  to  have  an  indicator.” 

“ The  battery  to  be  Leclanche,  or  other  approved,  and  suffi- 
ciently powerful  and  efficient.” 

“ The  whole  to  be  fixed  in  the  best  manner,  and  left  in  working 
order.” 

“ The  following  fittings  are  to  be  supplied  and  fixed.  The 
prices  are  gross  list  prices  from  Messrs.  . . . catalogue.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  all  attendances,  and  cutting  away  and  making  good 
and  fixing  all  the  floors  and  joinery  over  pipes  and  bell- wires, 
with  brass  screws  and  cups.” 

Zincvoorker. — “ To  include  all  soldering,  nailing,  shields  to  rolls* 
&c.,  required.” 


286 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Glazier. — “ All  the  glass  to  bo  the  best  of  its  respective  kind, 
free  from  all  bubbles,  scratches  and  other  defects,  cut  to  fit  the  re- 
bates, carefully  bedded,  puttied  and  back  puttied,  and  sprigged 
where  required.” 

The  British  polished  plate  to  be  of  best  glazing  quality  and 
about  £ inch  thick,  all  edges  to  be  blacked. 

If  there  are  lead  lights,  “Allow  for  supplying  the  necessary 
templates  for  the  lead  glazing.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  leaving  glass  clean  and  perfect  at  completion.” 
Paperhanger. — “ All  the  walls  to  be  carefully  prepared  to  receive 
paper.” 

“ All  the  paper  to  be  hung  with  butt  joints.” 

Painter. — “ The  materials  to  be  of  the  best  quality.” 

“ The  oil  colours  to  be  made  with  the  best  old  white-lead  and 
pure  linseed  oil,  and  to  be  mixed  on  the  premises.” 

Sometimes,  “ The  paint  to  be  a different  tint  for  each  coat ; no 
coat  of  paint  is  to  be  covered'  by  another  until  it  has  been  seen  and 
passed  by  the  architect  or  clerk  of  works.” 

“ The  varnish  to  be  Mander’s  best  copal.” 

“ The  stain  to  be  Stephen’s  No.  — . Stain  let  down  with  water 
to  the  required  tint,  and  laid  on  with  two  brushes,”  or 

“ The  stain  to  be  oil  stain  of  approved  tint,”  and  as  last. 

“ The  work  to  be  well  rubbed  down  and  faced  up  between  each 
two  coats  of  colour.  The  old  paintwork,  where  cracked  or  blistered, 
to  be  burnt  off  or  otherwise  removed  bare  to  the  wood  ; and  in  such 
cases  allow  for  knotting,  priming,  stopping  and  painting  one  oil  in 
addition  to  the  work  taken  in  this  bill.” 

At  end  of  bill, 

“ Allow  for  touching  up  work  at  completion  and  for  leaving  all 
perfect.” 

Separate  Estimates. — When  it  is  desired  that  the  prices  of  certain 
parts  of  the  work  should  appear  separately  in  the  tender,  all  the 
items  of  that  work  in  all  trades  will  form  a separate  bill,  the  items 
arranged  in  the  same  order  as  in  a general  estimate  and  carried  to 
the  summary.  As  to  whether  the  total  shall  be  added  t«  the 
general  total  or  not  will  depend  upon  the  form  of  tender. 

Alternative  Estimates. — \V  hen  an  alternative  price  is  required,  as, 
for  instance,  for  the  execution  of  a roof  in  fir  instead  of  oak,  the 


BILLING . 


287 


roof  must  be  measured  first  as  of  oak,  and  billed  with  the  general 
estimate,  and  an  alternative  bill  produced  in  some  such  form  as 
follows,  written  on  double-columned  bill  paper  : — 


No. — . Alternative  Estimate  for  Roof  of  North  Aisle  in  Fir. 


ft. 

150 

100 

500 

600 


cube 


supl. 


run 


Framed  in  trussed  rafters  pinned 

with  oak  pins 

Ditto  in  roof  trusses,  and  ditto  . . 

Labour  to  planing 

Labour  to  chamfer  1£  in.  wide, 

stopped  

No.  90  splayed  stops  

No.  40  labour  to  heads  of  bolts  let 
in  and  pelleted 

Value  in  oak 

Deduct  value  if  in  fir  ..  .. 

Amount  of  reduction  carried 
to  form  of  tender 


Fir 

selected 
and  left 
clean  for 
staining. 


s.  d. 


Oak  as 
in  Bill  2. 
folio  8. 


£ s.  d. 


The  prices  for  the  fir  will  be  filled  into  the  first  column,  and  the 
prices  for  the  oak  repeated  from  the  general  bill  in  the  second 
column. 

Schedule  of  Prices. — As  the  contract  which  does  not  involve  day 
work  is  an  exceptional  one,  it  will  be  always  advisable  to  have  a 
schedule  of  prices  annexed  to  the  form  of  tender.  The  general 
form  is  as  follows  : — 

Schedule  for  Labour  Prices  in  Day  Accounts. 

Excavator Per  hour. 

Bricklayer „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Mason  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Slater  or  Tiler ..  ..  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Slate  Mason  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Carpenter „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Joiner  » 


288 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Plumber » Per  hour. 

Ditto  Mate  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Plasterer  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  „ 

Ditto  Boy „ 

Smith ..  ..  „ 

Ditto  Labourer  * ..  „ 

Gasfitter  and  Bellhanger  „ 


Ditto  ditto  Labourer  „ 

Glazier  „ 

Painter  „ 

Horse,  Cart  and  Man  Per  day. 


Two  horses,  Cart  and  Man 


“ Note. — The  above  prices,  and  prices  for  day  work  generally, 
to  include  use  of  scaffold  and  all  tackle,  tools,  tool  sharpening,  water, 
and  general  foreman’s  time.  Subordinate  foremen  to  be  charged  as 
ordinary  workmen.  Time  for  fixing  and  removing  scaffolds  will  be 
allowed.” 

Summary. — A convenient  form  for  the  summary  is  as  follows  : — 


No. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 


Summary. 

Preliminary  and  Provisions 

Excavator  and  Drains 

Bricklayer  

Mason  

Slater  and  Slate  Mason  (or  Tiler) 

Carpenter  

Joiner  and  Ironmonger 

Plumber  and  Zincworker  

Plasterer  

Founder  and  Smith  

Gasfitter 

Bellhanger  

Glazier  

Paperhanger 

Painter  ..  

Separate  Estimate  (Boundary  Walls,  or  as 
the  case  may  be)  

Add  for  Surveyor’s  charges  per  cent, 
on  the  foregoing  amount,  to  be  paid  on 

receipt  of  first  instalment  

Add  for  Lithography  of  Quantities  and 

Expenses  ; 

Charge  for  preparing  Bill  of  Credits  .. 

Carried  to  Tender  (or  Amount  of 
Tender) 


£ 

s. 

d. 

£ 

£ 

BILLING,  289 

Write  at  the  bottom  of  summary  the  following  clauses.  Some 
surveyors  write  them  also  outside  of  summary. 

“ Tenders  to  be  delivered  on  the  form  furnished  herewith,  at  the  architect’s 
office,  at  or  before  10  a.m.  on  Monday,  day  of 

“ The  drawings  and  specification  may  be  seen  at  the  architect’s  office  after 
the  26th  inst. 

“ The  proprietor  does  not  bind  himself  to  accept  the  lowest  or  any  tender.” 
Sometimes,  “ and  reserves  to  himself  the  right  to  accept  any  one  of  them.” 


Form  of  Tender. 

For  any  work,  unless  of  small  size,  it  is  advisable  to  have  a form 
of  tender  prepared  in  some  such  form  as  follows : — 


“ Tender  for  the  erection  of  house  and  offices  at 
“ Godaiming,  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq.” 

“ To  William  Brown,  Esq., 

“ Architect, 

“ 2,  Fenchurch  Chambers,  E.C. 

“ Sir, 

“ I am  willing  to  contract  for  and  perform  the  whole  of  the  works 
required  to  be  done  in  the  erection  of  a house  and  offices  at  Godaiming,  Surrey, 
for  John  Smith,  Esq.,  according  to  the  drawings  and  specification  and  general 
conditions  prepared  by  you  for  that  purpose,  and  to  your  entire  satisfaction,  for 
the  sum  of  pounds.” 


Where  several  items  are  required  to  be  stated,  it  should  run 
thus,  “ for  the  undermentioned  sums.” 

“For  £ 

“For  £ 

“ or  the  whole  for  the  sum  of  £ 

“If  the  joinery  be  executed  in  deal,  as  per  alternative  estimate,  Bill  No.  1/, 
I am  willing  to  reduce  the  last-mentioned  amount  by  the  sum  of 
pounds.” 

“ And  I am  also  willing  to  allow  a deduction  of  pounds 

for  the  old  materials  as  per  Bill  No.  20  credits.” 

“ And  I am  also  willing  to  execute  any  day  works  at  the  prices  for  labour  in 
the  schedule  attached  hereto.” 


U 


290 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Sometimes,  “ and  I am  willing  to  complete  the  buildings  within  three  months 
of  the  date  of  signing  contract,  instead  of  the  time  prescribed,  in  consideration  of 
an  addition  of  5 per  cent,  on  the  foregoing  amounts.” 

“ And  I also  agree  to  sign  the  contract  when  called  upon  to  do  so  within  a 
month  (or  as  case  may  be)  from  the  date  hereof. 

“ As  witness  hand  this  day  of 

“ Signature 

“ Address 

Credits  Bill. — There  are  several  methods  of  preparing  a credits 
hill.  One  way  is  to  commence  with  a clause. 

No.  20  Credits. 

“ Take  down,  remove,  and  give  credit  for  the  whole  of  the  following  materials, 
after  allowing  for  the  expense  of  taking  down  and  removing  and  clearing  away 
rubbish ; the  whole  of  the  old  materials  (except  lead  and  timber)  as  are  sound 
and  approved,  may  be  re-used  in  the  new  work.” 

Then  the  items  should  follow,  in  the  order  of  the  trades,  stating 
their  position  in  the  manner  before  suggested  in  the  remarks  upon 
preliminary  bill.  According  to  this  arrangement  the  total  will  be 
carried  to  the  summary,  where  it  will  appear  as — “ Deduct  Credits, 
Bill  No.  20,”  or  the  amount  may  be  stated  in  tender. 

Another  way  is  when  no  separation  has  been  made  between 
those  items  of  alteration  which  involve  a credit  and  those  which  do 
not.  The  bill  of  alterations  is  prepared  in  the  usual  way,  and  the 
items  which  involve  a credit  are  marked  with  the  word  Credit  in 
red  ink  in  the  margin  of  the  bill,  thus : — 

“Take  down  and  remove  cross  on  gable  of  north  porch  and 
prepare  original  apex  stone  to  receive  new  one.” 

(In  foregoing  item  the  old  stone  is  assumed  to  be  useless.) 

“ Credit.”  “ Take  down,  remove,  and  credit  the  roof  of  north  porch,  com- 
prising about  two  squares  of  timbers  and  boarding  and  15  cwt. 
of  old  lead,  and  prepare  old  walls  to  receive  new  roof  and  make 
good  all  works  disturbed.” 

According  to  this  arrangement  an  item  appears  in  the  summary 
as  follows : — 

Credit  by  value  of  old  materials  marked  Credit  in  red  on  margin 
of  Bill  No.  3. 

Another  method  is  to  prepare  a bill  with  double  columns,  as  on 
next  page. 


, 1880. 


» 


BILLING . 


291 


No.  20.  Pull  Down  and  Credit. 


rds. 

ft. 

in. 

“ The  old  bricks  so  far  as  they  are 
sound  and  approved  may  be 
used,  but  no  bats  or  broken 
bricks  will  be  allowed  to  be 
used.’* 

Or,  “ The  old  bricks  may  be  broken 
up  to  pass  a 2"  mesh,  and  after 
being  well  screened  may  be  used 
instead  of  ballast  in  the  con- 
crete. 

“ The  old  York  stone  may  be  used 
for  templates.” 

(State  any  other  materials  that 
may  be  re-used.) 

“No  other  portion  of  the  old 
materials  to  be  used,  but  to  be 
removed  immediately  after  pull- 
ing down.” 

“Allow  on  all  items  of  pulling 
down,  for  the  removal  and  cart- 
ing away  of  rubbish,  and  mak- 
ing good  of  all  works  disturbed.” 

“ The  building  owner  reserves  the 

right  to  retain  any  portion  of 
the  old  material  at  the  prices 
allowed  for  them  in  the  follow- 
ing bill.” 

13 

- 

- 

supl. 

Clean  and  stack  old  bricks  for  re-1 

use,  basket,  and  cart  away  rub-> 

yds. 

bish.  j 

42 

- 

- 

yy 

Brick-nogged  partition 

20 

- 

- 

yy 

Brick  paving  in  stables 

50 

- 

run 

York  stone  coping  13  in.  wide  .. 

40 

- 

yy 

York  stone  coping  18  in.  wide  .. 

No. 

1 

Flight  of  twelve  York  steps,  and! 

sqrs. 

landing  back  area  J 

21 

supl. 

Slating  to  main  roof 

30 

- 

run 

Slate  ridge  

10 

supl. 

Roof  timbers  and  slating  battens 

10 

yy 

Old  floor  and  joists  

10 

yy 

4-in.  fir  framed  partition 

-*  1 

No. 

1 

Door  and  frame  and  linings  back) 

entrance  / 

» 

3 

Sets  of  sashes  and  frames  ini 
western  wall  of  larder  . . . . / 

The  staircase  from  third  to  fourth! 

floor,  consisting  of  twenty  steps,  1 
with  handrail  and  balusters  to  j 

yds. 

one  side. 

100 

_ 

- 

supl. 

Knock  off  plastering  of  old  walls,) 

and  basket  and  cart  away  rub-  > 
bish  ) 

Pull  Down. 


£ 5. 


a. 


u 2 


Credit. 

£ s.  d. 


292 


QUANTITY  SUR V EYING. 


Pull  Down.  Credit. 


I yds- 

ft.  1 

in. 

100 

— 

- 

100 

- 

- 

cwts. 

20 

For  this  arrangement. 


Knock  off  lathing  and  plastering 
to  partitions,  and  basket  and 

cart  away  rubbish  

Knock  down  old  ceiling,  andl 
basket  and  cart  away  rubbish  { 
Hot  plate  and  hot  closet  in  kitchen. 

Range  in  kitchen 

Old  lead 

The  w.c.  pan  and  trap,  first  floor 
w.c.,  and  all  soil  and  supply 
pipes  connected  therewith. 

Total  for  pulling  down  j 
carried  to  preliminary  bill,) 
page  3 ) 


£ s. 


£ 


Total  of  credits  to  be  car-  j 
ried  to  summary,  and  amount  j 
to  be  stated  in  tender  ..  ..  J 


In  the  preliminary  bill  a clause 
will  appear : — 

“ Allow  for  pulling  down,  see  Bill 
No.  20.” 

And  in  the  summary  a clause : — 
“ Deduct  Credits,  see  Bill  No.  20.” 


d. 


£ 


d. 


Special  cases  will  arise  requiring  modifications  of  either  of  the 
foregoing  methods. 

Probably  the  client  obtains  a larger  sum  for  the  credits  if  the 
amount  appears  in  the  tender. 

In  billing  works  where  there  is  more  than  one  trade  involved, 
as  in  a bill  headed  zineworker,  in  which  there  is  joinery,  write  a 
preliminary  clause  to  this  effect,  “ include  also  joiner’s  work, 
herein  described,”  or  carpenter’s  or  other  tradesman’s  work,  as  the 
case  may  be.  Write,  “continued”  opposite  every  total  carried 
forward,  and  “ carried  to  summary  ” to  the  total  at  end  of  each  trade. 

Put  a tick  at  the  bottom  of  each  column  of  abstract  when  it  is 
billed,  in  the  same  manner  as  suggested  for  the  bottom  of  columns 
of  dimensions. 

When  the  draft  bill  is  finished  read  it  carefully  through,  and 
take  care  to  understand  every  item.  Observe  that  the  words 
“ cube,”  “ superficial,”  “ run,”  “ No.,”  “ continued,”  “ carried  to 

summary,”  are  in  their  proper  places.  It  is  a good  plan  to  empha- 
sise these  changes  by  leaving  a blank  line  between  cubes  and 


BILLING. 


293 


superficial,  &c.  See  that  every  trade  is  numbered  and  in  the 
summary.  If  you  are  pressed  for  time,  and  equal  attention  cannot 
be  given  to  every  item,  take  particular  notice  of  the  larger  or  more 
valuable  items,  as  it  is  in  these  that  errors  will  be  of  the  most 
importance.  Always  do  this,  however  confident  you  may  be  of 
the  carefulness  of  the  checking. 

Practice  will  enable  the  surveyor  to  detect  errors  and  discre- 
pancies readily.  By  the  preservation  of  notes  of  various  build- 
ings the  surveyor  will  know  whether  the  quantity  of  brickwork 
is  nearly  correct.  A generalisation  as  to  the  proportion  of  beds 
and  joints  to  a given  quantity  of  stone  may  be  applied  according 
to  the  character  of  the  building.  He  will,  among  other  things, 
compare  the  quantity  of  slating  with  the  boarding  or  battens 
which  receive  it  and  with  the  felt,  the  ceilings  with  the  floors,  &c. 

The  surveyor  should  also  be  suspicious  of  any  item  which  is 
presented  in  feet  when  by  ordinary  custom  it  is  billed  in  yards, 
&c.,  of  any  extraordinary  quantity  of  material  billed  in  cubic 
yards,  as  the  use  of  a divisor  of  9 instead  of  27  (in  error)  is  not 
uncommon. 

It  will  save  much  time  in  altering  and  correcting  the 
lithographed  copies  of  the  bills  if  the  surveyor  reads  (or  causes  to 
be  read)  the  transfers  (i.e.  the  lithographer’s  copy  on  paper 
prepared  for  transfer  to  the  stones)  as  soon  as  they  are  ready, 
making  corrections  where  the  lithographer  has  made  mistakes. 
It  will  be  necessary  to  keep  a list  of  them,  and  when  the 
lithographed  copies  are  received  to  see  if  the  mistakes  have  been 
rectified.  As  all  the  copies  are  alike,  this  will  be  necessary  only 
with  respect  to  one  of  them. 

* Count  the  copies  to  see  that  they  agree  with  the  lithographer’s 
invoice.  Pill  in  the  charges  to  the  summary,  and  count  the 
number  of  bills  in  each  set  before  they  are  despatched. 

If  errors  are  discovered  after  the  bills  are  sent  out,  an  addenda 
bill  must  be  prepared  and  sent  to  the  builders,  but  avoid  this 
necessity  if  possible. 

It  is  well  to  remember  the  function  of  a bill  of  quantities  and 
that  it  is  not  a specification,  it  need  never  indicate  position  of 
work  in  a building  except  when  the  value  of  the  item  is  affected 
thereby.  The  position  of  material,  and  the  manner  in  which  it 
has  been  measured,  can  be  seen  by  referring  to  the  dimensions, 


294  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

a copy  of  which  should  be  suplied  to  the  builder,  but  not  until  he 
applies  for  it. 

In  some  parts  of  the  kingdom  it  is  customary  to  combine  the 
quantities  and  specification,  making  the  bill  of  quantities  serve 
for  both.  It  is  maintained  by  some  that  this  can  be  done  with 
less  labour  than  the  preparation  of  the  two  separate  documents 
involves.  The  principle  is  to  append  to  each  item  a statement  of 
its  position  in  the  building. 

This  method  makes  a much  longer  bill,  gives  the  contractor 
more  labour  in  pricing,  and  is  not  to  be  recommended.  The 
London  surveyor  never  adopts  the  practice. 

If  tenders  are  advertised  for  and  no  quantities  supplied,  the 
selection  of  the  builder  may  be  deferred  until  after  tenders  are 
received,  and  there  is  no  obligation  to  accept  the  lowest  tender. 

But  where  quantities  are  supplied,  a selection  is  usually  made 
before  their  issue,  from  the  persons  offering  to  tender,  and  in  such 
cases  it  is  usual  to  adopt  the  lowest,  the  inference  being  that 
the  eligibilty  of  all  was  considered  before  sending  to  them.  The 
result  of  the  tender  will  be  best  if  care  is  taken  to  select  men  who 
do  the  same  class  of  work. 

Any  obscure  directions  in  the  following  bill  may  in  most  cases 
be  solved  by  reference  to  the  items  of  bill  which  follow  modes  of 
measurement. 


BILLING. 


295 


yds. 


FORM  OF  A BILL. 
Heading. 

“ No.  1.  Preliminary  and  Provisions.’ 


Contract  conditions  which  affect  the  cost 

Preliminary  works  

Allows  items  of  alteration  sometimes  sepa- 
rately billed  as  “ works  on  spot.” 

Provisions. 

Preamble. 

Provide  for  stoves  £50 

Ditto  for  chimneypieces  and  fixing  £50  .. 
Ditto  for  850  yards  of  tile  paving  and  fixing 


cube 


100 

100 


run 


No. 


d. 


Carried  to  summary 


No.  2.  Excavator  and  Drains. 

Or  a separate  bill  may  be  written  of  drains 
in  all  trades. 

Preamble. 

Excavation  of  various  kinds  

Lime  concrete,  cubes  and  supls 

Cement  ditto,  cubes  and  supls 

Strutting  and  planking,  supls.  and  runs  . . 


Drains. 

Preamble. 

Drains,  commencing  with  the  smallest,  and 
including  the  digging  thus : — 

4"  drain  and  2 feet  excavation,  averaged . . 

4"  ditto,  4 feet  ditto  

Follow  with  6”  pipe,  and  its  various  depths 
of  digging. 

Follow  with  the  various  sizes  and  depths 
in  a similar  way. 

Extra  for  bends  of  the  various  sizes,  com- 
mencing with  the  smallest  

Extra  for  junctions,  ditto  

Extra  for  taper  pieces,  ditto  

Follow  with  double  junctions,  &c.,  in  the 
same  manner. 

Ends  of  rain-water  pipes  and  other  pipes 
made  good  to  drain,  cesspools,  grease 

traps,  rain-water  tanks,  &c 

Connection  with  sewer  and  pay  fees  .. 


d. 


Carried  to  summary 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


No.  3.  Waller  and  Bricklayer. 


ft. 


cube 

>» 

supl. 


runs 


Nos. 

supl. 


Preamble. 

Rubble  walling  

Ditto  of  various  thicknesses,  14"  and  under 

Rough  cutting  

Extra  for  facing 

Extras  on  facing 

Extra  on  rubble  for  brick  lining,  or  lining 

and  cavity 

Follow  with  other  extras  in  brick  on  the 
rubble — supls.,  runs,  numbers. 

Reduced  brickwork  in  mortar 

Ditto  of  various  kinds  in  mortar 

Ditto,  extra  only  in  cement 

Half-brick  partitions,  brick-nogging,  tile 

arches,  &c 

Rough  cutting,  limewhiting  

Damp-proof  course  

Pavings  of  cement,  bricks,  tiles,  asphalt  . . 

Wall-tiling 

(Or  in  Plasterer.) 

Labour  rough  oversail,  one  course  . . 

Ditto  rough  chamfer  on  brick 

Follow  with  cuttings  to  quoins,  groin  point, 
chases,  copings. 

1 x -jV'  hoop  iron  and  laying  in  walls  by 
bricklayer  (weight  0 cwts.  3 qrs.  0 lbs.) 

Ends  of  timber  cut  and  pinned 

Follow  with  ends  of  various  things  cut  and 
pinned. 

Frames  bedded  and  pointed,  arches  (all 
except  gauged,  see  facings)  and  numbers 
generally ; labour  and  materials,  setting 
stoves,  ranges,  soot  doors,  air  bricks,  and 
such  small  metal  articles  as  include 

labour  by  bricklayer 

“ Allow  for  bricklayer  to  attend  upon  bell- 
hanger  to  No. . . . bells  with . . . pulls  ” . . 


£ 


Facings. 

Description  of  facing  bricks  and  pointing  . . 
“ Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  facings 
of  picked  stocks  finished  with  a neatly 
struck  joint  as  the  work  proceeds  ” 
Follow  with  the  various  kinds  of  facings 
according  to  value. 

Rake  out  cement  joints,  pointing,  gauged 

arches,  diapers,  &c 

Labours  on  facings  according  to  value 
Follow  with  items  of  extra  on  facings, 
labour  or  extra  labour  and  materials. 
Follow  with  Nos.  . . . extra  on  facings. 


Continued 


BILLING. 


297 


Waller  and  Bricklayer — continued. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

Hoisting  and  Fixing  only  Iron  Joists  and 
Girders  (when  the  fixing  is  not  included 
in  smith’s  bill,  or  when  the  ironwork  is 
in  a provisional  sum). 

£ 

s. 

Carried  to  summary  

£ 



No.  4.  Mason. 

Preamble. 

£ 

s . 

ft. 

in. 

Yorkshire  Stone. 

supl. 

Rough  stone  of  various  thicknesses  .. 
Self-faced  stone  of  various  thicknesses 
Tooled  stone  of  various  thicknesses,  the 

thinnest  first  

Rubbed  stone  of  various  thicknesses,  the 

thinnest  first  

Lineal  items  of  labour 

Lineal  items  of  labour  and  material 
Follow  with  numbers  of  labour  only,  labour 
and  materials,  small  metal  articles  fixed 
by  mason. 

Portland  Stone. 

Stone,  including  hoisting  and  setting 

Ditto,  in  scantling  lengths 

Stone,  including  hoisting  and  setting  from 
40  to  60  feet  above  street  level 
Or,  extra  hoisting  to  stone  from  40  to  60 

feet  above  street  level  

Follow  with  the  various  heights  of  hoisting 
Follow  with  the  labour  on  the  cube  stone 
supls.,  runs,  numbers. 

Portland  Stone  and  all  Labour. 

- 

- 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Follow  with  cramps,  dowels,  and  small 
metal  articles  fixed  by  mason. 

Follow  with  the  various  kinds  of  stone, 
adopting  the  same  arrangement  as  the 
foregoing. 

“Allow  for  attending  upon  bellhanger  to 
No.  . . . bells  with  No.  . . . pulls”  .. 

Bosting  and  Preparing  for  Career  in 
Portland  Stone. 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Often  the  carving  is  a provision. 

Carried  to  summary  

£ 

r 

i 

QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

No.  5.  Slater  and  Slate  Mason  (or  Tiler). 


Chief  item  of  slating 

Follow  with  the  supls.  various  kinds  of 

slating  

Follow  with  runs  and  numbers. 

Clause  for  cleaning  out  gutters,  &c 

Slate  Mason. 

Supls., 'runs,  numbers 

Small  metal  articles  fixed  by  slate  mason 

Carried  to  summary  


No.  6.  Carpenter. 

Preamble. 

Fir  in  plates,  lintels  and  wood  bricks 

Ditto,  fitted  to  iron  

Fir  in  ground  joists  

Fir  framed  in  floors  

Follow  with  the  various  descriptions  of  un- 
wrought fir  according  to  value. 

Follow  with  the  wrought  fir,  arranged  in 
the  same  manner  as  above. 

Hoisting  and  fixing  roof  trusses 

Follow  with  centering, supls.,  runs,  numbers. 

Cradling,  bracketing 

Strutting  to  stone  lintels,  strutting  and 

ribbing  to  traceried  windows 

Follow  with  general  supls.,  runs,  numbers. 
Fixing  only  ironwork,  numbers  according 
to  value,  but  these  items  will  only  occur 
when  fixing  is  not  included  in  smith’s 
bill,  and  in  such  case  make  a note  in 
smith’s  bill  that  fixing  is  in  carpenter’s 
bill. 

Carried  to  summary  


No.  7.  Joiner  and  Ironmonger. 

Preamble. 

“ Floors  in  Deal.” 

In  order  of  value,  commonest  first. 

Follow  with  extras  on  floors,  as  grooves  and 
nosings,  &c. 

Follow  with  floors  in  pitch  pine,  floors  in 
oak,  &c.,  arranged  in  a similar  manner. 

Each  division  as  floors,  skirtings,  doors, 
&c.,  may  bo  followed  by  the  similar 
categories  in  superior  wood. 

Skirtings  in  Deal,  including  backings 
where  required. 

In  order  of  value,  the  least  value  first. 

Continued 


BILLING. 


Joiner  and  Ironmonger — continued. 


Fanlights , Skylights , Sashes  and  Frames 
in  Deal. 

Fanlights,  skylights,  casements,  according 
to  thickness.  Sashes  and  frames. 

Lineal  quantities  of  extra  labour  on  sashes 
and  frames,  and  numbers. 

Number  small  casements  and  frames,  or 
small  sashes  and  frames. 

Doors  in  Deal. 

According  to  thickness,  and  in  each  thick- 
ness the  doors  of  least  value  first. 

Extra  labours  on  doors,  runs  and  numbers. 


Thicknesses  and  Framings  in  Deal. 

Commencing  with  the  least  thickness. 

This  division  includes  framings,  as  parti- 
tions, window  backs,  cupboard  fronts  and 
supl.  items  which  do  not  come  into  the 
other  sections. 

“ Fir  framed  and  wrought  all  round  where 
required  ” (sometimes  “ all  framed  in 
white  lead”). 

Posts,  frames,  door  frames,  according  to 
scantling,  the  smallest  first,  irrespective 
of  the  quantity  of  labour  on  them. 

Architraves  and  Mouldings  in  Deal. 

According  to  scantling,  the  smallest  first. 

(In  a small  work  the  above  may  be  included 
with  the  sundries.) 

Sundries  in  Deal. 

Runs  and  numbers,  labours,  labour  and 
material,  according  to  value. 

This  section  comprises  items  not  referable 
to  other  categories. 

Attendances. 


2 

2 

2 

2 


Joiner  attend  plumber  to 

Baths  

Sinks  

W.c.’s  .. 

Cisterns 

Joiner  attend  bellhanger,  cutting  away  and 
making  good  after  him  to  No.  13  bells 
with  No.  13  pulls,  and  include  the  neces- 
sary boards  for  bell  runners  and  for  fixing 
the  floor  boards  and  joinery  over  same  to 
remove  with  brass  cups  and  screws 


Continued 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

Joiner  and  Ironmonger — continued 

Staircases  in  Deal. 

Items  in  the  usual  order  supls.,  runs, 
numbers. 

Staircases  in  Pitch  Pine  (or  other  superior 
wood). 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Staircases  in  Honduras  Mahogany  (including 
French  polishing  and  carefully  protect- 
ing until  completion  of  works),  supls., 
runs,  numbers. 

(Or  the  French  polishing  in  painter’s  bill.) 

Mahogany,  wainscot,  oak,  teak,  American 
walnut,  or  other  superior  woods  follow 
in  order  of  their  value,  keeping  each  wood 
distinct. 

Ironmongery  of  the  best  quality  and  strongest 
description,  all  to  be  fixed  uith  screws,  the 
brasswork  with  brass  scretcs. 

To  Deal. 

Of  the  various  articles  begin  with  the 
smallest ; the  following  is  the  recognised 
order  of  arrangement. 

Iron  butts,  brass  butts,  iron  back  flaps,  brass 
back  flaps,  iron  hinges,  brass  hinges, 
iron  bolts,  brass  bolts,  iron  latches,  brass 
latches,  iron  locks,  brass  locks,  sets  of 
door  furniture  (where  separately  taken), 
window  furniture,  finger  plates,  general 
ironmongery,  sets  of  lines  and  pulleys, 
general  brasswork. 

Ironmongery  and  Fixing  to  Mahogany  or 
other  Hardwood. 

Same  arrangement  as  for  deal. 

Carried  to  summary  

When  a bill  of  joinery  is  very  long,  some 
surveyors  make  a subordinate  summary 
at  the  end  of  that  bill,  making  totals  of 
each  of  the  various  sections  in  the  body 
of  the  bill,  thus : — 

Summary. 

Work  in  deal,  page  10. 

Ditto  in  pitch  pine,  page  30. 

Ditto  in  wainscot,  page  66. 

Ironmongery,  page  74. 

Carried  to  summary  


BILLING. 


301 


No.  8.  Plumber  and  Zincworker. 


cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

Externally, 

Preamble. 

Milled  lead  and  labour  in  gutters,  flats  and 

flashings  i 

Ditto  in  stepped  flashings 

Follow  with  leadwork  of  various  kinds, 
such  as  are  reduced  to  weight. 

Follow  with  labours  on  the  foregoing  lead 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Numbers  of  labour  and  material 

Internally. 

Preamble. 

Milled  lead  and  labour  in  covering  to  drain- 
ing boards  

Ditto  in  linings  to  sinks  and  safes 
Follow  with  labours,  soldered  angle,  copper 
nailings,  middling  pipes,  according  to  i 
size. 

Strong  lead  pipe  in  a similar  manner. 

Iron  pipe,  copper  pipe,  and  any  extra 
labours  on  it  in  usual  order  of  runs  and 
numbers. 

Soldered  joints  in  order  of  size,  soldered 

ends 

Short  lengths  of  pipe,  traps,  brasswork, 
lavatories,  w.c.  apparatus,  baths,  urinals, 

cisterns  

Clause  as  to  Water  Company  and  fees. 

Zincworker. 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Carried  to  summary  

No.  9.  Plasterer. 

yds. 

ft. 

in. 

supl. 

)) 

Preamble. 

Internally. 

Distempering,  colouring,  pugging 
General  plastering  according  to  value, 
thus : — 

Render  and  set  walls 

Render,  float,  and  set  ditto 

Lath,  plaster,  float,  and  set  partitions 
Ditto,  ceilings  

Work  in  fine  Plaster. 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Continued 

£ s.  d. 


s.  d. 


302 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Plasterer — continued. 


yds. 

ft. 

in. 

cwts. 

qrs. 

lbs. 

ft. 

in. 

No. 

1 

13 

Work  in  Portland  Cement. 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Work  in  Keene's  Cement. 

Supls.,  runs,  numbers 

The  majority  of  surveyors  bill  encaustic 
floor  tiling  and  wall  tiling  here  iustead 
of  in  Bricklayer. 

Externally. 

In  the  same  order  as  internal  plastering  .. 
Allow  for  cutting  out  blisters,  &c 

Carried  to  summary  


No.  10.  Founder  and  Smith. 

Preamble. 

Cast  Iron. 

The  various  kinds  of  articles,  priced  at  per 
cwt.,  such  as  columns  and  stancheons, 
weight  and  description,  the  pattern  fol- 
lowing each  item. 

Follow  with  runs  (as  eaves  gutters,  rain- 
water pipes,  &c.)  and  numbers,  in  the 
latter  case  the  patterns  may  often  be 
included  with  description. 

Wrought  Iron. 

Girders,  rolled  joists,  flitch  plates,  chimney 
bars,  framed  gratings  

Follow  with  runs  and  numbers. 

Carried  to  summary  

No.  11.  Gasfitter. 

Preamble. 

Pipe  according  to  size,  smallest  first 

Fittings  according  to  value,  but  often  a 
provisional  sum 

Lengths  of  pipe,  main  cock,  syphon,  meter, 
clause  as  to  fees,  &c 

Carried  to  summary  

No.  12.  Bellhanger. 

Bells  with  fifteen  pulls  


Continued 


BILLING . 


Belliianger — continued. 


No. 


6 

4 

3 

2 


“ Fixing  only .** 

Ceiling  pulls 

Lever  pulls 

Box  pulls  

Sunk  plate  pulls,  including  letting  into 

brickwork  and  making  good 

The  foregoing  arrangement  will  involve  a 
provision  for  the  pulls,  always  the  more 
satisfactory  way. 


ft. 


in. 


Carried  to  summary 


£ 


supl. 


»» 

» 


No.  13.  Glazier. 

Preamble. 

Sheet  glass,  according  to  size  and  weight . . 

Ditto,  cut  to  shapes  and  ditto  

Follow  with  the  various  qualities  of  glass 
in  a similar  manner. 

Embossing  or  enamelling  plate  glass  P.C., 

per  foot  

Lead  lights  and  glazing  

Copper  clips  and  brass  screws  

Clause  for  leaving  glass  clean  and  perfect 
at  completion 


Carried  to  summary 


£ 


No.  14.  Paperiianger. 


No. 

No. 


Preamble. 

Pieces  of  paper  P.C.,  per  piece,  and  add 

for  hanging  

Follow  with  other  paper  according  to  value. 
Pieces  of  paper,  extra  for  sizing  and  twice 
varnishing  with  best  paper  varnish 


Carried  to  summary 


£ 


yds. 


ft. 


No.  15.  Painter. 

Preamble. 

Two  oils  on  iron , supls.,  runs,  numbers 

Follow  with  the  various  kinds  of  painting 
according  to  value  and  in  the  usual  order 
to  each. 

Extra  for  graining  oak  and  twice  varnishing 
with  the  best  copal  varnish , supls.,  runs, 
numbers. 

Allow  for  touching  up,  &c 

Carried  to  summary  


i 


3°4 


quantity  surveying . 


The  usual  endorsement  of  a bill  is  similar  to  the  following 


“ Estimate  for  House  and  Offices, 

“ Godaiming,  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq. 


“ July,  1878.” 


“ William  Thomson,  Architect, 

“ 14,  Bedford  Row,  W.O. 


“ Mason.” 

(or  “ All  Trades.”) 


(Autograph)  “ John  Green, 

“ Surveyor, 

“ 8,  Westminster  Chambers, 
“S.W. 


When  two  Surveyors  are  employed  both  should  sign. 


305 


CHAPTER  Y. 

RESTORATIONS. 

These  relate  generally  to  churches,  and  a statement  of  the  common 
practice  with  respect  to  them  will  apply  fairly  well  to  all  works 
of  repair. 

The  extent  to  which  the  general  directions  of  the  specification 
will  he  enforced  depends  so  much  upon  the  ideas  of  the  architect  that 
work  executed  from  the  same  specification  under  one  man’s  super- 
vision may  cost  500Z.  and  under  another’s  1000Z. ; and  although  the 
surveyor  should  adopt  his  share  of  responsibility,  he  should  avoid 
taking  more  than  his  share,  and  in  measuring  the  work  he  should, 
while  giving  the  quantity,  throw  the  decision  as  to  its  extent  in 
other  respects  upon  the  builder. 

The  materials  removed  will  be  treated  in  the  manner  described 
in  the  remarks  on  credits. 

The  new  work  will  be  measured  in  the  usual  way. 

The  stonework  will  be  described  as  in  windows  or  doorways, 
or  as  the  case  may  be,  and  as  bonded  with  old  work  if  such  is  the 
case. 

The  cutting  away  to  insert  new  windows  or  doorways,  item  by 
item,  stating  thickness  of  wall  and  size  of  new  opening,  and  that 
it  includes  making  good  to  new  stonework,  and  in  what  trades, 
and  state  in  what  part  of  the  building. 

A clause  will  usually  be  found,  “ Cut  out  all  decayed  parts  of 
general  facing , make  good  with  new , and  point  with  mortar  (or  cement).'1 
In  such  a case  use  the  words  of  the  specification,  and  measure  the 
whole  area  occupied  by  the  facing. 

In  the  case  of  worked  stone  give  the  superficial  area,  where 
possible,  of  stonework  to  be  repaired,  and  state  the  nature  of  the 
repair. 

Measure  at  per  foot  run,  repairs  to  strings,  quoins,  copings. 

Number  repairs  to  windows,  doorways,  pinnacles,  finials,  &c. 

x 


306 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

The  repairs  to  stonework  are  almost  always  described  in  a 
general  wav.  and  when  this  is  the  case  the  surveyor’s  description 
should  also  be  general,  so  as  to  throw  the  interpretation  on  the 
contractor.  Nevertheless  when  particular  stones  are  described  to  be 
replaced  with  new,  they  may  be  measured  as  for  new  work,  but 
state  that  they  are  inserted. 

As  it  is  usually  uncertain  how  much  will  be  spent  in  such  a 
work,  it  will  generally  be  required  to  keep  the  work  in  different 
sections,  so  that  they  may  be  separately  stated  in  the  tender,  as 
“works  to  tower,”  “works  to  south  chapel,”  &c.,  putting  under 
each  head  the  work  in  all  trades  relating  to  the  particular 
section. 

Alternative  estimates  for  oak  and  pitch  pine  or  deal,  &c.,  are 
frequently  required.  See  remarks  on  alternative  estimates. 

In  cases  where  it  is  impossible  to  measure  the  work  beforehand 
it  is  fairest  to  provide  such  a sum  of  money  or  quantity  of  material 
as  may  in  the  opinion  of  the  surveyor  be  necessary,  adjusting  the 
quantity  at  the  settlement  of  accounts. 

A few  instances  of  the  method  of  treatment  of  various  items 
relating  to  the  old  work  are  as  follows.  The  new  work  will  be 
treated  in  the  usual  way. 

“Remove  and  credit.  The  roof  of  north  aisle,  comprising 
two  trusses,  about  three  squares  of  boarding  and  roof 
timbers,  and  about  18  cwt.  of  old  lead,  and  make  good 
work  disturbed  by  its  removal.” 

yds.  ft.  in. 

“ 1000  - - supl.  Cut  out  all  decayed  parts  of  general  facing,  make  good  with 
new  to  match  old,  and  point  with  cement.” 

sqrs.  ft.  in. 

“ 6 - - „ Take  up  and  credit  paving  of  nave  and  aisles,  and  remove 

earth  for  a depth  of  6 inches  to  receive  concrete,  and  deposit 
within  a distance  of  two  runs  ” (or  cart  away). 

yds.  ft.  in. 

“ 1000  - - supl.  Remove  plaster,  limewhite,  &c.,  from  the  walls,  and  general 
stonework,  repair  the  stonework  with  stone  of  the  same 
kind  inserted  in  cement,  and  point  the  joints  with  fine 
mortar,  and  clear  away  rubbish.” 

ft.  in. 

“ 1000  - run.  Examine,  clean,  and  repair  splayed  plinths  of  nave  and 
aisles  and  chancel,  cutting  out  all  decayed  stones  and 
inserting  new  where  necessary  to  match  old.” 


RESTORATIONS. 


307 


ft.  in. 

“ 50  - run.  Cut  out  remains  of  old  stone  string  6 inches  high  and  insert 
new  (elsewhere  taken),  and  make  good  (chancel).” 

“ No.  8.  Examine  and  repair  pinnacles  of  tower,  cutting  out  decayed 
stones  and  inserting  new  as  required.” 

“ Examine  and  repair  eastern  window  of  chancel,  cutting 
out  decayed  stones  and  inserting  new,  remove  glazing  and 
saddle  bars,  and  make  good.” 

“ Remove  glazing  and  saddle  bars  of  western  window,  north 
aisle,  cut  out  the  tracery  of  head,  and  prepare  to  receive 
new  (elsewhere  taken),  remove  wooden  mullion  and  restore 
with  new  stone  to  match  old,  repair  the  remainder  of  stone- 
work, and  make  good  all  works  disturbed.” 

Tho  general  conditions  and  preliminary  items  of  the  bill  will 
be  as  for  new  work. 

There  are  few  points  specially  to  be  observed  in  a bill  of  restora- 
tion, and  the  following  should  appear  in  the  preliminary  bill : — 

“ Any  objects  of  interest  which  may  be  found  during  the  pro- 
gress of  the  works  to  become  the  property  of  the  committee.” 

“ Carefully  case  and  protect  from  injury  the  mural  tablets  and 
monuments  (enumerating  and  describing  them),  where  necessary 
to  remove  them  for  the  purposes  of  this  work,  place  them  in  a 
safe  position  and  refix  them  at  completion,  and  make  good  around 
same,  and  contractor  is  to  be  responsible  for  and  make  good  any 
damage  that  may  occur  to  them  during  the  progress  of  the  works.” 

Or  the  foregoing  clause  may  be  made  to  include  only  thoso 
monuments  which  remain  in  position,  and  those  removed  treated 
something  like  the  following : — 

“ Take  down  and  deposit  and  protect  the  monument  on  north 
wall  of  north  aisle,  refix  when  the  wall  is  rebuilt,  and  make  good 
all  work  around  same.” 

“ Carefully  take  up  the  footstones,  brasses,  slabs,  &c.,  in  floor  of 
nave,  deposit  and  protect  and  refix  same  in  such  positions  as  may 
be  directed,  as  follows.”  Enumerate  them. 

“ Remove  the  gravestones  or  tombs  which  may  interfere  with 
the  rebuilding  of  north  aisle,  deposit  and  protect  and  refix  same,  as 
follows.”  Enumerate  them,  or  give  the  number  of  large  and  small 
ones. 

“ Allow  for  the  removal  and  reinterment  where  directed  by  the 
churchwardens  of  any  bodies  that  may  be  met  with  in  course  of 
excavation.” 

x 2 


3°8 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Provide  a certain  quantity  of  concrete  for  the  filling  in  of  any 
old  graves. that  may  he  met  with. 

In  measuring  the  plastering  on  the  old  walls  take  care  to  state 
“ that  it  is  to  include  any  necessary  dubbing,”  and  if  on  old  walls 
observe  that  a superficial  quantity  of  raking  out  joints  of  old  brick- 
work as  key  for  plastering  should  be  taken. 

In  measuring  new  glazing  in  old  stonework  take  a running- 
dimension  of  “ clean  out  or  rework,  rebate,  or  groove  for  lead  lights, 
and  fill  in  old  mortises.” 

Let  the  general  items  of  pulling  down  and  cutting  new  openings, 
&c.,  follow  the  conditions  and  general  preliminary  items. 

Where  any  of  the  work  is  to  match  old,  state  it. 

General  Alterations. — It  may  be  instructive  to  present  here  a 
few  types  of  items  which  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  a bill  of 
alterations,  and  which  may  serve  to  show  their  general  treatment. 

£ s.  d. 

“ Allow  for  closing  up  the  bottoms  of  No.  20  flues 
while  raising  the  shafts  for  clearing  away  rubbish, 
and  sweeping  and  coring  the  flues  at  completion  ” 

“Allow  for  cutting  opening  for  doorway  3'0"  x TO" 
in  1^-brick  wall,  for  inserting  new  lintel  (elsewhere 
taken)  and  relieving  arch,  for  making  good  brick- 
work in  cement,  and  for  making  good  plastering 
after  fixing  of  finishings,  flooring,  and  all  other 
works  disturbed  on  south  side  of  drawing-room”  .. 

In  case  of  openings  cut  the  item  will  appear  as  above,  and  the 
lintel  and  finishings  will  be  measured  and  treated  as  is  usual  with 
new  work. 

£ s.  d. 

“ Allow  for  taking  down  doors  of  library  and  dining- 
room (three  in  all),  taking  off  the  ironmongery  and 
making  good  after  same,  for  nailing  and  glueing  on 
pieces  to  heads  where  out  of  square,  and  for  re- 
hanging in  new  linings,  elsewhere  taken  ” 

In  the  cases  of  adapting  old  joinery  it  will  generally  be 
necessary  to  take  off  all  the  old  ironmongery  and  substitute  new. 
The  new  ironmongery  will  be  taken  in  the  usual  way. 

rods  ft.  £ s.  d. 

5 - supl.  Reduced  brickwork  in  cement  in  small  quantities 
inserted,  and  including  extra  labour  and  materials, 
cutting  and  bonding  to  old  work  


RESTORATIONS. 


309 


In  the  case  of  openings  filled  in,  measure  the  brickwork  (the 
net  opening)  described  as  in  last  item. 

Observe  that  cases  are  frequent  in  which  the  actual  amount  of 
pulling  down  desired  and  indicated  on  the  drawings  cannot  bo 
adhered  to,  as  it  would  often  cost  more  to  support  the  work  than 
to  pull  it  all  down  and  rebuild  it,  notably  in  cutting  openings  in 
old  walls. 

When  old  chimney  breasts  are  cut  down  (as  in  a party  wall) 
the  remains  of  the  old  flues  will  require  filling  up,  and  this  work 
should  either  be  measured  or  mentioned  in  a general  clause.  The 
following  are  a few  ordinary  items. 

ft.  £ 8.  d. 

90  supl.  “ Cut  back  face  of  old  wall  to  form  toothing,  and  insert 
new  brickwork  average  f -brick  thick  in  cement  and 

bond  same  to  old  wall  ” 

20  „ “ Cut  down  projection  of  1-brick  chimney  breast  to  old 

wall  and  prepare  same  for  new  work  ” 

100  run.  Cut  chase  in  old  walls  about  5"  X 5"  rough,  render 
same  in  cement,  and  insert  and  bond  new  walls  to 

old,  including  additional  brickwork 

100  supl.  Old  selected  paving  (taken  from  present  basement)  re- 
squared, re-tooled  on  upper  face,  laid  in  mortar,  and 

jointed  in  cement 

100  cube.  “ Fir  framed  joists  inserted  in  small  quantities” 

100  „ “ Fir  framed  in  quarter  partition  ditto”  

yds.  ft. 

100  - supl.  Hack  face  of  old  walls  and  prepare  for  now  plastering 
100  run.  Make  good  junction  of  new  and  old  plastering  .. 


Variations  before  acceptance  of  Tender. 

After  a tender  has  been  delivered  it  is  often  found  necessary 
to  reduce  it.  There  are  various  ways  of  doing  this.  To  reduce 
the  cubic  content,  the  quality  of  the  materials,  the  extent  of  the 
finishings. 

The  surveyor  will,  as  a general  rule,  be  asked  to  furnish  a list 
of  proposed  alterations  with  each  item  priced. 

The  price  per  foot  cube  being  calculated  from  the  amount  of 
tender  and  the  cubic  content  at  the  commencement  of  the  dimen- 
sions, the  amount  of  saving  effected  may  be  easily  arrived  at.  It 
should,  however,  be  observed  that  the  reduction  of  the  height  of 
the  stories,  or  of  the  width  of  a building,  will  not  produce  a reduc- 


3IQ 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


tion  so  great  as  the  number  of  cubic  feet  would  seem  to  indicate. 
Whereas  the  omission  of  a part  of  the  length  of  a building,  or  a 
part  of  it  where  roof,  walls,  floors,  and  finishings  are  all  comprised, 
will  correspond  pretty  accurately  with  the  price  per  foot  cube  of 
the  building  as  first  projected. 

Parts  of  the  work  which  are  not  susceptible  of  cubic  calcula- 
tion, as  covered  ways,  conservatories,  boundary  walls,  &c.,  will  bo 
omitted  by  reference  to  the  dimensions  or  bills ; and  it  is  in  the 
case  of  variations  that  the  advantage  of  their  suggested  separation 
in  the  dimensions  and  bill  is  apparent,  as  often  the  amount  for  a 
complete  section  of  the  bill  may  be  omitted  in  one  item. 

Such  calculations  are  much  simpler  and  more  certain  if  the 
builder  will  produce  his  original  estimate. 

As  the  result  of  these  calculations  will  be  reported  to  the  client, 
and  are  but  an  approximate  estimate,  the  amount  of  omissions 
had  hotter  be  reduced  by  10  per  cent,  and  of  additions  increased  by 
10  per  cent.,  as  in  the  more  careful  preparation  afterwards  of  the 
bill  of  additions  and  omissions  it  will  inevitably  happen  that  some 
differences  will  be  made.  The  trouble  and  expense  of  a detailed 
calculation  of  items  which  may  not  be  ultimately  adopted  will  thus 
be  saved.  A list  of  the  proposed  variations  should  be  supplied  to 
the  architect  to  submit  to  his  client;  but  neither  the  items  of 
alteration  nor  their  estimated  value  should  be  communicated  to 
the  builder,  as  cases  have  been  known  (though,  happily,  rare)  of 
the  builder  reducing  in  his  copy  of  the  quantities  the  prices  of  the 
items  proposed  to  be  omitted. 

When  it  has  been  decided  what  shall  be  omitted  the  original 
dimensions  must  be  carefully  looked  through,  and  the  items  affected 
copied  as  a fresh  set  of  dimensions  ; where  a series  of  dimensions 
as  originally  taken  is  to  be  omitted  they  may  be  referred  to  in  the 
new  dimensions  by  letters  A,  B,  C,  &c.,  putting  the  same  letter  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  each  series  in  the  original  dimensions, 
thus 


A 

20-0 

10-Q 

200  - 

L.  P.  F.  and  S.  ceiling 

??  1 
o o 1 

196  - 

and  twice  ^vhiten. 

B.  R.  3. 

add 

A 

B.  R.  4. 

VARIATIONS. 


3ii 


The  reference  in  the  new  dimensions  being  as  follows : — 

Omit  A to  A,  col.  40,  ceilings  B.  R.  3 and  4.  Sometimes  it  may 
be  necessary  to  omit  a part  only,  as  for  instance  one  door  out  of 
five  : in  such  case  the  note  would  be  “ Omit  ^th  A to  A col.  46,  one 
door.”  Sometimes  it  will  be  convenient  to  omit  only  a part  of  a 
series,  when  the  items  not  omitted  may  be  marked  thus  X , and  the 
clause  would  run,  “ Omit  A to  A col.  52,”  “ Except  items  marked 
thus  X.”  Always  describe  in  your  new  dimensions  what  the 
omission  is,  as  otherwise  you  will  be  unable  to  distinguish  without 
again  referring  to  the  original  dimensions. 

Single  dimensions  may  sometimes  be  transferred  as  follows, 
the  equivalent  of  the  squaring  being  written  in  the  dimension 
column : — 

2/  12  6 102  1 
4 1 10 

102  1 102  1 

In  copying  dimensions  for  the  purpose  of  omitting  them  begin 
the  series  with  the  word  omissions , and  then  copy  them  verbatim, 
additions  and  deductions,  just  as  originally  taken.  Be  careful 
when  you  measure  the  additions  to  head  that  series  with  the  word 
additions . 

In  abstracting  your  omissions  and  additions  it  will  occasionally 
be  found  that  there  is  an  item  of  deduction  with  nothing  of  the 
kind  from  which  it  can  be  deducted. 

In  such  cases  transfer  all  deductions  of  addition  sheet  to 
omission  sheet  as  omissions. 

Transfer  all  deductions  of  omission  sheet  to  addition  sheet  as 
additions. 

When  the  bill  of  variations  is  complete,  if  not  before,  the  builder 
should  produce  his  original  estimate,  and  he  and  the  surveyor 
together  should  affix  the  prices  to  each  item,  those  to  the  omissions 
to  be  at  the  rate  of  the  original  estimate,  those  to  the  additions  at 
analogous  rates. 

It  will  sometimes  make  the  dimensions  of  a set  of  variations 
much  clearer  if  the  dimensions  of  omission  and  addition  are 
written  on  the  same  dimension  page  side  by  side,  using  one  set  of 
columns  for  omissions  and  the  other  for  additions. 


312 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ERRORS,  ETC.,  IN  ESTIMATES— SCHEDULE  OF 
PRICES— ADJUSTMENT  OF  ACCOUNTS. 

As  a builder  has  sometimes  been  known  to  deliver  a very  low 
tender  (perhaps  several  hundreds  of  pounds  lower  than  the  next 
above  him),  and  has  afterwards  professed  that  he  has  made  a 
mistake  in  his  estimate  to  his  own  damage,  it  is  perhaps  not 
superfluous  to  consider  the  question  of  errors  generally.  In  such 
a case  as  the  foregoing  the  surveyor  should  request  the  builder  to 
allow  an  examination  of  his  original  estimate,  when  he  can 
generally  form  an  opinion  as  to  the  genuineness  of  the  plea. 
Where  he  has  reason  to  suspect  deceit,  the  whole  of  the  builders 
originally  tendering  should  have  an  opportunity  of  revising  their 
tenders,  or  the  work  given  to  the  contractor  next  above  him  in 
the  list  of  tenders.  Where  the  plea  is  a true  one  the  case  may 
generally  be  met  by  giving  the  builder  a part  of  the  difference,  but 
after  the  contract  is  signed  no  claim  for  errors  should  be  allowed. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  signing  of  a form  of  tender 
agreeing  to  sign  a contract  when  called  upon  to  do  so,  if  the 
building  owner  accepts  that  offer,  is  a legal  contract,  and  its  com- 
pletion can  be  insisted  on.  Lewis  v.  Brass,  L.  R.,  3,  Q.  B.  D.,  667 
(1877). 

Where  a priced  estimate  is  deposited,  the  rates  of  which  are  to 
be  applied  to  items  of  variations,  the  moneying  out  of  the  bill 
should  bo  carefully  checked,  as  where  a money  item  does  not  agree 
with  its  rate,  as  follows : — 


ft. 

in. 

8. 

£ 

8. 

100 

— 

cube 

Fir  framed  in  roof. 

3 

10 

0 

The  rate  must  be  assumed  in  accord  with  the  result , viz.  2 8.  per 
cubic  foot. 


ERRORS. 


3i3 


Mistakes  in  the  casting  of  columns  will  also  affect  the  prices  in 
a similar  manner ; for  instance,  the  amount  of  the  tender  being 
10,000Z.  and  the  true  result  of  the  casts  being  10,500Z.,  the  rates 
would  be  subject  to  a deduction  of  5 per  cent.,  as  all  parties  are 
bound  by  the  amount  of  tender.  Observe  also  whether  a deduction 
has  been  made  of  a certain  percentage  from  the  amount  in  summary 
to  produce  the  amount  of  tender;  if  so,  the  rates  may  also  be 
subjected  to  a deduction  of  that  percentage,  but  it  is  sometimes  so 
small  as  to  be  not  worth  the  trouble. 

In  the  adjustment  of  rates  by  a percentage  the  provisional 
amounts  must  be  excluded  from  the  calculation. 

The  treatment  of  these  rates  will  depend  upon  a variety  of  con- 
siderations. One  of  the  most  important  is  whether  or  not  the 
quantities  are  a part  of  the  contract.  See  also  The  Law  as  it 
Affects  Quantity  Surveyors. 

When  the  quantities  are  a part  of  the  contract  the  builder  will  be 
entitled  to  payment  by  the  building  owner  for  the  difference  on 
any  items  imperfect  in  description  or  wanting  in  quantity,  but  ho 
will  not  be  allowed  to  revise  the  rates  nor  to  alter  the  total  except 
for  the  foregoing  reasons. 

The  building  owner  will  be  entitled  to  deductions  for  excess  in 
description  or  quantity,  but  he  wdll  not  bo  entitled  to  revise  the 
rates  nor  to  alter  the  total  except  for  the  before-mentioned  reasons. 

It  is  necessary  in  all  cases  to  remember  that  the  fundamental 
principle  of  the  present  system  of  competitive  tendering  is  finality. 
The  building  owner  wants  to  know  before  the  building  is  com- 
menced what  his  expenditure  will  be.  The  tenders  are  totals  and 
they  are  to  be  dealt  writh  as  such,  and  except  for  foregoing  con- 
siderations are  the  builder’s  own  affair ; moreover,  the  decision  as 
to  whose  tender  shall  be  accepted  is  mainly  based  upon  the  relative 
totals. 

Blit  it  is  none  the  less  necessary  that  the  whole  of  the 
extensions  and  castings  should  be  checked  before  the  contract  is 
signed.  The  most  suitable  person  to  do  this  is  the  quantity 
surveyor.  It  may  be  objected  that  one  of  the  advantages  of  sealing 
up  the  deposited  set  of  quantities  will  thus  be  lost,  because  the 
surveyor  will  be  in  possession  of  information  which  he  may  give 
to  the  architect  to  the  builder’s  disadvantage.  The  surveyor  need 
hardly  be  reminded  that  such  work  is  confidential  and  should  not 


3i4 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


be  communicated;  but  the  checking  is  an  imperative  necessity 
which  will  be  more  clearly  shown  by  the  following  instances. 

The  probabilities  of  error  are  so  numerous  that  it  will  be  im- 
possible to  enumerate  all  the  varieties  that  may  arise;  a few 
instances  of  those  most  frequently  met  with  may,  however,  be 
considered. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  total  of  the  tender  must 
always  be  treated  as  final,  and  that  the  rates  of  the  original 
estimate  are  (as  is  mostly  stipulated  and  properly  so)  to  be  applied 
to  all  omissions  or  additions  of  a kind  similar  to  the  original  item. 

1.  Items  of  feet  inadvertently  priced  at  the  rate  of  a yard , and  vice 
versa. — These  should  not  be  interfered  with ; any  adjustment  opens 
the  question  of  the  judgment  and  motives  of  the  builder.  If  a 
yard  is  priced  at  a rate  which  would  only  be  reasonable  for  a foot, 
and  the  rate  is  increased,  an  argument  would  be  afforded  for  the 
reduction  of  other  rates,  apparently  too  high,  thus  affecting  the 
total  and  reopening  the  competitive  question  which  is  the  key- 
note of  the  whole  transaction. 

In  cases  of  variation  these  absurd  prices  often  prove  much  to 
the  builder’s  advantage,  sometimes  greatly  to  his  disadvantage, 
but  it  is  one  of  the  imperfections  of  what  is  on  the  whole  a con- 
venient s}’stem.  It  should  be  remembered  that  when  there  are  no 
quantities  the  builder  (even  more  frequently  than  when  there  are) 
makes  considerable  mistakes  but  is  bound  by  his  bargain. 

2.  Items  which  are  priced  at  rates  discordant  with  other  rates , such 
as  circular  work  at  a less  price  than  straight,  brickwork  in  cement 
at  the  price  of  brickwork  extra  only  in  cement,  &c.  The  same 
principles  apply  as  in  item  1. 

3.  Items  neither  priced  nor  extended . — When  the  item  is  of  small 
amount  it  is  obvious  that  as  a percentage  it  will  affect  either  the 
total  or  the  rates  to  but  a small  extent.  Such  a case  is  usually  met 
by  pricing  the  item  at  a current  rate. 

When  the  amount  in  question  is  a large  one,  it  will  be  best  to 
price  it  at  a current  rate  and  to  reduce  all  the  other  rates  by  a 
percentage. 

The  attachment  of  a rate  is  necessary  because  of  the  possible 
increase  or  reduction  of  the  original  quantity  during  the  progress 
of  the  work. 

4.  Single  items  extended  without f a rate  attached. — In  such  a case 


ERRORS. 


3i5 


tho  rate  may  be  calculated  from  the  extension,  the  latter  being  cne 
of  the  elements  which  produced  the  total. 

5.  A series  of  items  bracketed  together  by  the  estimator  and  one  sum 
attached. — This  often  occurs  in  the  joiner’s  bill  when  a series  of 
items  of  labour  are  thus  treated.  The  most  reasonable  course  is 
then  to  price  the  whole  series  at  consistent  current  rates,  extend 
them,  and  add  the  extensions  together ; if  on  comparison  of  this 
total  with  the  total  attached  by  the  estimator  it  is  higher,  tho 
difference  must  be  calculated  as  a percentage  and  each  of  the  rates 
reduced  so  as  to  make  the  totals  agree ; if  it  is  lower,  then  all  the 
rates  must  be  increased  by  a similar  process. 

When  quantities  are  not  a part  of  the  contract  the  same  necessity 
for  examination  exists. 

The  builder  will  not  be  entitled  to  payment  by  the  building 
owner  for  the  difference  on  items  imperfect  in  description  or 
wanting  in  quantity,  nor  will  he  be  allowed  to  revise  the  rates  or 
alter  the  total. 

The  building  owner  will  not  be  entitled  to  deductions  for 
excess  in  description  or  quantity,  nor  will  ho  be  allowed  to  revise 
the  rates  or  alter  the  total. 

The  treatment  of  the  items  1 to  5 will  apply  in  a similar  way 
(under  these  conditions)  as  when  quantities  are  a part  of  the 
contract. 

In  both  cases  the  object  is  to  make  the  bill  of  quantities 
complete  and  workable  as  a schedule  for  the  adjustment  of 
variations. 


SCHEDULES  OF  PRICES. 

When  it  is  desired  to  commence  a building,  and  there  is  not 
time  for  the  preparation  of  an  estimate  in  the  usual  way,  it  is 
a ffe<puent  practice  to  prepare  a schedule  of  prices.  Often  the 
work  of  basement  only  is  done  by  schedule,  the  drawings  of 
quantities  for  the  superstructure  being  completed  during  its 
progress.  In  such  a case  the  surveyor  carefully  examines  the 
drawings,  and  where  there  is  a specification  that  also,  or  if  a 
specification  has  not  been  prepared,  he  arranges  the  quality  of  the 
work  with  the  architect.  A schedule  is  then  drawn  up,  commenc- 
ing with  conditions,  and  comprising  every  item  which  the  surveyor 


3T- 6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


(from  the  information  he  possesses)  considers  will  be  required.  It 
is  obvious  that  the  character  of  the  various  items  will  vary 
according  to  the  type  of  building.  The  preamble  to  each  trade 
should  set  forth  any  special  conditions  as  to,  or  modes  of  measure- 
ment, if  any,  and  should  describe  the  work  and  materials  as  in  a 
bill  of  quantities.  A copy  is  then  forwarded  to  each  builder, 
who  prices  the  schedule  and  returns  it  to  the  architect,  who  then, 
by  careful  comparison  and  analysis  of  the  prices,  decides  upon  the 
person  he  will  accept. 

There  are  a number  of  published  schedules  of  prices,  the 
possession  of  which  will  materially  assist  the  surveyor  in  the 
preparation  of  similar  ones ; among  others  may  be  mentioned  those 
of  the  War  Department,  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  the  London  County 
Council,  the  School  Board  for  London. 

It  may  be  perhaps  considered  superfluous  to  caution  the 
surveyor  against  the  adding  of  the  whole  of  the  prices  of  each 
schedule  together  and  comparing  the  results,  but  as  this  has  been 
done,  and  is  no  test  of  the  respective  tenders,  it  is  necessary  to 
direct  attention  to  it. 

A proper  analysis  should  be  made,  in  the  following  manner : — 

The  surveyor  should  cube  the  building,  and  form  an  opinion  as 
to  its  probable  cost.  He  will  then  be  able  to  judge  of  the  extent  of 
the  main  items  of  material  and  labour  which  will  be  required,  as, 
so  many  rods  of  brickwork,  so  many  feet  of  stone,  so  many  feet  of 
sashes  and  frames,  &c. ; and  if  this  cannot  be  arrived  at  otherwise 
they  may  be  roughly  measured  from  the  drawings,  the  approximate 
quantity  being  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 

The  builders  having  seen  the  drawings,  it  will  sometimes  be 
found  from  an  inspection  of  the  schedules  that  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  entrap  the  unwary  surveyor,  by  putting  specially 
low  prices  to  some  of  the  items  of  which  there  will  be  but  a small 
quantity  used,  as  for  masonry  in  a building  for  the  most  part  of 
brick,  for  slating  where  of  the  roof  covering  the  greater  part  is 
tiling,  &c.,  thus  producing  a semblance  of  a low  schedule. 

The  analysis  may  be  conducted  thus,  assuming  quantities  as 
follows  : — Ignore  the  shillings  and  pence  if  under  ten  shillings,  if 
as  much  as  ten  shillings  call  it  one  pound.  The  labour  prices  may 
be  averaged  by  adding  together  all  the  trades,  as,  excavator  7d., 
bricklayer  lid.,  mason  lid.  = 9§d.  average. 


SCHEDULES. 


3i7 


Smith. 

Brown. 

Jones. 

2000  yards  excavation  and 

£ s.  d. 

£ 

£ s.  d. 

£ 

£ s.  d. 

£ 

carting 

3 G 

350 

3 G 

350 

4 0 

400 

1 000  yards  concrete 

7 0 

350 

6 6 

325 

7 G 

375 

40  .rods  brickwork 

14  0 0 

560 

15  0 0 

GOO 

1G  0 0 

G40 

1000  ft.  fir  

2 9 

138 

2 7 

129 

3 0 

150 

100  squares  flooring 

1 10  0 

150 

1 8 0 

140 

19  0 

145 

Day  work,  1000  hours  .. 

9 

38 

10 

42 

9* 

40 

Total 

£1586 

£1586 

£1750 

The  surveyor  when  called  upon  to  report,  should  state  whose 
schedule  is  lowest,  and  by  what  percentage  the  remainder  exceed 
him,  and  also  that,  “ assuming  that  the  building  should  cost  so 
much  (state  sum),  Smith’s  price  would  be  (state  sum),  Brown’s 
(state  sum),  Jones’s  (state  sum).” 

The  form  the  schedule  should  take  is  generally  indicated  below. 
Its  form  bears  a general  resemblance  to  a bill  of  quantities. 


“ Conditions  of  tender  and  schedule  of  prices  on  which  it  is  proposed  to 
erect  ( describe  building  and  its  position,  and  name  of  proprietor. )” 

“ John  Smith,  Esq.,  Architect, 

“ March,  1878.”  “ 2 Fenchurch  Chambers,  E.C.” 

When  no  drawings  have  been  prepared,  a general  description 
of  the  intended  building,  and  its  dimensions,  should  be  given. 

“ The  carcass  of  the  building  is  to  be  completed  and  roofed  in 
by  (date),  and  completed  by  (date),  or  in  case  of  nonfulfilment  of 
such  works  by  either  date  the  contractor  to  forfeit  as  liquidated 
damages  the  sum  of  £ ...  per  week.  Delay  consequent  upon 
strikes  only  excepted.” 

. “ If  at  any  time  the  architect  is  dissatisfied  with  the  progress 
made  with  the  works,  as  regards  time,  the  contractor  shall  em- 
ploy, at  his  direction,  more  workmen  of  their  respective  trades, 
or  in  case  of  the  introduction  of  improper  or  inferior  materials  or 
workmanship  the  contractor  shall  alter  them  as  directed  by  the 
architect,  and  in  case  the  same  be  not  done  or  altered  within  forty- 
eight  hours  of  written  notice  being  given  by  him  to  the  contractor, 
the  architect  is  hereby  empowered  to  take  the  work  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  contractor,  and  to  employ  such  other  builder  as  he 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


318 

may  think  proper  to  complete  the  premises ; and  in  the  event  of 
the  contractor  becoming  bankrupt,  the  architect,  after  similar 
notice,  shall  have  the  same  power.” 

“ Payments  will  be  made  at  the  rate  of  . . . per  cent,  on  the 
value  of  the  works  executed,  on  the  certificate  of  the  architect,  in 
sums  of  not  less  than  £ . . . , from  time  to  time  till  a balance  of 
£ . . . is  accumulated  as  a reserve,  and  after  that  time  the 
amounts  of  such  values  to  be  paid  in  full,  and  the  balance  within 
one  month  after  the  architect  shall  have  certified  that  the  work 
contemplated  under  the  schedule^  is  completed  to  his  satisfaction, 
with  the  exception  of  £ ...  to  be  retained  for  a longer  period  as 
hereinafter  described.” 

“ The  proprietors  retain  for  themselves  the  power  of  contract- 
ing with  any  other  parties  for  fittings  or  separate  portions  of  the 
work  connected  with  the  premises  or  for  the  completion  of  them 
at  any  stage  they  may  think  fit,  and  the  contractor  will  be  required 
to  give  every  reasonable  facility  to  such  other  contractors  for 
carrying  out  their  work. 

“ Should  any  unforeseen  delay  occur  in  carrying  out  the  work, 
(other  than  as  herein  alluded  to)  from  causes  not  under  the  control 
of  the  contractor,  it  shall  rest  entirely  with  the  architect  to  decide 
whether  any  and  what  pecuniary  allowance  shall  be  made  to  the 
contractor  for  such  delay  as  respects  the  use  of  plant  and  scaffold- 
ing, or  the  waste  of  foreman’s  or  other  time,  or  loss  of  interest  on 
capital,  or  from  any  other  cause,  but  no  allowance  will  be  made  for 
any  rise  in  the  general  rate  of  wages  or  other  prices  during  the 
continuance  and  till  the  completion  of  the  works  according  to 
the  above  conditions,  or  during  such  additional  time  as  may  by 
any  default  of  the  contractor  be  requisite  for  the  completion 
of  them.” 

“ The  contractor  alone  will  be  held  responsible  for  all  injury  to 
life  or  property  caused  by  carrying  out  the  works  from  whatever 
cause  arising,  and  also  for  all  damage  to  the  proprietors  of  this  or 
adjoining  properties,  of  whatever  kind,  caused  by  the  carelessness 
or  inadvertence  of  his  workmen.” 

“ The  decision  of  the  architect  shall  be  binding  on  the  con- 
tractor and  on  (name  of  proprietor)  in  all  matters  relating  to  the 
contract  as  to  the  interpretation  of  the  drawings  and  specification, 
as  to  the  quality  of  the  materials  and  workmanship  used,  and  as  to 


SCHEDULES. 


3i9 


any  question  which  may  arise  in  reference  to  the  progress  and  con- 
duct of  the  work,  and  as  to  the  payment  for  the  same.” 

“ The  whole  of  the  materials  and  labour  are  to  he  of  the  best 
quality,  and  to  be  executed  and  completed  in  exact  accordance 
with  the  drawings,  details,  specification,  and  instructions  provided 
from  time  to  time  by  (name  of  architect)  or  other  the  architect  for 
the  time  being  of  the  said  (name  of  proprietor),  and  to  his  entire 
satisfaction.” 

“ The  works  will  be  carried  on  under  the  supervision  of  a clerk 
of  works,  and  every  facility  to  be  given  to  both  the  architect  and 
his  representatives  for  the  full  examination  of  all  work  or  labour, 
either  before,  during,  or  after  their  execution.” 

“ The  contractor  will  be  required  to  keep  a thoroughly  compe- 
tent foreman  in  constant  attendance  at  the  building  'as  his  repre- 
sentative.” 

“ The  works  to  be  executed  by  proper  workmen  at  daily 
wages,  and  none  to  be  sub-let  without  the  written  consent  of 
the  architect,  the  architect  to  have  the  power  of  dismissing  all 
workmen  whom  he  may  deem  to  have  behaved  improperly  or  to 
be  incompetent.” 

“ It  is  intended  that  the  whole  of  the  work  shall  be  paid  for  on 
measured  prices,  but  should  any  works  in  alterations  be  required  to 
be  executed  at  day  prices,  weekly  accounts  shall  be  sent  in  to  the 
architect  containing  full  particulars  of  the  time  and  materials  ex- 
pended thereon,  and  the  delivery  of  such  weekly  accounts  within 
ten  days  of  the  expiration  of  each  week  shall  be  a condition  pre- 
cedent to  payment  of  such  week’s  work  in  any  other  manner  than 
at  the  measured  prices  herein  mentioned.” 

•“  The  prices  named  are  to  include  all  cartage,  labour  and  mate- 
rials and  the  use  of  all  tools,  implements,  scaffolding,  ladders  and 
machinery  required  for  the  proper  execution  of  the  whole.” 

64  The  prices  for  ordinary  workmen  for  day  labour  shall  also 
include  all  time  expended  by  the  foreman  engaged  in  the  superin- 
tendence of  the  same,  unless  he  be  engaged  exclusively  upon  the 
work  so  charged.” 

“ The  works  to  be  carried  out  in  strict  accordance  with  the 
London  Building  Act,  with  the  bye-laws  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Sewers,  and  with  all  other  regulations  of  a public  nature  authorised 
by  law.” 


320 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


(The  forgoing  in  the  metropolis.  In  the  country  the  local  Act 
and  the  town  surveyor  will  be  mentioned.) 

“ The  following  works  shall  be  executed  by  the  contractor  as 
( inter  alia)  works  necessary  for  carrying  out  the  contract  without 
any  special  payment  for  the  same,  but  they  shall  be  considered  as 
part  of  his  own  expenses,  which  the  profits  to  be  obtained  on  the 
measured  work  will  cover,  viz. : — 

“ The  giving  of  all  requisite  notices  to  (district  surveyor  and) 
all  (other)  authorities,  and  the  furnishing  of  all  particulars  to  such 
authorities.”  (Leave  out  words  in  parenthesis  when  not  in  metro- 
politan area.)  • 

“ The  use  of  lines  and  stakes  of  all  kinds  in  setting  out  the 
work,  and  all  labour  and  superintendence  thereon.” 

“ The  erection  of  an  office  for  clerk  of  works,  with  all  requisites 
for  the  same,  together  with  all  necessary  firing  and  lighting  for  him 
during  the  progress  of  the  works.” 

“ The  covering  and  protection  of  all  walls  from  wet  and  frost  on 
the  occasion  of  any  requisite  suspension  of  the  works.” 

“ The  covering  and  protection  of  all  stone  steps  or  protecting 
brick  or  stone  work  from  injury  during  the  progress  of  the  works, 
and  the  removal  of  the  same.” 

“ All  requisite  temporary  barricades  or  fences  to  doors  or  win- 
dows (exclusive  of  paper  lights,  if  ordered  by  the  clerk  of  works) 
and  the  requisite  sheds  or  coverings  to  lime  and  facing  bricks,  &c.” 
“ All  plumber’s  work  &c.,  in  temporary  water  storage  or  supply, 
and  gas  service  and  use  of  braziers  (the  water  company’s  charge  for 
water  for  the  works  and  the  cost  of  gas,  as  sanctioned  by  the  clerk 
of  works,  and  the  cost  of  fuel  for  drying  the  rooms,  but  not  the 
labour  connected  with  any  of  these,  will  be  allowed).” 

“ The  general  attendance  of  each  trade  upon  all  others  and  the 
execution  of  all  jobbing  work  and  all  requisite  attendance  and 
messages  in  connection  with  the  superintendence  of  the  same.” 

“ The  removal  of  rubbish  and  surplus  materials  as  they  accu- 
mulate, washing  floors,  if  required,  at  completion,  and  leaving  the 
whole  premises  in  a neat  and  orderly  condition.” 

“ The  contractor  shall  also,  without  further  charge,  keep  in  repair 
the  whole  of  the  work  executed  either  at  measured  or  day  prices 
for  a period  of  six  months  after  the  completion  of  the  contract, 
during  which  period  the  sum  of  £ . . . shall  be  retained  by 


SCHEDULES. 


3 21 


(namo  of  proprietor),  and  any  defects  appearing  either  in  materials 
or  workmanship  shall  be  made  good  by  the  contractor  at  his  own 
expense.” 

“ The  work  will  be  measured  up  from  time  to  time  by  Mr.  . . . , 
of  . . . , surveyor,  on  behalf  of  both  parties,  and  will  bo  priced 
by  him  at  the  rates  of  the  selected  schedule,  subject  to  a reference 
to  the  architect  in  case  of  any  dispute  arising  as  to  the  interpreta 
tion  of  the  schedule  or  the  mode  of  its  application.” 

“ The  surveyor’s  charges  of  ...  . per  cent,  and  expenses  to  be 
divided  equally  between  (name  of  proprietor)  and  the  contractor, 
and  to  be  paid  by  the  latter  as  the  works  proceed.” 


Schedule. 

{Note. — Various  items  have  been  introduced  to  show  con- 
venient modes  of  treatment.) 

“ On  all  sums  paid  out  of  pocket  for  insurance  fees  anil 
payment  to  local  authorities,  expense  of  water,  of  gas,  to  the 
extent  sanctioned  by  clerk  of  works ; of  such  fuel  as  may  be 
used  under  the  special  instructions  of  the  clerk  of  works  for  the 
purpose  of  drying  tho  premises,  on  cost  of  tile  paving,  asphalting, 
ornamental  glazing,  stoves,  ehinincypicces,  parqueterie,  furni- 
ture and  fittings,  &c.  (except  trade  fittings)  ; and  of  any  other 
works  executed  by  workmen  other  than  those  of  the  contractor, 
during  the  progress  of  the  work,  to  include  remuneration  for  the 
use  of  scafiolding,  temporary  protections  and  casings,  extra 
lighting  and  watchings,  and  other  necessary  accommodation 
(except  time  actually  expended  in  unloading  and  fixing)  an 
allowance  or  addition  on  the  net  amount  certified  by  the  archi- 
tect ” of Per  cent. 

“ Note. — Any  of  the  above  amounts  which  may  be  paid  by 
the  contractor  will  be  paid  in  full  to  the  contractor  as  part  of 
the  next  certificate  to  him.” 

u In  all  cases  P.C.  values  to  be  interpreted  as  the  amounts 
paid  by  contractor  after  deducting  trade  allowances,  but  not 
ordinary  discount  for  cash.” 

“ For  the  construction,  alteration,  and  maintenance  of  all 
requisite  hoarding,  fences,  gangways,  rails,  kerbs,  coverings  to 
footways,  temporary  ways  over  vaults,  gates,  doors,  fastenings, 
painted  notice-boards,  and  all  other  matters  required  by  local 
authorities  or  considered  necessary  by  the  architect,  and  for 


removal  of  same  on  net  frontage  of  building  ” Per  foot  run. 

“ Use  and  waste  of  timber  in  shoring  to  ground,  or  to 
buildings,  and  include  cost  of  all  wedges,  hoop  iron,  &c.,  and 

labour  complete  ” Pcr  f°ot  cube. 

“ Oiled  paper  lights  if  specially  ordered  by  the  architect  ” 35er  foot  supl. 

Y 


322 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Reference  to  a price  book  as  the  schedule  is  preparod  will  help 
to  preserve  the  survej’or  from  omission  of  necessary  items  of 
labour  and  material. 


“ Excavator 

Preamble. 

Excavation  at  various  depths  and  of  various  kinds  . . 

“ Add  if  in  underpinning 

il  Fill  in  and  ram  around  foundations  selected  hard  dry 

material  from  site,  or  dry  rubbish  ” 

“ Fill  in  and  wheel  one  run  ” 

“ Extra  runs  ” 

“ Fill  and  cart  away  ” 

“ Basketing  ” 

“ Lime  concrete  (describe),  including  staging  ” 

Concrete  of  various  kinds  and  various  thicknesses  to  follow 
here. 

“ Add  in  underpinning  ” 

“ Clay  puddle  ” 

“ Excavator  ” 

“ Gravel  or  ballast  ” 

“ Sand  ” (Thames) 

“Ditto”  (pit) 

“ Lime  ” (describe  sort)  of  various  sorts 

“ Hard  dry  brick  or  stone  rubbish 

“ Portland  cement  ” 

“ Strutting  and  planking  to  sides  of  larger  excavations  ” . . 
“ Strutting  and  planking  to  trenches  (length  of  trench  only 

to  be  measured)  each  foot  in  depth  ” 

“ Horse,  cart  and  man  ” 

“ Two  horses,  cart  and  man  ” 


Per  yard  cube. 


»» 


»1 

Per  hour. 

Per  yard  cube. 

>9 

59 

95 

99 

Per  bushel. 
Per  foot  supl. 


Per  foot  run. 
Per  day. 

>» 


“ Drains .** 

Preamble. 

Describe  fully.  Give  the  various  sizes  and  the  depths  of  the 

digging  Per  foot  run. 

“ Extra  for  deep  tunnelling.”  State  average  depth  ....  „ 


Bends. 

Single 

Junctions. 

Double 

Junctions. 

Siphons. 

“ Extra  on  4-inch 
drains  for  ” 

Follow  with  the  various 
sizes,  as  6-inch,  9- 
inch,  &c 

Each. 

SCHEDULES. 


323 


“ Bricklayer” 

Preamble. 

Describe  the  labour  and  materials  generally,  as  preamble  to 
a bill  of  quantities. 

The  various  kinds  of  brickwork  

“ Extra  for  hoisting  above  . . feet  ” 

“ Add  if  in  one  brick  walls  fair  both  sides  ” ..  

“ Add  if  circular  on  plan  ” 

“ Add  if  in  vaulting  ” 

Follow  with  the  various  items,  arranged  as  in  a bricklayer’s 
bill. 

“ Hoisting  and  fixing  iron  columns,  girders,  and  joists  up  to 

20  feet  above  footway  ” ..  .v  

Follow  with  the  various  heights 

“ Bricklayer  ” 

“ Labourer  ” 

Various  materials,  as  bricks  per  thousand,  mortar  per  yard 
and  hod,  putty  or  fireclay  per  hod,  cement  mortar  per  yard  and 
hod,  &c. 

“ Mason.” 

Preamble. 

State  clearly  how  the  stone  is  to  be  measured. 

Place  the  best  stone  first ; assume  in  this  case  Portland 
stone. 

To  commence  with  a description  of  the  stone,  state  that 
“ the  prices  are  to  include  moulds,  trammels,  &c.,  and  those  for 
labour  to  include  arrises.  The  stone  to  be  measured  net  as  set, 
including  hoisting  and  setting  not  exceeding  40  feet  from  level 

of  footway  ” ..  ..  ..  ..  

“ Add,  if  exceeding  6 feet  in  length  ”*  ■ ..  • ..  

“ Add  on  first  item,  if  exceeding  8 feet  in  length  ” 

“ Add  on  ditto,  &c.,  if  hoisted  from  40  feet  to  60  feet  from 

level  of  footway  ” 

Follow  with  various  heights. 

Follow  with  labours  arranged  as  in  a bill  of  quantities. 

“ On  the  net  amonnt  paid  for  carving,  to  reimburse  contractor 
for  all  scaffolding  and  cleaning  up  after  same,  an  addition  of  ” 

“ Bath  stone  of  description,  as  Portland  stone  ” 

“ Allow  off  price  of  labour  on  Portland  stone  ” 

Follow  with  the  various  stones  with  less  labour  in  a like 
manner. 

“ Sound  hard  Yorkshire  stone,  as  above  ” 

“ Add  to  price  of  labour  on  Portland  stone  ” 

“ Mason  ” 

“ Ditto,  setter  ” 

“ Ditto,  labourer  ” 

Follow  with  any  material,  as  in  previous  trades. 

In  this  trade  time  and  writing  may  be  saved  by  tabulating, 
thus : — 


Per  rod  supl. 

» 

># 

»» 


Per  ton. 

n 

Per  hour. 


Per  foot  cube. 
» 

11 

11 

11 


Per  cent. 

Per  foot  cube. 
Per  cent. 

Per  foot  cube. 
Per  cent. 

Per  hour. 

11 

11 


y 2 


324 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  following  are  a few  examples. 


Diameter. 


3£  in. 

3 in. 

2i  in. 

2 in. 

1£  in. 

1 in.  and  under. 

Drilling  or  jumping  bolt 
or  other  holes  through 
York,  or  Purbeck  per  foot 
run 

Proportion  of  the  above  rates  if  in  Bath 

Ditto  in  Portland  

Ditto  in  granite,  

Add  percentage  on  the  above  done  in  position. 


9"  x 9" 

9"  x 14" 

9"  x 18" 

9"  x 24" 

3"  tooled  templates,  each  .. 

4"  ditto 

6"  ditto 

44  Slater  or  Tiler  .” 

Preamble. 

The  various  kinds,  as  in  a bill  of  quantities. 


“ Slater  or  tiler  ” ..  Per  hour. 

44  Ditto,  labourer  ” „ 

Various  slates  or  tiles  Per  thousand. 

Nails  of  various  kinds  Per  lb. 


44  Slate  Mason.” 

Preamble. 

The  tabulation  of  the  items  is  in  this  trade  specially  useful. 

Slabs  sawn  to  any  size  required. 


Grooving,  labour  to  edges,  holes,  &c.,  may  be  similarly 
arranged. 

A table  of  copper  screws  of  various  lengths  is  useful  in  this 
table = 


SCHEDULES. 


325 


“ Carpenter .** 

Preamble. 

Arrange  items  as  in  bill  of  quantities. 

Labours  (on  the  various  hard  woods)  “extra  on  deal  ” ..  Per  cent. 

“ Fixing  to  ordinary  straps  and  bolts,  to  floors,  roofs,  &o.”  Per  cwt. 

“ Carpenter  ” Per  hour. 

“ Labourer  ” „ 

“ Fir  and  other  woods,  no  labour  ” ,.  Per  foot  cube. 

“ Nails  ” Per  cwt. 

“ Spikes  ” „ 


A table  of  various  woods  in  thicknesses  will  sometimes  be 
necessary. 


Thickness  in  inches. 

Archangel,  Christia- 
nia, or  St.  Peters- 
burg, sawn  to . 
thicknesses  per 

foot  supl 

Elm,  English 
Oak,  English 
Ditto,  American  .. 
&c. 

iin. 

f in. 

1 in. 

1|  in. 

1^  in. 

2 in. 

2$  in. 

3 in. 

4 in. 

“ Joiner .” 

Preamble  as  to  tho  same  trade  in  quantities,  and  the  items 
arranged  in  similar  order. 

But  a modification  of  form  will  bo  required  to  meet  the 
various  thicknesses,  and  save  items,  thus : — 


“ Deal  per  foot  superficial, 
with  no  labour  in  day 

account  ” 

Follow  with  the  variations, 

as — 

“ Ditto  fixed  with  nails  or 

screws 

“ Ditto  wrought  one  side  ” 

&o. 


The  same  arrangement  will  be  required  for  doors,  sashes, 
frames,  &c. 

Work  in  various  more  expensive  woods,  thus : — 

“ Add  on  prices  of  labour  and  materials  in  deal,  for  work  in 
Honduras  mahogauy  ” 


Per  cent. 


326 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ Joiner  ” Per  hour. 

“ Labourer  ” „ 

“ On  all  ironmongery,  to  include  profit,  carriage  and  fixing 
to  deal  in  all  cases,  an  addition  on  the  net  price  to  contractor 

of”  ...  ..  Percent. 

“ Ditto  ditto  for  fixing  to  wainscot  or  other  hard  wood  ” ..  „ 

A table  of  fillets  is  useful  in  this  trade. 

Fillets  including  fixing  and  fair  ends. 


2"  wide  and  under,  rough  

Ditto  wrought 

Ditto  beaded  or  chamfered  on  one  angle 

Ditto  ditto  two  angles 

Ditto  ditto  rounded  one  edge 
Ditto  ditto  rounded  both  edges  . . 

2”  to  3”  wide  rough  

Ditto  wrought 

&c. 

A table  of  screws  is  generally  used. 


£ in. 

f in. 

1 in. 

1£  in. 

H in- 

2 in. 

i in. 

f in. 

1 in. 

li  in. 

1£  in. 

2 in. 

2*  in. 

2|  in. 

3 in. 

3£  in. 

Iron  screws 
per  dozen 
Ditto  and 
driving 
ditto 

Brass  screws 
per  dozen 
Ditto  and 
driving 
ditto 

“ Founder  and  Smith.” 

Preamble  as  to  the  same  trade  in  quantities,  also  “ The  prices 
for  columns,  girders  and  joists,  to  include  all  hoisting  and  fixing 
in  all  trades  except  the  addition  mentioned  in  bricklayer’s 
schedule.” 

“ The  fixing  of  ironwork  of  roofs  and  floors  is  included  in 
carpenter’s  schedule.” 

“ All  prices  throughout  to  include  smith’s  attendance  and 
fixing,  and  with  the  above  exceptions  the  prices  are  to  include 
fixing  in  all  trades.” 

“ Cast  iron  in  girders,  stancheons  or  columns,  from  5 cwt.  to 
a ton  in  each  for  the  first  casting,  including  pattern  ” . . . . Per  cwt. 


SCHEDULES. 


327 


“ Cast  iron  in  girders,  stanclieons  or  columns,  from  5 cwt.  to 
a ton  in  each  for  subsequent  castings  from  same  patterns  ” 

“ Ditto  ditto,  above  1 ton  first  casting  ” 

“ Ditto  ditto,  other  castings” 

Follow  with  the  various  articles  billed  by  weight,  &c. 

“ Wrought  iron.”  The  various  kinds 

“Smith” 

“ Labourer  ” 

Various  materials. 

If  there  is  much  variety  in  eaves  gutters  or  rain-water  pipes, 
they  may  be  tabulated  with  advantage.  Cast-iron  pipes  and 
their  adjuncts  are  also  better  arranged  in  a table. 

“ Bellhanger 

Preamble  as  to  the  same  trade  in  quantities. 

“ Pulls  to  bells,  fixing  only.” 

Bells  (describe) 

“ Bellhanger  ” 

Materials. 

“ Gasfitter.” 

Preamble. 

“ Allowance  off  Russell’s  list  for  patent  welded  tubing,  with 
all  requisite  bends,  tees,  nozzles,  joints,  &c.,  after  allowing  for 
fixing  same,  including  cutting  away,  making  good,  and  general 
attendance,  testing  pipes,  and  leaving  perfect  at  completion  ” 

“ Ditto,  in  day  work  ” 

“ Note. — The  above  prices  to  be  applied  likewise  to  similar 
pipes  for  water  or  other  purposes.  The  pipes  to  be  of  the  very 
best  quality,  equal  to  Russell’s  best,  but  no  defective  or  inferior 
work  will  be  passed  on  the  plea  that  the  ironwork  is  from 
Russell’s.” 

“ Gasfitter  ” 

“ Labourer  ” 

Materials. 

Pipes  and  their  fittings  are  often  tabulated. 

“ Plasterer 

Preamble  as  to  the  same  trade  in  quantities. 

Items  in  the  usual  order  of  a bill. 

“Cast  enrichment  (including  modelling  if  60-feet  run  is 

used)  ” 

“ Plaster  screeds  6”  by  f ” 

“ Plasterer  ” 

“ Labourer  ” 

“Boy” 

Various  materials,  as  lime,  sand,  hair,  laths,  nails,  &c. 

“ Fixing  only  floor  tiling  of  various  sizes  ” 

“ Ditto  wall  tiling  


Per  cwt. 

M 

V 

Per  cwt.  or  lb. 
Per  hour. 

11 


Each. 

11 

Per  hour. 


Per  cent. 

W 


Per  hour. 
»> 


Per  foot  run. 

Per  hour. 

11 


Per  yard  supl. 


328 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ Plumber.” 

Preamble. 

Items  in  the  usual  order  of  a bill. 

“ Allowance  on  prime  cost  of  brasswork,  w.c.  apparatus,  &c., 


to  include  fixing  but  not  joints  ” Per  cent. 

“ Plumber  ” Per  hour. 

“ Labourer  ” „ 

“Solder” Per  lb. 

Materials. 


Lead  pipes  and  joints  may  be  tabulated. 


“ Glazier.” 


Preamble  as  to  the  same  trade  in  quantities. 


Items  in  the  usual  order  of  a bill. 

“ Extra  for  bedding  in  wash  leather  ” Per  foot  supl. 

“ Ditto  ditto  indiarubber  ” . . „ 

“ Ditto  ditto  red-lead  putty  ” „ 

“ Glazier  ” Per  hour. 

“ Putty  ” Per  cwt. 

Materials. 


“ Painter .” 

Preamble  as  to  the  same  trade  in  quantities. 

Items  in  the  usual  order  of  a bill. 

“ Painter  ” Per  hour. 

“ Labourer  ” „ 

Materials,  as  linseed  oil,  boiled  oil,  turps,  size,  &c. 

“The  above  ruling  prices  are  to  be  applied,  with  such 
variations  as  may  be  necessary,  as  the  basis  of  valuation  to  all 
measured  work  as  far  as  possible,  but  in  cases  to  which  no  price  is 
found  applicable  in  the  above  schedule  the  work  shall  be  priced  at 
(rate)  per  cent,  below  the  prices  contained  in  4 Laxton’s  Builder’s 
Price  Book  ’ for  the  year  . . . , or  for  work  not  therein  mentioned 
at  (rate)  per  cent,  above  cost  price,  to  be  valued  and  assessed  by 
the  surveyor  subject  to  the  decision  of  the  architect.” 


“ Tender.” 

“ To  Architect, 

(Address) 

“ Sir 

willing  to  contract  for  and  hereby  undertake  to  execute  the 

various  works  required  in  erecting  (describe  building  and  its  position)  according 
to  the  plans  and  specification  prepared  and  to  be  prepared  by  you  for  that  purpose 


SCHEDULES. 


329 

to  your  entire  satisfaction,  and  subject  to  the  various  stipulations  and  conditions 
hereinbefore  written,  at  the  several  prices  and  rates  hereinbefore  specified. 

“As  witness  . . . hand  this  . . . day  of  . . . 

(Name) 

(Address) 

On  the  outside  of  the  schedule,  besides  the  usual  endorsement, 
clauses  of  the  following  general  tenor : — 

“ The  schedules  of  the  builders  will  be  treated  as  confidential  documents,  and 
those  which  are  not  accepted  will  be  returned  under  cover  immediately.” 

“ The  plans  and  drawings  showing  the  character  of  the  building  may  be 
inspected  at  the  architect’s  office.” 

“ Tenders  to  be  delivered  at  the  architect’s  office  before  twelve  o’clock  at  noon 
on  (date).” 

Another  method  adopted  occasionally  for  schedules  of  prices  is 
to  prepare  the  schedule  as  before  explained,  the  prices  being  filled 
in  by  the  surveyor  at  prices  rather  above  the  current  rates,  so  that 
tenders  may  all  be  at  a percentage  below  them,  and  a clause  is 
inserted  thus : — 

“ The  contractor  to  fill  up  the  form  of  tender  at  the  end  of  schedule,  and  to 
state  thereafter  the  names  of  sureties  proposed.” 

“ No  alteration  to  be  made  in  the  printed  prices,  the  percentage  to  be  general 
on  the  whole  schedule.” 

At  the  end  of  schedule  annex  a tender,  as  follows  : — 

“ To  Architect, 

(Address) 

the  undersigned,  do  hereby  tender  and  undertake  to 

execute,  perform,  and  supply  with  the  best  materials  and  workmanship  of  their 
respective  kinds,  all  and  every  such  works,  services,  matters,  and  things  as  arc 
enumerated  in  the  schedules  hereto  annexed,  and  in  quantities  which  may  be 
required  at  (rate)  per  cent,  (above  or  below,  or  if  the  contractor  agrees  to  all  the 
rates  as  they  stand  erase  the  words  per  cent.)  the  prices  affixed  to  each  item  in 
the  sgid  schedule  according  to  the  terms  and  conditions  annexed,  and  . . . 

hereby  agree  that  . . . will  enter  into  and  execute  a proper  contract  for 

giving  effect  to  this  tender,  and  that  (we  or  I),  and  also  the  proposed  sureties 
hereinafter  named,  will  execute  such  instruments  as  you  may  require,  founded  on 
this  tender  and  the  conditions  and  schedule  hereunto  annexed,  which  form  part 
of  this  tender,  and  that  the  bond  to  be  entered  into  by  (us)  the  contractor  and  the 
said  proposed  sureties  shall  be  in  the  sum  of  pounds,  jointly  and 

severally. 

“ As  witness  . . . hand  this  . . . day  of  . 

(Signature  of  contractor) 

(Address) 


330 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Names  and  addresses  of  proposed  sureties  follow  here. 

When  this  latter  method  is  adopted  it  is  obvious  that  analysis 
will  not  be  required. 

The  necessary  particulars  as  to  modes  of  measurement  are 
chiefly  connected  with  masonry.  The  following  examples  will 
afford  some  guidance  as  to  the  requirements  in  such  cases  : — 


Modes  of  Measurement  prescribed  for  the  new  Houses  of  Parliament , 

Westminster. 

MASON’S  WORK. 

Cube  Stone. — If  square,  to  he  measured  the  net  size  when 
worked  ; hut  where  the  stone  is  not  of  a square  form,  to  he 
measured  to  the  size  of  a square  stone  of  the  least  extent  required. 
Where  the  stones  are  of  scantling  lengths  of  6 feet  or  upwards,  to 
he  measured  separately  from  the  ordinary  cube  stone. 

Drafted  Backs. — The  hacks  of  the  stones  where  drafted  to  he 
measured  according  to  the  surface  actually  shown. 

Plain  and  Sunk  Beds. — One  plain  hed  only  to  he  taken  for 
each  stone,  except  to  mullions  of  windows,  for  whicli  two  beds  are 
to  he  taken  to  each  stone.  Ordinary  arch  stones  to  he  considered 
as  having  one  plain  hed  and  one  sunk  bed. 

Plain  and  Sunk  Joints. — Not  more  than  one  plain  joint  to  he 
taken  for  each  stone  having  one  or  more  plain  joints.  All  sunk 
joints  to  be  taken  as  they  occur. 

Chiselled  or  Rubbed  Faces. — To  be  measured  to  the  size 
actually  shown  on  the  external  surface. 

Rough  Sunk. — To  he  taken  when  a large  quantity  of  stone  has 
to  he  removed,  as  in  stop  mouldings  to  sills,  window  heads  and 
other  similar  work. 

Sunk,  Chiselled,  oh  Rubbed  Faces. — To  he  measured  on  the 
surface  actually  worked,  adding  the  depth  of  the  sinking. 

Stopped  Sinking. — To  be  measured  in  such  situations  as  do  not 
permit  the  work  to  he  carried  straight  through  the  stone,  as  in 
sills  of  windows  and  other  similar  work. 

Preparatory  Labour  or  Plain  Face  as  Bed. — To  be  taken 
wherever  it  is  necessary  to  produce  a face  for  the  purpose  of 


SCHEDULES. 


33i 


setting  out  underwork,  as  in  tracery  heads  and  other  similar 
works.  This  is  also  intended  to  apply  to  mullions  of  windows, 
one  side  and  one  edge  of  which  are  to  be  taken  plain  as  bed. 

Sunk,  Chiselled,  or  Rubbed  Face  in  Short  Lengths  to  Hexa- 
gonal Canopies. — To  be  measured  as  they  occur,  including  arrises. 

Mouldings.— To  be  girthed,  the  surface  actually  shown,  the 
top  bed,  if  weathered,  only  to  be  measured  as  sunk  face. 

Mouldings  to  Panellings.— To  be  girthed,  including  the 
backs  of  the  panels. 

Circular  Face  to  Soffit  of  Cusps.— To  be  measured  the 
whole  thickness  of  the  stone  from  back  to  front. 

Circular  Face  to  Soffit  of  Cusps  in  Panelling.— To  be 
measured  from  the  external  face  of  the  stone  to  the  face  of  the 
panelling. 

Sunk  Faces  to  Tracery  Heads  of  Panelling. — To  be  mea- 
sured net  on  the  face,  adding  the  depth  of  the  sinking  from  the 
external  face. 

Sunk  Face  in  Margins  for  Eyes. — To  be  measured  the 
extreme  length  and  width. 

Circular  Sunk  to  Rebated  Soffit  of  Cusps. — To  be  measured 
from  the  external  surface,  adding  the  depth  of  the  rebate. 

Mouldings  in  Tracery. — The  extreme  lengths  of  the  straight 
mouldings  in  the  tracery  of  the  window-heads  to  be  measured 
through  the  mitres  and  junctions  with  other  mouldings. 

Throat. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Groove  for  Cement. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Groove  for  Metal  Sashes. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Rebate  not  exceeding  Three  Inches  Girt. — To  be  measured 
per  foot  run. 

Mitres  to  Sinkings. — To  be  numbered  according  to  width. 

Mitres  and  Returns  to  Sinkings. — To  be  numbered  according 
to  the  width  of  the  sinking  and  length  of  the  return. 

Mitres  to  Mouldings. — To  be  numbered  according  to  the  girt 
of  the  moulding. 

Mitres  to  Long  Intersections  of  Cusped  and  other  Mould- 
ings.— To  be  numbered  according  to  the  girt  of  the  moulding  and 
length  of  run. 

Stopped  Ends  of  Mouldings. — To  be  numbered  according  to 
girt  of  moulding. 


332 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Stopped  Ends  of  Mouldings  on  Splayed  Sills  and  Sills  of 
Panels. — To  be  numbered  according  to  the  girt  of  moulding  and 
extreme  length  from  top  of  sill  to  point  of  intersection. 

Bough  Sinkings  for  Cusped  Window  Heads  and  Similar 
Sinkings. — To  be  numbered,  taking  the  average  area  of  the  sinking 
and  the  full  thickness  of  the  stone. 

Holes  Punched. — To  be  numbered  according  to  their  area  and 
depth. 

Sinkings  to  form  Shingles. — To  be  numbered  as  they  occur, 
according  to  length,  width  and  depth  of  sinking. 

Notchings  to  form  Embrasures. — To  be  numbered  according  to 
their  height,  width  and  depth  of  sinking. 

Water  Joints. — To  be  numbered  according  to  their  projection. 

Mitres  to  Soffits  of  Cusps  in  Tracery  Heads  of  Windows. 
— To  be  numbered  according  to  their  length,  and  taken  the  full 
thickness  of  the  stone. 

Mitres  to  Soffits  of  Cusps  in  Small  Tracery  Heads  of 
Panelling. — To  be  numbered  according  to  their  length,  measured 
from  external  face  of  stone  to  back  of  panelling. 

Points  to  Cusps  in  Tracery  Heads  of  Windows. — To  bo 
numbered  according  to  their  length,  and  measured  the  whole 
thickness  between  the  sunk  faces. 

Points  to  Cusps  in  Small  Tracery  Heads  of  Panelling. — 
To  be  numbered  according  to  their  depth  from  sunk  face  to  back 
of  panelling. 

Sunk  and  Moulded  (Eilets,  each  with  One  Mitre  and  Two 
Long  Intersections. — To  be  numbered  according  to  extreme  size. 

Small  Sunk  Eyes. — To  be  numbered. 

Cramps  out  of  Saw  Plate. — To  be  numbered  according  to  length. 

Cast-iron  Cramps. — To  be  numbered  according  to  length  and 
thickness. 

Plugs. — To  be  numbered  according  to  length  and  size. 

Small  Copper  Joggles  and  Mortises. — To  be  numbered. 

Stone  Joggles  and  Mortises. — To  be  numbered. 

Joggles  to  Vertical  Joints  with  Pebbles  in  Cement. — To  bo 
numbered  according  to  size. 

Pavings  and  Landings. — To  be  measured  per  foot  superficial. 

Perforations  to  Landings. — To  be  numbered  according  to  size 
and  the  thickness  of  the  stone. 


SCHEDULES. 


333 


BRICKLAYER’S  WORK. 

The  brickwork  to  be  measured  according  to  the  number  of  bricks 
in  the  thickness  of  each  wall,  deducting  all  openings,  except 
pargeted  flues. 

Cutting. — To  be  allowed  for  skowbacks  of  arches  and  surface 
cutting,  but  no  cutting  to  be  allowed  for  the  interior  of  arches, 
excepting  circular  groined  arches. 

Pointing  to  Soffits  of  Arches  and  Lime  Whiting. — To  be 
measured  per  foot  superficial. 

Cement  to  Back  of  Parapets. — To  be  measured  on  tho  surface 
per  yard  superficial. 

Rough  Splay. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run  where  it  occurs. 

Groin  Points. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Pointing  to  Lead  Flashings. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Iron  Hooping. — To  be  measured  per  yard  run  tho  quantity 
actually  used. 

CARPENTER’S  WORK. 

All  framed  timbers  to  be  measured  cube ; the  net  quantity 
used  in  the  work,  fir  or  oak,  in  plates,  corbels  and  lintels,  to  bo 
measured  separately. 

Battening  for  Slating. — To  be  measured  on  the  surface  of  tho 
roof  per  square. 

Boarding  for  Lead. — To  be  measured  on  the  surface  per  foot 
superficial. 

Valley  and  Eaves,  Boards,  Gutters  and  Bearers,  and 
Boarding  to  Sides  of  Gutters. — To  be  measured  per  foot  super- 
ficial. 

Labour  to  Rounding  Ridges  and  Labour  to  Rebates. — To  be 
measured  per  foot  run. 

Labour  to  Splayed  or  Bevelled  Edge  or  Joist. — To  bo 
measured  per  foot  run. 

Tilting  Fillets  and  Rolls  for  Lead. — To  be  measured  per 
foot  run. 

Rebated  Drips,  Rounded  Heads  to  Rolls,  Short  Rounded 
Rolls  and  Dovetailed  Cesspools. — To  be  numbered. 

Timber  prepared  in  Kyan’s  Tank,  including  carriage  to  and 
from. — To  be  measured  at  per  load. 


334 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Fixing  Bolts,  Straps,  and  Cast-iron  Heads.  — To  be 
numbered. 

Fixing  Cast-iron  Work. — To  be  included  in  the  price  of  the 
same  by  weight. 

Wrought  Iron  provided  for  Bolts,  Straps,  &c. — To  be  charged 
according  to  the  weight  actually  used. 

Centering  to  Brick  Arches. — The  quantity  to  be  measured  on 
the  soffit  of  the  arch  at  per  square . 

Flewing  Centering  to  Pointed  Apertures. — To  be  measured 
per  foot  superficial. 

Centering  to  Stone  Arches. — To  be  measured  on  the  soffit  of 
the  arch  at  per  square. 

SMITH  AND  FOUNDER’S  WORK. 

Cast-iron  Work. — To  be  provided,  proved  and  fixod  complete, 
at  per  cwt.  including  patterns. 

Wrought-iron  Bolts,  Straps  and  Ties. — To  be  provided  ready 
for  fixing  at  per  cwt. 

Linseed  Oil  Rubbed  into  Girders. — To  be  measured  at  per  yard 
superficial . 

SLATER’S  WORK. 

Slating. — To  be  measured  on  the  surface  at  per  square , allowing 
1 foot  for  eaves,  1 foot  for  each  valley  and  hip,  and  6 inches  for 
cutting  to  sides  of  dormers. 

PLUMBER’S  WORK. 

Lead. — To  be  provided  and  laid  by  weight,  which  weight  is 
to  be  ascertained  by  admeasurement  when  the  work  is  completed, 
the  weight  per  foot  superficial  being  previously  ascertained  in  the 
sheet. 

Soldered  Angles. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Dots,  Lead  Plugs,  Lead  Wedges  and  Socket  Pipes  to 
Cesspools. — To  be  numbered. 

Cast-iron  Rain  Pipes. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Cast-iron  Heads  and  Shoes. — To  be  numbered. 

Bearings  and  Collars. — To  be  numbered. 

Eaves  Gutter. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 


SCHEDULES. 


335 


PAINTER’S  WORK. 

Painting  to  Cast-iron  Work. — To  be  measured  per  yard 
superficial. 

Painting  to  Straps,  Bolts,  etc. — To  be  measured  per  foot  run. 
Painting  Bolts  and  Heads  to  Trusses. — To  bo  numbered. 


PREAMBLE  OF  A MASONRY  SCHEDULE  OF  THE 
WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

General  Regulations  and  Specification  for  the  Work. 

1.  The  stone  in  masonry,  steps,  landings,  sills,  coping,  flagging, 
hearths,  channels  and  sinks,  is  to  be  placed  with  the  grain  or 
natural  quarrv-beds  horizontal : in  arches  the  grain  is  to  radiate 
to  their  centres ; in  all  curbs  the  grain  is  to  be  vertical. 

2.  In  the  admeasurement  of  stonework  it  is  to  be  understood 
that  those  portions  only  will  be  paid  for  as  moulded  work  that 
have  members  on  them  or  irregular  curves ; 
for  instance,  in  a cornice,  as  per  sketch, 

Fig.  34,  that  portion  from  a to  h will  be 
paid  as  circular  work,  and  from  h to  c as 
moulded  work. 

3.  Plain  work,  circular  plain  work,  sunk 
work,  circular  sunk  work,  moulded  work, 
and  circular  moulded  work,  are  to  bo  paid 
for  according  to  the  following  system : 

— The  material  being  allowed  for,  at  per 
foot  cube,  according  to  Item  1 or  2,  and 
plain  work,  for  faces  so  wrought,  the  other 
workmanship  is  to  be  paid  for  according  to 
the  items  for  sunk  work,  moulded  work,  &c., 
as  the  case  may  require.  Beds  and  joints 
to  be  paid  for  as  half  plain  work.  The  settting  to  be  paid 
under  Items  4 to  7 respectively,  and  the  same  quantity  will  bo 
allowed  as  given  for  the  stone. 

4.  Mantels  and  jambs  are  to  be  paid  for  by  the  measurement 
taken  on  the  face  only. 

5.  In  measuring  window  sills  of  other  dimensions  than  those 


33<> 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


named  in  the  Schedule,  the  full  cubic  quantity  of  stone  is  to  bo 
allowed ; then  the  work  upon  them  as  follows,  viz. : — The  top 
superficies  is  to  be  taken  as  plain  work,  from  the  back  edge  to  the 
sinking ; from  thence  to  the  front  edge  is  to  be  taken  as  sunk 
work ; the  two  ends,  the  front  edge  and  projecting  part  of  the 
under  side  are  to  be  taken  as  plain  work. 

6.  The  prices  for  steps  include  plain  smooth  work  to  tread,  bed 
and  riser ; and  any  further  work,  such  as  back  joint  or  rubbed 
work  on  face,  riser  and  soffit,  or  plain  work  to  soffit  or  back  edge, 
will  be  paid  for  in  addition.  The  net  quantity  only  in  winders 
will  be  allowed,  ascertained  by  measurement  of  the  extreme  length 
by  the  mean  width  and  thickness. 

7.  Stonework  Sunk. — In  stonework  sunk,  except  in  sawn  stone 
alluded  to  in  Art.  9,  the  net  quantity  of  material  obtained  from  the 


measurement  from  the  extreme  points,  when  wrought,  as  shown 
in  the  annexed  sketch,  Fig.  36,  will  be  allowed  according  to  Items 
1 and  2 respectively,  and  the  same  quantity  for  setting  under  Itoms 
4 to  7 respectively.  Half  plain  work  for  beds  and  joints  as  in  Art.  3, 
sunk  work  for  the  top,  and  plain  work  for  the  front  edge.  The 
dotted  lines  in  diagram  denote  the  quantity  of  stone  allowed. 
The  net  quantity  of  beds  on  irregular  ashlar  stonework,  whero 
backed  by  brick  or  rubble  work,  and  the  net  depth  of  the  joints 
only  as  shown  in  Fig.  35,  will  be  allowed. 

8.  Circular  Work. — In  circular  work,  the  material  being 
measured,  the  extreme  length,  by  extreme  breadth  and  height 
(when  wrought  to  the  prescribed  dimensions)  being  allowed  for, 
as  shown  in  the  annexed  sketches,  Figs.  37,  38,  39  and  40,  and 
the  same  quantity  for  setting ; the  top  surface  in  each  case  to 
be  allowed  for  plain  work,  when  so  wrought,  the  inner  and  outer 
faces,  Figs.  39  and  40,  and  the  edge  of  Figs.  37  and  38,  as  circular 
work  ; the  bods  as  half  plain  work,  and  the  radiated  joints,  Fig.  39, 


SCHEDULES. 


337 


as  rough  sunk  work,  under  Item  17.  The  dotted  lines  in  the 
diagrams  denote  the  quantity  of  stone  allowed. 

9.  Stonework  Sawn. — In  stonework,  where  the  stones  are  sawn 
one  out  of  the  other,  the  mean  dimension  only  will  he  allowed. 
For  instance,  copings  cut  the  one  out  of  the  other,  the  dimensions 


for  the  height  to  be  taken  in  the  centre,  instead  of  at  the  extreme 
height  when  wrought  to  the  mould,  as  shown  by  the  annexed 
diagram,  Fig.  41.  The  same  quantity  will  be  allowed  for  setting. 

10.  Sunk  Work. — By  “ sunk  work  ” is  to  be  understood  the 
weathered  part  of  a cornice  or  window  sill,  the  weathered  part  of  a 


coping,  as  Figs.  36  and  41,  the  three  faces  of  a diminished  pilaster, 
and  the  sinking  in  a stone  sink.  In  the  latter  case,  the  superficies 
of  the  bottom,  added  to  that  of  the  sides,  will  comprise  the 
quantity  of  sunk  work.  In  the  case  of  perforations  in  sink  stones, 
they  will  be  paid  for  under  Items  242  and  243. 


Fig.  37. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  38. 


Fig.  39. 


k 


I 


Fig.  40. 


Fig.  41. 


z 


33§ 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


11.  Circular  Work. — By  “circular”  work  is  to  be  understood 
such  as  the  concave  and  convex  faces  of  curbs,  as  shown  in  Figs. 
37  to  40,  and  the  face  of  a parallel  column. 

12.  Sunk  Circular  Work. — By  “sunk  circular”  work  is  to  be 
understood  the  face  of  a diminished  column,  or  the  hollowed  work 
of  a channel  which  increases  or  diminishes  as  it  extends,  and  all 
work  of  this  character. 

13.  Rubbed  Work. — To  the  price  of  “rubbed  work,”  in  Items 
19  to  24,  will  be  allowed  plain  work  under  Items  9 and  10 ; and  to 
the  price  of  “rubbed”  work  on  such  as  the  three  faces  of  a 
diminished  pilaster,  the  weatherings  of  cornices  and  copings,  and 
such  work,  denominated  “ sunk,”  the  price  of  sunk  work  will  be 
allowed ; and  likewise  in  rubbed  cornices  the  price  of  moulded 
work  will  be  allowed ; and  in  rubbed  circular  plain,  circular  sunk, 
or  moulded  circular  work,  will  be  allowed  respectively  plain 
circular,  sunk  circular  and  moulded  circular  work. 

14.  By  the  terms  “plain”  work,  “sunk”  work,  or  “moulded” 
work,  is  to  be  understood  as  follows,  viz.  on  Portland,  York,  or 
Scotgate  Ash  stone  a tooled  stroke  over  all  the  respective  faces, 
with  a draughted  margin  around  each  stone  of  ashlar  work.  On 
Purbeck,  a broached  or  picked  face,  as  may  be  ordered,  with  a 
draughted  margin ; on  granite  and  Bramley  Fall,  a smooth  tooled 
face ; and  on  Bath,  Caen,  or  Painswick,  a combed  or  dragged  face. 

15.  The  portions  of  the  General  Regulations  and  Specification 
which  are  attached  to  the  Bricklayer’s  Schedule,  and  are  applicable, 
are  to  be  considered  as  a part  of  this  Schedule. 

ADJUSTMENT  OF  ACCOUNTS. 

The  adjustment  of  the  accounts  relating  to  a building  is  usually 
entrusted  to  the  surveyor  who  prepared  the  original  quantities, 
who  then  acts  on  behalf  of  both  builder  and  architect.  The 
alternative  is  two  surveyors,  one  employed  by  the  Building  owner 
the  other  by  the  Builder.  The  conditions  which  will  facilitate 
the  surveyor’s  work  in  such  a case  are  the  following : — 

The  bill  of  quantities  deposited  either  with  the  architect  or  the 
quantity  surveyor. 

The  schedule  of  prices  (when  there  is  one)  also  deposited. 

When  it  has  been  made  one  of  the  conditions  of  the  contract 


ACCOUNTS. 


339 


that  no  extra  shall  be  allowed  for  unless  a written  order  has  been 
given  by  the  architect,  the  builder  should  produce  these  orders, 
and  where  this  condition  is  insisted  upon  by  the  architect  only 
those  works  should  be  admitted  for  which  orders  are  produced. 
When  the  builder,  nevertheless,  proposes  to  make  a claim  for  such 
works  the  surveyor  may  measure  them,  but  he  should  make  a 
separate  account  of  them,  and  should  stipulate  that  the  charges 
for  their  measurment  shall  be  paid  by  the  builder  in  the  event  of 
the  claim  being  disallowed.  The  surveyor  should  at  the  same 
time  inform  both  builder  and  architect  that  he  does  not  by  the 
measurement  give  any  opinion  as  to  the  claim  further  than  their 
quantity  and  price. 

The  surveyor,  when  requested  to  arrange  the  accounts,  should 
obtain  from  the  clerk  of  works,  or  the  architect  where  there  is  no 
clerk  of  works,  and  the  builder’s  foreman  respectively,  a list  of 
works  which  they  believe  to  be  extra  on  the  contract.  Both 
foreman  and  clerk  of  works  should  be  instructed  to  keep  notes  of 
extra  works  as  the  building  proceeds.  An  appointment  should 
then  be  made  to  meet  on  the  works  the  architect,  or  his  clerk  of 
works,  builder  (or  his  surveyor),  and  the  builder’s  foreman.  The 
lists  before  mentioned  should  then  be  regularly  gone  through, 
and  such  items  as  are  admitted  to  be  extras,  and  require  to  be 
measured,  entered  in  the  measuring  book  as  notes  for  measuring. 

Before  this  meeting,  or  at  some  convenient  opportunity  during 
the  measurement,  look  carefully  through  the  bills  and  dimen- 
sions to  see  what  omissions  there  are:  see  also  what  provisions 
require  to  be  adjusted.  Notice  the  way  in  which  the  original  bill 
has  been  priced,  if  the  builder  has  in  his  pricing  disregarded  all 
the  general  items  of  labour  on  stonework,  your  measurement  will 
deal  with  the  stone  as  including  all  labours.  Facings  to  brick- 
work are  also  not  infrequently  priced  in  a similar  manner.  (See 
also  section  “Law  of  Quantity  Surveying.”)  A list  of  these 
should  also  be  written  in  the  measuring  book.  As  each  item  is 
measured  draw  a vertical  line  through  the  note  of  it,  and  put  a 
reference  against  it  to  the  page  of  the  measuring  book  whereon 
it  has  been  measured.  Thus : — 


“ Provide  for 


gas  fittings,  50Z. ; measured,  p.  AA ,”  &c. 


340 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


When  work  requires  to  be  kept  in  several  sections  it  may  be 
advisable  to  use  a separate  measuring  book  for  each  section. 

Leave  several  pages  at  the  commencement  of  each  of  the 
measuring  books  for  an  index,  and  when  the  book  is  filled  make 
an  index. 

In  a large  measurement  it  will  be  found  necessary  to  keep  in  a 
separate  book  a list  of  notes  of  work  incomplete,  and  which  it  has 
been  impossible  to  measure,  so  that  the  surveyor  may  return  to 
them  when  they  are  ready  to  be  measured. 

If  the  building  be  a large  one  and  the  measurements  extend 
over  a considerable  period,  the  surveyor  should  make  tracings  of 
the  working  drawings  and  colour  with  a wash  of  colour  the  parts 
as  they  are  measured.  The  uncoloured  portion  will  then  show  him 
at  a glance  what  remains  to  be  done.  This  expedient  is  specially 
useful  when  he  has  to  make  periodical  measurements  and  reports, 
as  for  certificates. 

After  the  space  for  index  write  a heading  for  the  book,  thus  : — 

“ Measurement  of  Variations. 

“House  and  offices  at  Sutton,  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq.;  Mr.  Neal, 
clerk  of  works ; Mr.  Thompson,  foreman,  with  Mr.  J.  Greene,  surveyor. 

“ 24th  June,  1878.  Esq.,  Architect 

Do  not  measure  an  omission  if  it  comes  to  within  5 per  cent, 
of  the  original  estimate,  as  it  is  worth  little  more  than  the 
measuring  charges  ; and  it  should  be  observed  that  the  measurement 
of  an  extra  is  often  pressed  by  either  side,  which  the  omission  on 
the  same  part  of  the  work  much  more  than  counterbalances. 

The  surveyor,  when  measuring,  should  have  the  dimensions 
called  out  at  each  measurement  by  the  man  using  the  rods  or  tape 
and  should  look  at  the  figures  each  time  to  see  that  it  is  called 
correctly ; or  he  may,  if  he  prefers  it,  measure  the  work  himself, 
and  have  a clerk  with  him  to  book  the  dimensions.  Follow  the 
mode  of  measurement  adopted  in  the  original  quantities  as  far  as 
possible,  so  as  to  readily  apply  the  prices. 

The  measurement  having  given  you  the  additions,  a reference 
to  the  dimensions  will  generally  give  you  the  omissions,  neverthe- 
less it  may  sometimes  be  more  convenient  to  remeasure  an  omission ; 
these  may  be  referred  to  by  letters  as  before  recommended.  See 
“ Variations  before  acceptance  of  Tender.” 


ACCOUNTS. 


34i 


For  omissions  use  the  word  “ omit,”  not  “ deduct.”  Where  no 
quantities  have  been  supplied,  certain  items  of  omission  may  he 
obtained  from  the  builder’s  original  estimate  if  he  will  produce  it ; 
if  he  declines,  the  work  must  be  measured  from  the  drawings  and 
specification. 

When  a surveyor  is  employed  by  the  builder  to  meet  the  archi- 
tect’s surveyor,  both  surveyors  will  book  identical  dimensions,  will 
have  the  dimensions  squared,  and  at  convenient  times  after  the 
measurement  cause  to  be  compared  the  respective  books,  and  errors 
corrected ; if  not  done  at  this  stage  errors  will  be  abstracted,  and 
they  will  be  much  more  troublesome  to  rectify. 

The  measurement  of  an  item  such  as  an  ornamental  entrance 
gate,  or  a piece  of  ornamental  framing,  will  sometimes  in  the  book 
take  the  following  form : No.  1 gate  9'  6”  by  5'  0”  containing  as 
follows,  the  detail  being  measured  to  arrive  at  a price.  This  detail 
need  not  be  abstracted  nor  billed,  it  may  be  priced  in  the  book  and 

105 

referred  to  thus  : See  detail  — - . 

44 

The  surveyor  for  the  architect  should  then  abstract  the 
contents  of  the  books  and  forward  them  to  the  builder’s  surveyor 
to  check,  and  this  course  would  be  taken  whether  there  were  one 
set  of  books  or  two ; not  infrequently  the  surveyors  arrange  that 
one  only  of  them  shall  book,  and  this  saves  the  comparing.  The 
measuring  books  would  of  course  be  available  at  any  time  by  either 
surveyor. 

When  there  are  omissions  and  additions  on  a particular  section 
of  the  work,  the  abstractor  should  abstract  the  omissions  and 
additions  in  the  order  as  they  occur  in  the  book.  He  will  thus 
much  more  readily  detect  any  error  that  may  exist  than  he  will 
if  he  first  abstracts  the  additions  throughout  the  book  and  then 
recommences  the  book  and  abstracts  the  omissions. 

Head  each  of  the  abstracts  with  the  usual  heading,  and  also 
write  on  each,  at  the  upper  left-hand  corner,  “ omissions,”  or 
“ additions,”  as  the  case  may  be,  and  the  distinguishing  numbers 
of  the  measuring  books,  both  in  red  ink. 

After  the  abstracts  are  checked,  the  measurement  should  be 
brought  into  bill,  the  work  being  either  collected  in  the  same 
manner  as  in  a bill  of  quantities,  or  the  particular  work  to  each 
alteration  kept  separate,  but  the  former  way  is  preferable  if  there 


342 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


is  no  special  reason  for  showing  the  total  amount  each  item  of 
extra  work  has  involved.  The  latter  way  greatly  increases  the 
length  of  the  account.  If  it  is  adopted  the  items  may  he  usually 
billed  direct  without  abstracting ; any  necessary  abstracting  can 
be  done  on  the  margin  of  the  draft  bill  in  small  figures,  and  can 
be  checked  by  the  clerk  who  checks  the  bill,  and  at  the  same  time. 
Its  advantages  are  that  comparative  prices  are  more  likely  to  be 
kept  in  view  and  discrepant  ones  less  likely  to  occur. 

If,  however,  the  necessity  should  afterwards  arise  of  show- 
ing the  omission  and  addition  involved  by  each  alteration,  the 
course  first  mentioned  will  subject  the  surveyor  to  the  trouble 
of  abstracting  and  billing  the  account  afresh,  and  probably  he 
will  be  unable  to  make  any  further  charge. 

Whichever  way  be  adopted,  let  the  omissions  come  first  and 
the  additions  after,  both  being  separately  carried  to  the  summary. 
Head  each  page  with  the  word  “ omissions,”  or  “ additions  ” in  red 
ink.  The  order  and  phraseology  of  the  original  bills  should 
be  adopted  wherever  it  applies,  as  this  will  facilitate  the  pricing. 
In  the  case  of  omission,  no  more  of  the  description  in  the  original 
bill  need  be  adopted  than  may  be  necessary  to  identify  an  item, 
and  much  writing  may  often  be  avoided  by  writing  a part  of  a 
description  and  referring  to  the  page  of  the  original  bill  for  the 
remainder. 

In  billing  omissions  the  surveyor  should  keep  the  original  bill 
before  him,  as  the  comparison  of  its  items  with  those  of  the  original 
bill  will  preserve  him  from  the  error  of  omitting  too  much. 

The  apposition  of  the  items  of  omission  or  addition  of  a parti- 
cular section  of  the  work  has  the  advantage  of  greater  safety  from 
error,  which  will  be  readily  seen  if  the  bill  is  thus  arranged. 

When  there  is  a deposited  bill  of  quantities  the  prices  obtained 
from  it  are  best  written  in  red  ink,  as  it  is  usually  convenient  to 
distinguish  them  from  the  prices  which  have  been  affixed  indepen- 
dently ; these  latter  should  be  written  in  pencil.  After  the  rates 
are  attached  to  the  items,  the  bill  should  again  be  forwarded  to 
the  builder’s  surveyor  that  he  may  check  both  the  billing  and  rates 
of  items.  Difference  of  opinion  as  to  rales  may  be  arranged  at  a 
meeting  of  the  two  surveyors,  and  the  settled  prices  filled  in  with 
black  ink  as  they  are  agreed  on. 

It  is  argued  by  some  surveyors  that  the  builder  should  attach 


ACCOUNTS. 


343 


the  prices  to  the  hill  of  variations  and  the  architect’s  surveyor 
check  them ; their  idea  is  that  the  builder  may  thus  ask  smaller 
rates,  on  some  items,  than  the  architect’s  surveyor  might  attach, 
and  an  advantage  be  thus  gained  by  the  client.  If  the  architect’s 
surveyor  is  incapable,  or  wishes  to  gain  an  advantage,  this  is  the 
better  course  for  him  to  adopt ; but  if  he  knows  his  business,  and  is 
desirous  only  to  do  justice,  the  course  first  suggested  is  preferable. 

In  cases  of  disputed  prices  the  surveyor  may  be  able  to  persuade 
the  builder  to  produce  his  prime  cost  book,  and  if  he  is  satisfied 
that  there  is  no  error  in  the  statement  he  may,  after  adding  a 
reasonable  profit,  adopt  the  price  thus  arrived  at. 

When  the  rates  have  been  agreed  upon,  the  item  should  be 
carried  into  the  money  column,  then  checked  and  ticked  in  pencil, 
then  checked  again  and  the  amounts  written  in  ink.  The  second 
checker  invariably  finds  errors,  but  this  second  checking  is  rarely 
done. 

There  are  a few  common  precautions  which  should  be  observed 

d.  d.  d. 

in  pricing  and  checking,  write  J J — f not  lji — l/2 — 8/n  these  are 

s.d.  s.d.  s.d. 

frequently  mistaken  for  1/A — 1/2 — s/4. 

See  that  every  item  is  carried  into  the  money  column,  both  in 
items  and  casts.  The  clerk  checking  the  casts  should  place  a 
small  piece  of  paper  over  the  results,  so  that  his  calculations  may 
be  independent  of  the  former  man’s  work. 

The  tendency  of  increased  experience  is  usually  to  incline  the 
surveyor  to  more  liberal  treatment  of  the  builder,  it  is  well,  how- 
ever, to  remember  that  his  liberality  is  at  his  employer’s  expense. 

The  day  accounts  of  extra  work  should  be  delivered  by  the 
builder  within  a week  of  the  work  being  executed,  and  if  the 
work  is  to  be  concealed  as  in  foundations  or  other  work  not  easily 
accessible,  it  should  be  examined  and  measured  before  it  is 
covered. 

Day  accounts  should  only  be  allowed  for  works  in  which 
labour,  and  that  not  straightforward,  is  the  principal  item : as 
attendances  upon  other  workmen,  alterations  of  works  already 
executed,  pulling  down,  shoring,  underpinning,  &c.  Work  of  the 
usual  character,  and  which  has  entailed  no  special  trouble,  should 
not  be  charged  day  work  but  measured. 

If  a clerk  of  works  is  employed,  he  should  examine  and  sign 


344 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


each,  day  account  before  it  is  delivered  to  the  architect  or  quantity 
surveyor.  Where  the  work  is  extensive,  it  is  the  better  practice 
for  the  quantity  surveyor  to  take  charge  of  the  day  accounts  ; he 
should  carefully  examine  them  as  they  are  delivered,  and  when  he 
discovers  errors,  return  the  day  account  at  once  to  the  builder  for 
explanation  or  alteration. 

When  the  materials  and  labour  in  a day  account  do  not  amount 
to  more  than  the  proper  price  for  the  piece  of  work  measured  as 
fixed,  it  may  be  accepted ; it  would  be  mere  waste  of  time  to 
measure  it ; but  this  is  seldom  the  case ; it  will  often  be  found 
that  the  charge  for  time  alone  amounts  to  more  than  the  legitimate 
charge  for  both  labour  and  materials. 

The  surveyor  should  be  watchful  of  day  accounts,  and  will  find 
his  trouble  well  repaid.  The  surveyor  may  also  succeed  in 
separating  things  which  can  be  from  those  which  cannot  be 
measured. 

In  day  accounts  for  pulling  down,  see  that  credit  is  given  for 
the  bricks  and  other  materials. 

Material  comprised  in  day  accounts  is  frequently  charged  by 
the  builder  as  finished  work  instead  of  simple  material,  and  the 
time  is  also  charged  for  fixing.  In  the  case  of  joinery  in  day 
account  it  should  be  kept  separate,  and  described  as  “ from  Bench,” 
and  is  worth  a less  price  than  similar  work  in  the  priced  bills,  as 
the  latter  includes  fixing ; “ stone  from  Banker  ” is  a similar  case. 

In  measuring  complex  joinery,  sections  of  the  mouldings, 
frames,  &c.,  may  often  be  obtained,  and  will  be  found  useful  when 
valuing  the  items. 

In  measuring  work  from  Bench  or  Banker,  observe  to  omit 
such  parts  of  the  labour  as  are  of  necessity  done  in  the  course  of 
fixing : as  plugging  mitres,  mortises,  ends  cut  and  pinned,  &c. 

When  work  has  been  altered  it  will  be  best  to  measure  the 
work  as  originally  made  or  fixed,  allowing  the  alteration  as  a day 
account. 

Foreman’s  time  is  not  infrequently  the  subject  of  dispute. 
When  there  is  a stipulation  in  the  schedule  of  prices  that  the 
general  foreman’s  time  should  be  included  in  the  price  per  hour  for 
general  workmen,  or  some  other  similar  condition,  the  question  is 
settled.  Where  no  condition  exists,  and  where  work  has  been  done 
requiring  the  foreman’s  exclusive  superintendence,  as  in  the  case  of 


ACCOUNTS. 


345 


small  jobbing,  executed  when  all  but  the  men  occupied  upon  that 
work  have  been  discharged,  or  in  special  works  requiring  an  undue 
proportion  of  his  time,  a fair  amount  of  time  should  be  allowed. 

On  examination  of  the  preliminary  bill  the  surveyor  will  dis- 
cover some  items  which  are  priced,  possibly  at  a sum  altogether 
disproportionate  to  the  work  involved.  If  these  items  are  “ allows,” 
i.e.  at  contractor’s  risk,  they  should  not  be  deducted,  for  if  they 
cost  contractor  many  times  as  much  as  the  sum  he  has  in  his  esti- 
mate, he  would  be  bound  to  do  the  work  without  extra  charge,  and 
by  parity  of  reasoning,  the  items  should  not  be  interfered  with  if 
they  should  prove  unexpectedly  profitable ; moreover,  the  contractor 
might  insist  upon  the  readjustment  of  other  clauses  of  the  same 
character  if  any  were  interfered  with. 

The  adjustment  of  provisional  sums  is  also  a fruitful  source  of 
difference.  The  method  of  treatment  will  depend  upon  the  way 
the  provisions  have  been  arranged  in  the  original  bill.  In  all 
cases  the  surveyor  should  insist  upon  the  production  of  the  original 
invoices,  not  copies,  and  if  he  is  doubtful  of  these  invoices  the  mer- 
chant’s monthly  statements  and  receipts. 

Taking  as  an  instance,  a provision  of  100/.  for  stoves  under  its 
various  forms,  its  adjustment  should  be  as  follows : — The  invoice 
is,  say,  50/.,  the  trade  discount  off  stoves  is  20  per  cent.,  a fair  profit 
to  allow  is  15  per  cent. 

When  no  special  clause  exists  as  to  the  deduction  of  provisional 
sums  net,  and  the  provision  appears  in  the  priced  bill  as — 


A.  Provide  for  stoves  100/. 


100 

0 

0 

, 

the  setting  will  be  charged  as  a day  account  unless  the  setting  has 
been  taken  in  the  quantities.  The  100/.  will  be  deducted.  20  per 
cent,  will  be  deducted  from  the  amount  of  invoice,  and  15  per  cent, 
added  ; the  amount  will  be  £46. 

When  the  item  appears  as  below,  contractor  has  fixed  his  profit 
at  5 per  cent. : — 


B.  Provide  for  stoves  100/. 


105 


0 


deduct  the  105/.  and  allow  50/.,  minus  20  per  cent,  plus  5 per  cent. 
= £42. 


34^ 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Sometimes  the  item  will  appear  as  follows : — 


Provide  for  stoves  100Z.  and  add  profit  . . 


0 


Treat  this  in  the  same  manner  as  B. 

When  there  is  a condition  for  the  deduction  of  provisional 
amounts  net — 

If  the  amount  appears  as  A deduct  the  100 7.  without  any  allow- 
ance for  profit,  and  add  the  amount  of  invoice  less  the  trade  dis- 
count— result  £40. 

The  foregoing  instances  presuppose  the  expenditure  of  an 
amount  for  the  purposes  originally  intended.  There  are,  however, 
cases  in  which  the  whole  amount  is  withdrawn  from  the  contract 
and  is  spent  directly  by  the  architect  or  building  owner,  and  in 
such  case  only  the  amount  stated  in  the  specification  should  be 
deducted  from  the  contract  sum,  and  the  profit  should  not  be 
interfered  with. 

P.C.  means  the  amount  paid  by  contractor  after  deducting 
trade  allowance  but  not  ordinary  discount  for  cash,  but  disputes 
may  be  saved  if  a clause  to  this  effect  is  put  into  the  preliminary 
bill. 

Within  the  metropolitan  area  many  kinds  of  goods  are  delivered 
free  of  charge,  but  if  carriage  should  be  claimed,  see  the  delivery 
note  or  some  voucher  for  the  payment,  and  allow  it  in  addition  to 
the  foregoing  allowances. 

In  some  instances  an  exorbitant  discount  has  been  added  to 
produce  the  amount  of  invoice  as  the  result  of  collusion  between 
builder  and  manufacturer.  Nothing  will  meet  such  cases  as  these 
but  great  knowledge  of  prices,  and  the  precaution  of  dealing  only 
with  firms  of  proved  honesty. 

A claim  is  sometimes  made  for  profit  on  work  omitted.  As,  if 
an  original  tender  amounts  to  10,0007.,  the  omitted  work  1000Z., 
and  the  extra  works  5001,,  the  net  profit  which  would  have  accrued 
upon  5007.,  the  difference  between  extras  and  omissions,  should 
properly  be  allowed;  but  observe  to  allow  only  net  profit,  5 per 
cent,  will  generally  be  an  ample  allowance  for  such  a claim,  and 
also  remember  that  in  some  cases  it  will  be  found  that  the  omission 
of  the  particular  part  of  the  work  has  been  an  advantage  to  the 
builder  rather  than  a loss.  The  surveyor  may,  however,  if  ho 


ACCOUNTS. 


347 


prefer  it,  insert  the  following  clause  in  the  preliminary  bill,  “no 
allowance  will  be  made  for  the  loss  of  profit  on  omitted  work.” 

If  the  contractor  should  assert  that  the  building  is  larger,  it 
must  be  carefully  measured,  as  the  allegation  (made  often  enough 
in  good  faith)  is  sometimes  a mistaken  one,  and  it  must  be  observed 
that  the  difference  of  value  should  not  be  settled  by  cubing. 

Unless  a special  clause  to  meet  such  contingencies  has  been 
included  in  the  schedule,  claims  may  be  made  for  water,  tackle, 
hire  of  scaffolding  and  plant;  tool  sharpening,  &c.,  and  such 
claims  must  be  allowed,  but  with  careful  consideration  of  the 
amounts. 

Payment  for  lodgings  of  workmen  is  usually  allowed  if  the 
charge  is  really  incurred  by  the  builder.  Surveyor  should  see 
vouchers,  if  any  exist. 

If  works  are  stopped  by  the  fault  of  the  architect,  or  the  build- 
ing owner,  for  an  unreasonable  time,  the  contractor  will  have  a 
just  claim  for  hire  of  plant  and  wages  of  'watchman. 

In  the  course  of  practice  exorbitant  claims  will  be  met  with, 
usually  founded  on  day  accounts.  If  the  surveyor  is  certain  of 
the  injustice  of  these,  two  arguments  are  usually  available  : — 

Non-delivery  of  day  accounts.  The  time  prescribed  for  com- 
pletion has  been  exceeded.  The  repudiation  of  the  day  accounts 
or  the  claim  for  liquidated  damages  will,  as  a rule,  modify  the 
demand. 

The  first  of  these  pleas  should,  however,  only  be  urged  in  cases 
of  flagrant  attempts  at  extortion. 

In  cases  of  claims  for  liquidated  damages,  the  period  claimed 
for  may  be  reduced  by  wet  days,  and  by  delays  caused  by  architect, 
as  failure  to  furnish  details  or  to  give  instructions  when  applied  for, 
or  by  time  occupied  by  extra  works. 

If  the  endeavours  of  the  surveyor  are  after  all  insufficient  to 
produce  a settlement,  the  only  alternative  is  a reference.  As  a 
preliminary,  settle  every  point  that  can  be  settled  and  carefully 
define  the  points  to  be  submitted  by  agreeing  upon  a list  of  them 
with  the  opposing  surveyor ; and,  if  possible,  pledge  the  builder  to 
a promise  that  he  will  make  no  claim  beyond  those  agreed  upon 
before  the  submission. 

When  the  builder  has  a weak  case,  and  is  conscious  that  he  has 
no  useful  witness,  he  may  possibly  propose  to  call  no  witnesses  if 


348 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


the  surveyor  promise  to  call  none.  Such  promise  should,  however, 
he  carefully  avoided. 

The  day  work  should  he  brought  into  hill  either  in  one  total  or 
several  as  suggested  for  the  measured  work,  which  latter  it  should 
follow  in  either  case. 

If  the  surveyor  who  has  measured  the  work  can  also  abstract  it, 
there  will  he  far  less  liability  to  error. 

He  should  keep  the  original  hill  before  him  when  hilling 
“ Omissions,”  as  he  will  sometimes  find  that  the  quantity  of  a 
particular  item  exceeds  that  in  the  original  hill. 

In  abstracting  day  accounts,  the  shortening  of  the  hill  as  much 
as  possible  should  he  a leading  motive  ; sacks,  bushels,  hods,  &c.,  of 
cement  being  abstracted  under  their  various  headings,  may  all  he 
afterwards  reduced  to  bushels  and  so  hilled  ; the  various  measures 
of  lime,  sand  and  mortar,  may  he  similarly  treated ; rough  fir  may 
he  reduced  to  the  foot  cube  before  abstracting ; deal  of  various 
thicknesses  to  the  foot  superficial. 

Some  builders’  clerks  strongly  object  to  this  concentration ; 
doubtless  it  produces  a smaller  total. 

Collect  the  time  for  each  trade : as  excavators,  bricklayers,  &c., 
with  their  labourers  following  them. 


A. — Form  of  a Bill  of  Variations. 


Variations  on  Contract. 

House  and  offices  at  Sutton,  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq. 

Esq.,  Architect, 

24  Montagu  Square, 

London,  W.C. 


November  1878. 


Omissions. 


£ s.  d. 


Begin  with  a preamble  stating  the  leading  items  of  the  work. 
The  items  trade  by  trade  in  the  order  of  the  original  bill. 

Carried  to  summary  £ 


Additions. 

The  items  trade  by  trade  in  the  order  of  the  original  bill. 

Carried  to  summary £ 

Note. — The  trades  will  not  be  separately  carried  to  summary, 
the  omissions  and  additions  respectively  will  form  one  total,  and 
a heading  to  each  trade  is  unnecessary,  a small  space  between 
them  is  sufficient. 


ACCOUNTS. 


349 


Day  Account. 

£ 

Begin  with  a synopsis  something  like  the  following : — 

“ Cutting  away  and  shoring  to  front  of  house,  inserting  iron 
girders,  filling  up  openings  of  flat,  building  new  bay 
window,  removing  old  floor,  &c.” 

“ Bricklayer  150  hours  ” 

“ Ditto  labourer  200  „ ” 

“ Mason  180  „ ” 

“ Ditto  labourer  220  „ ” 

Follow  in  the  same  manner  with  the  time  of  the  several  trades. 
Materials  in  the  order  of  the  trades  in  a manner  similar  to 
following : — 

“ 50  loads  of  rubbish  carted  away  ” 

“ 20  yards  of  sand  ” 

“ 20  bushels  of  Portland  cement  ” 

“ 3 yards  of  stone  lime  ” 

“ 3 loads  of  mortar  ” 

“ 3000  stocks  ” 

“ 50  ft.  supl.  3-in.  tooled  York  paving  ” 

“ 50  ft.  cube  fir,”  &c 

Carried  to  summary  £ 


s.  d. 


If  it  should  be  necessary  to  show  the  amount  of  variation  on  any  particular 
section  of  the  work,  the  same  order  as  the  foregoing  will  be  observed  in  each 
section,  but  the  form  will  be  similar  to  the  following  example : — 


B. — Water  Supply. 

Omissions. 

The  measured  work  item  by  item  in  the  usual  order  of  the 
trades. 

Carried  to  summary £ 


Additions. 

The  measured  work  item  by  item  in  the  usual  order  of  the 
trades. 

Carried  to  summary £ 


Day  Account. 

Time  and  materials  in  the  order  before  described. 

Carried  to  summary  .. 


35o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Summary  (for  A). 

Amount  of  contract 

Additions  

Day  account 


Deduct  omissions 


Add  surveyor’s  charges,  copies,  and  expenses 


Cash  paid  to  builder  on  account  . . 


£ 

s. 

d. 

5300 

0 

0 

1000 

0 

0 

500 

0 

0 

£6800 

0 

0 

500 

0 

0 

£6300 

0 

0 

40 

0 

0 

£6340 

0 

0 

5100 

0 

0 

Amount  due  to  builder 


£1240  0 0 


Summary  (for  B). 

New  bay  window 

Day  account  

Billiard  room  

Day  account  

Water  supply  

Day  account  

Laundry  

Day  account  


Omissions. 
£ s.  d. 

Additions. 
£ s.  d. 
100  0 0 

— 

21 

0 

0 

— 

540 

0 

0 

— .• 

70 

0 

0 

18  0 0 

90 

0 

0 

— 

10 

0 

0 

94  0 0 

120 

0 

0 

— ■ 

20 

0 

0 

£97  0 0 

Deduct  omissions 112  0 0 

£859  0 0 

Surveyor’s  charges,  copies  and  expenses  40  0 0 

Total  net  additions £899  0 0 

Amount  of  tender 5000  0 0 

£5899  0 0 

Cash  paid  to  builder  on  account 5000  0 0 

Amount  due  to  builder  ..  ..  £899  0 0 


In  preparing  the  final  statement  for  the  client,  the  surveyor  will  be  guided 
by  the  amount  of  detail  that  may  be  required,  taking  the  summary  A as  a basis. 


House  and  offices  at  Sutton,  Surrey,  for  John  Smith,  Esq. 
November  1878. 


ACCOUNTS. 


35i 


Statement  of  Account. 

£ s.  d £ s.  d. 

Amount  of  contract 5300  0 0 

Additions  (stating  of  what  they  consist)  ..  ..  ..  1540  0 0 

£6840  0 0 

Omissions  (stating  of  what  they  consist)  500  0 0 

£6340  0 0—6340  0 0 

Cash  paid  to  builder  5100  0 0 

Amount  due  to  builder £1240  0 0 


Amounts  separately  Certified  for. 

Smith,  for  stoves  90  0 0 

Minton,  for  tile  paving 50  0 0 

Brown,  for  gas  fittings 100  0 0 — 240  0 0 


Total  cost £6580  0 0 


When  accounts  are  disputed  it  will  be  best  to  prepare  an 
account  in  folios,  showing  items  of  claim  on  one  side,  and  the 


surveyor’s  valuation  on  the  other,  as  below.  Reference  to  items 
can  most  easily  be  made  by  numbering  each  one  consecutively 
in  red,  thus  : — 


July  1878. 


Work  done  at  Woodcote,  Berkshire. 


Builder's 

account. 

ft. 

in. 

63 

- 

supl. 

Reduced  ) 

£ 

S. 

d. 

brickwork  > 

13  — - 

237 

5 

0 

in  mortar  3 

- 

- 

ft 

Ditto,  extra  j 

only  in  > 

cement  3 

3 10  - 

5 

5 

0 

Surveyor's 

valuation. 

Jiemarks. 

Bricks  of  1 

£ 

S. 

inferior  > 

quality  ) 

12  10  - 

228 

2 

Cement  in-  j 

ferior  and  ( 
deficient  in  f 
quantity  ) 

2 15  - 

4 

2 

A carefully  prepared  precis  of  the  correspondence  is  very  useful 
in  a case  of  disputed  account. 


352 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

As  it  is  in  many  instances  the  practice  to  depute  the  writing  of 
the  specification  to  the  surveyor,  a few  considerations  relating  to 
specifications  may  he  of  service. 

It  is  always  an  advantage  to  have  the  specification  written  by 
the  man  who  takes  off  the  quantities,  he  checks  his  own  work 
thereby,  and  it  is  better  completed  before  the  quantities  are  litho- 
graphed, so  that  any  errors  therein  may  be  corrected.  An  addenda 
to  quantities  is  generally  the  result  of  mismanagement  or  hurry  ? 
and  unfavourably  impresses  both  architect  and  builder. 

Do  not  use  the  same  word  in  more  than  one  sense,  and  preserve 
a similar  order  in  descriptions  of  similar  things.  The  specification 
of  a general  principle  will  sometimes  shorten  specific  directions,  as 
for  instance,  “ all  timbers  not  exceeding  27  sectional  inches  shall 
have  templates  9"  x 9"  x 3"  except,  &c.” 

The  surveyor  should  remember,  in  writing  his  specifications, 
that  it  will  save  much  future  reference  if  he  will  embody  every  par- 
ticular upon  which  the  drawings  and  quantities  give  no  informa- 
tion, otherwise  he  will  be  troubled  with  frequent  questions  as  to 
the  way  he  has  measured  the  work. 

Many  of  these  points  are  suggested  in  the  section  “ Taking  off.” 

Be  careful  to  state  the  scantling  of  everything  of  which  it  is 
necessary  for  the  builder  to  know  the  size. 

Conditions  of  contract  are  usually  attached  to  the  specification, 
but  not  always. 

Various  forms  are  given  in  ‘ Emden’s  Building  Contracts,’  and 
< Hudson’s  Building  Contracts,’  with  analyses  and  criticisms. 

The  revised  conditions  recently  issued  by  the  Royal  Institute 
of  British  Architects  are  a result  of  much  discussion,  and  the 
general  principles  upon  which  they  are  founded  can  hardly  be 
improved  upon. 

The  most  convenient  way  of  writing  a specification  from 


SPEC  I FTC  A TTONS. 


353 


dimensions  is  as  follows  Write  the  whole  of  the  conditions,  then 
the  preliminary  works  and  such  preliminary  clauses  as  cannot  be 
properly  referred  to  any  particular  trade,  then  a list  of  the  pro- 
visions both  of  money,  labour  and  material,  and  particularly 
observe  to  define  the  question  of  profit  on  provisions.  The  provi- 
sions are  best  kept  together  immediately  after  the  general  prelimi- 
nary items,  not  distributed  through  the  trades. 

Then  the  preliminary  of  each  trade.  A part  of  this  can  be 
obtained  from  the  bill  of  the  trade,  and  will  consist  of  a description 
of  materials.  Follow  with  any  directions  which  apply  generally, 
as  “ all  iron  butts  to  be  wrought,”  “ all  window  and  door  frames  to 
be  grooved  where  required  to  receive  linings  and  finishings,”  “ all 
floors  to  have  glued  and  mitred  borders  to  hearths,”  &c.  It  will  be 
found  that  attention  to  this  principle  will  save  labour. 

After  preparing  the  first  part  of  the  description  of  each  trade, 
the  dimensions  may  be  referred  to  for  the  rest,  beginning  at  the 
first  column  of  dimensions  and  going  regularly  through  them, 
marking  through  the  dimensions  with  a vertical  line  in  pencil  as 
you  deal  with  each.  The  abstracts  and  bills  will  also  be  of  con- 
siderable service  in  the  writing  of  a specification,  as  they  will 
present  at  a glance  the  various  works  requiring  description.  Care 
must  be  taken  to  make  the  premables  to  the  trades  in  the  specifi- 
cation agree  with  those  in  the  bill. 

Begin  the  description  with  either  the  top  or  bottom  part  of  the 
building  (the  latter  is  preferable  as  being  more  convenient  for  the 
contractor),  and  maintain  the  principle  throughout  each  trade,  con- 
tinuing the  description  upwards  or  downwards,  as  the  case  may  be. 

In  the  case  of  all  buildings,  except  very  small  ones,  it  will  be  the 
best  way  to  describe  the  joiner’s  work  floor  by  floor,  the  attempt  to 
describe  several  floors  together  usually  results  in  confusion. 

When  a large  quantity  of  work  is  distributed  in  different  parts 
of  a building,  the  surveyor  will  usually  find  it  most  convenient  to 
commence  the  clause  which  refers  to  it  with  the  description  of  the 
material,  and  follow  with  the  places  in  which  it  occurs,  he  can 
then  fill  them  in  as  he  finds  them  in  the  dimensions,  thus : — 
“ Glaze  with  21 -ounce  sheet  glass,”  “ the  windows  and  fanlights  of 
back  front,  the  basement  windows,  the  windows  adjoining  lighting 
court,”  &c. 

The  following  list  comprises  a number  of  items  which,  although 

2 A 


354  QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 

necessary  to  a specification,  have  not  unfrequently  been  lost 
sight  of : — 

Excavator. — If  there  are  various  thicknesses  of  concrete,  not 
shown  on  drawings,  state  thickness  and  position,  and  state  the 
width  to  respective  walls. 

If  a part  of  the  earth  is  to  he  carted  away,  and  part  deposited, 
clearly  define  the  proportion  or  quantity. 

State  the  various  depths  of  excavation,  if  not  clearly  shown. 

Carefully  describe  the  course  of  drains,  or  supply  a plan  of 
them  as  taken. 

Bricldayer . — If  the  footings  are  not  clearly  shown,  describe 
them.  If  in  the  metropolitan  area  they  may  be  described  as  in 
accordance  with  the  Building  Act,  if  they  are  so ; if  not,  they  may 
be  described  with  reference  to  the  various  thicknesses  of  the  walls, 
as  all  4j-inch  walls  to  have  two  courses,  9-inch  walls  three 
courses,  &c. 

Also  in  respect  of  plinths  and  sleepers,  whether  the  footings  of 
walls  are  widened  because  of  them  or  not. 

Describe  in  detail  which  parts  of  the  work  are  to  be  built  in 
cement.  Some  architects  colour  with  a special  colour,  on  the  plan,  all 
work  intended  to  be  built  in  cement.  State  the  depths  of  relieving 
arches  for  various  spans,  &c. 

Numbering  each  smoke  and  ventilating  flue,  or  marking  the 
latter  V on  the  plan,  sometimes  makes  the  specification  clearer. 

Mason. — The  average  sizes  of  various  stones  on  bed  where  their 
size  is  concealed.  The  average  sizes  on  beds  and  average  heights 
of  quoins  to  angles  and  jambs,  or  a tracing  may  be  used  on  which 
to  mark  the  beds.  See  section  “ Taking  off.” 

The  principle  upon  which  joggles,  cramps,  or  dowels  are  to  be 
used.  Where  the  beds  of  stone  are  to  be  sunk,  as  sometimes  in 
spires.  The  finish  of  the  backs  of  stones  where  built  into  walls. 
The  distance  any  stone  is  to  be  pinned  into  wall.  The  position 
and  size  of  every  template. 

The  principle  upon  which  the  length  of  steps  and  the  length 
and  width  of  hearths  shall  be  regulated. 

Carpenter. — Extent  to  which  timbers  lie  on  walls.  The  distance 
apart  of  wood  bricks.  If  any  partitions  are  trussed,  describe  the 
sizes  of  the  various  timbers  and  the  bolts.  A sketch  of  a trussed 
partition  in  single  lines  with  the  scantlings  marked  on  it  is  some- 


SPECIFIC  A TIONS. 


355 


times  useful.  State  the  length  of  all  straps  and  holts.  The  dis- 
tance apart  of  bolts  to  flitches.  Describe  the  ironwork  with  the 
timber  it  secures. 

Scantlings  of  all  the  timbers,  and  if  of  finished  sizes. 

Joiner. — Describe  to  what  work  grounds  have  been  taken. 
State  the  finished  sizes  of  all  doors,  i.e.  width  and  height ; and  it 
is  well,  if  the  sizes  of  openings  are  figured  in  the  drawings,  to 
state  whether  they  are  the  sizes  of  the  doors  or  of  the  openings. 

Describe  all  the  thicknesses,  and  whether  finished  sizes. 

A reasonable  order  for  each  story  is  floors,  skirtings  and  dados, 
windows,  doors,  fittings,  as  cupboards,  w.c.  and  bath  fittings,  &c. 

Founder  and  Smith. — Describe  how  the  rain-water  pipes  have 
been  arranged,  frequently  a subject  of  question,  or  suggest  that 
they  be  indicated  on  the  drawings  by  the  architect.  Describe  the 
positions,  lengths  and  weights  per  foot  run  of  all  the  iron  joists. 
These  are  conveniently  arranged  as  a table. 

Plumber. — Describe  fall  and  minimum  width  of  gutter,  height 
of  turning  up  of  lead,  width  of  flashings  and  aprons  and  where 
they  are  intended  to  be,  position  of  cisterns,  and  state  what  appa- 
ratus each  cistern  supplies,  the  lengths  of  the  various  socket  pipes 
and  the  lead  they  are  to  be  made  of,  the  weight  per  yard  lineal  of 
lead  pipes.  Describing  cisterns  by  letters  A,  B,  0,  &c.,  will  be  of 
assistance  : thus,  “ from  cistern  A with  j-inch  brass  connector,  fly 
nut  and  union,  J-inch  lead  pipe  and  J-inch  bib  cock,  lay  on  the 
water  to  sink  in  scullery.” 

Gasjitter. — Describe  position  of  gas  meter.  Describe  positions 
of  gas  fittings,  or  cause  them  to  be  indicated  on  drawings.  State 
size  of  the  various  pipes. 

Glazier. — Thickness  of  rough  plate  glass.  Weight  of  all  sheet 
glass.  Distance  apart  of  saddle  bars  to  lead  lights.  The  position 
of  iron  casements  or  of  casements  intended  to  open  may  be  shown 
thus  x on  the  drawings. 

And  various  other  particulars  which  will  present  themselves  to 
the  mind  of  any  observant  person. 

The  foregoing  list,  though  of  course  incomplete,  indicates  the 
general  principle  which  it  is  desirable  to  follow. 

It  is  well  for  the  surveyor  to  keep  in  mind  the  fact  that  care 
in  the  description  of  the  position  of  everything  in  tho  dimensions 
will  very  much  assist  the  person  who  writes  the  specification. 

2 a 2 . 


356 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


When  the  surveyor  has  simply  to  correct  the  specification 
furnished  by  the  architect,  he  should  so  amend  and  add  to  it  that 
it  shall  require  no  extraneous  explanation,  except  such  as  may  be 
obtained  from  the  drawings,  and  it  should  agree  with  the  quantities. 

Avoid  such  clauses  as  these  in  the  same  specification : “ all 
walls  not  described  to  be  plastered  to  be  twice  limewhited.”  See 
“ Plasterer.” 

“ Render,  float  and  set  all  walls  not  described  to  be  lime  whited” 
See  “ Bricklayer.” 

These  it  will  be  seen  do  not  assist  each  other. 

Numbering  each  clause  in  conjunction  with  an  index  is  con- 
venient, especially  when  the  specification  is  a long  one. 


I 


357 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

PRICES. 

There  is  no  part  of  the  surveyor’s  work  which  requires  so  much 
ability  and  judgment  as  the  assessment  of  prices  ; not  only  should 
the  surveyor  know  the  value  of  materials,  but  also  the  amount  of 
time  which  should  be  spent  in  the  production  of  the  work ; his  ex- 
perience should  also  enable  him  to  modify  his  conclusion  by  the 
quality  of  its  finish,  and  he  should  constantly  bear  in  mind  the 
fact  that  the  difference  between  the  quantity  of  work  that  a man 
can  do  and  that  which  he  does  is  usually  great. 

The  foundation  of  all  pricing  must  be  the  value  of  the  labour 
and  materials.  The  fluctuations  of  value  of  the  latter  from  various 
causes  are  considerable,  and  the  surveyor  should  watch  and  be 
familiar  with  all  the  changes  of  the  market. 

One  of  the  essentials  for  the  surveyor  is  the  possession  of  a 
complete  collection  of  trade  circulars  and  prospectuses;  these 
should  be  secured  in  a book  of  sheets  of  foolscap  large  enough  to 
take  the  majority,  and  properly  paged  and  indexed,  and  the  collec- 
tion should  be  carefully  revised  whenever  changes  of  prices  occur. 

Their  usefulness  will  be  increased  if  each  one  is  marked  with 
the  date  of  its  receipt  and  the  trade  discount. 

When  a bill  of  quantities  with  the  prices  of  the  estimate 
attached  has  been  deposited  by  the  builder,  the  pricing  of  any 
extra  work  is  much  simplified,  as  where  there  is  no  price  which  will 
directly  apply,  proportionate  prices  can  be  pretty  easily  arrived  at. 

If  the  surveyor  adopts  the  invariable  principle  of  making  a con- 
dition that  the  priced  bill  of  quantities  shall  be  deposited  by  the 
contractor,  he  will  soon  be  in  possession  of  much  information  as  to 
prices  which  will  be  of  great  value  in  treating  prices  for  other  work 
under  similar  conditions. 

The  young  surveyor  will  find  it  an  advantage  to  know  the  cost 
and  market  price  of  the  leading  item  of  every  trade,  as  a rod  of  brick- 
work, a cubic  foot  of  each  of  the  common  stones,  a cubic  foot  of  fir, 


35» 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


pitch  pine,  oak,  teak,  &c.,  a foot  superficial  of  1-inch  deal,  mahogany 
and  wainscot.  He  should  he  acquainted  with  the  rough  approxi- 
mations to  the  truth  which  are  current  as  to  the  relative  values  of 
straight  and  circular  work,  and  of  deal,  wainscot  and  mahogany 
joinery.  These  will  help  him  to  analogous  prices  pretty  readily, 
and  readiness  is  essential. 

The  element  of  profit  will  enter  into  every  calculation,  and  the 
question  as  to  what  may  be  considered  a fair  profit  is  a somewhat 
difficult  one  to  settle.  It  is  quite  certain  that  many  contracts  are 
carried  out  for  prices  which  allow  of  no  profit,  others  have  resulted 
in  considerable  loss.  The  profit  placed  by  builders  upon  provisional 
sums  varies  from  5 to  20  per  cent.,  but  it  is  very  questionable 
whether  the  majority  of  builders  realise,  before  sending  in  a tender, 
the  percentage  of  profit  that  its  acceptance  will  ensure ; they  would 
be  able  to  say  whether  the  generality  of  the  prices  were  good  or 
otherwise,  but  would  not  be  able  to  fix  a definite  percentage. 

Some  builders  take  the  precaution  of  pricing  the  items  of  their 
estimate  at  cost,  adding  a percentage  to  the  total  for  profit,  this 
practice  is,  however,  uncommon. 

The  profit  obtained  is  usually  least  upon  works  which  are 
offered  in  open  competition. 

Very  large  contracts  are,  because  of  their  size,  confined  to  the 
competition  of  a comparatively  small  number  of  builders,  and 
these  substantial  men,  who,  as  a rule,  will  not  employ  their  capital 
except  at  pretty  good  profits. 

Mr.  Lucas,  in  the  course  of  the  discussion  upon  the  paper  read 
by  Mr.  Brassey  before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
February  4th,  1878,  “ On  the  Rise  of  Wages  in  the  Building 
Trades,”  said,  “ We  do  not  profess  to  carry  out  works  at  less  than 
10  per  cent,  profit,  and  I do  not  believe  any  man  can  do  so,”  and  it 
is  certain  that  only  in  exceptional  cases  he  does. 

Where  it  devolves  upon  the  surveyor  to  fix  a profit  on  parti- 
cular items  in  which  incidental  charges  like  establishment  charges 
are  included,  20  per  cent,  is  a fair  one.  This  is  little  enough  when 
one  considers  the  number  of  extraneous  expenses  which  this  per- 
centage must  cover.  In  pricing  an  estimate,  where  all  the  inci- 
dental items  have  been  allowed  for  in  the  preliminary  bill,  15  per 
cent,  is  sufficient. 

It  is  obvious  that  the  size  of  the  proposed  building  is  an  im- 


PRICES. 


359 


portant  consideration.  In  some  small  works,  50  per  cent,  would 
not  be  sufficient  remuneration  for  a respectable  man. 

An  intelligent  and  experienced  surveyor,  from  the  cubic 
content  of  a building,  and  a general  description  of  its  materials  and 
finishings,  can  tell  with  remarkable  accuracy  what  will  be  its  cost. 
If  the  surveyor  will  adopt  the  practice  of  commencing  his  dimen- 
sions with  the  cubic  content  of  the  building  for  which  he  is  pre- 
paring quantities,  he  will  be,  in  course  of  time,  in  possession  of 
some  valuable  material  for  comparison  of  relative  costs.  These 
measurements  to  be  of  any  value  must  always  be  done  in  • the  same 
manner,  and  must  comprise  the  whole  content,  including  the  walls. 
Disregard  chimney-stacks,  buttresses,  and  dormers,  unless  in  un- 
usual number. 

The  most  usual  practice  is  to  multiply  the  outside  length  of  the 
building  by  the  breadth,  and  the  result  by  the  height  from  the 
bottom  of  the  footings  to  half  way  up  the  roof.  A different  price 
per  foot  may  sometimes  be  adopted  for  the  various  parts,  but  not 
often.  It  is  more  convenient  to  adopt  one  uniform  rate.  For 
boundary  walls  and  such  works,  an  approximate  estimate  should  be 
made  and  added  to  the  price  arrived  at  by  cubing. 

Various  causes  will  operate  to  modify  the  price  per  foot,  as  very 
expensive  finishings,  a considerable  proportion  of  basement,  diffi- 
culty of  getting  materials  to  the  site,  an  unusual  quantity  of 
boundary  walls  or  drains.  In  such  a case,  the  surveyor  commences 
with  his  estimate  on  the  general  principle  above  described,  and 
adds  the  extra  cost  of  such  things  as  those  last  mentioned.  It 
should  be  observed  that  small  buildings  cost  more  in  proportion 
than  large  ones,  the  finishings  being  of  similar  character. 

The  valuation  of  proposed  works  of  alteration  is  more  difficult 
than  that  of  new  buildings ; an  approximate  estimate  of  the  several 
items  is  generally  the  only  safe  course.  Sometimes  the  addition  of 
a new  block  of  building  to  an  existing  one  may  be  dealt  with  in 
the  usual  way  of  cubing,  but  a higher  price  than  ordinary  must  be 
adopted  for  it,  and  the  collateral  work  valued  item  by  item. 

Alterations  often  consist  of  the  addition  of  such  parts  of  a house 
as  are  the  most  expensive,  as  bath-rooms,  w.c.,  &c.,  which  in  the 
cubing  of  a complete  house  are  balanced  by  the  cheaper  parts. 

Professor  Kerr,  in  his  ‘ English  Gentleman’s  House,’  estimates 
cost  per  square  ; he  says  in  substance  as  follows  : — 


360 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  method  of  calculation  is  to  take  the  dimensions  of  every 
room  and  portion  of  the  house  internally,  multiplying  their  relative 
length  by  the  breadth,  then  squaring  the  floor,  spaces  of  the  pass- 
ages and  stairs  in  the  same  manner  and  adding  to  the  total  ^ of 
the  whole  for  walls  and  waste.  To  all  the  results  obtained  by 
estimating  the  cost  of  the  house  by  the  number  of  superficial 
squares,  must  be  added  an  allowance  for  incidental  expenses. 
These  would  be  professional  services,  including  law  charges,  special 
fittings  (grates,  mantels  and  the  like),  external  fences  and  boundary 
walls  and  some  internal  decoration,  and  should  not  be  estimated  at 
less  than  20  to  25  per  cent. 

The  method  suggested  for  the  application  of  these  principles  is 
illustrated  by  the  following  table  : — 


Approximate  Cost  of  Buildings.  Professor  Kerr. 


Total  Outlay  required. 

The  Family  Department. 

The  Servants’  Department. 

■ Total  Outlay  resulting. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

Price  per  cubic 
foot. 

Average  height 
of  rooms. 

Price  per  super- 
ficial square. 

Corresponding 
number  of 
squares. 

CO 

0 

V 

CU  . 

it 

as 

"go 

a 

. a 

Number  of  rooms 
to  correspond. 

Average  price 
per  room. 

Price  per  cubic 
foot. 

Average  height 
of  rooms. 

Price  per  super- 
ficial square. 

Corresponding 
number  of 
squares. 

Cost  at  the  prices 
given. 

Number  of  rooms 
to  correspond. 

Average  price  per 
room. 

£ 

cl. 

ft.  in. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

d. 

ft.  in. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

1,250 

8 

12  0 

40 

22-30 

892 

13 

68 

6 

11  3 

28 

12*90 

361 

13 

28 

1,253 

2,500 

9 

12  9 

48 

37*50 

1,800 

20 

90 

6! 

11  7 

31! 

22-20 

700 

19 

37 

2,500 

5,000 

10 

13  9 

57| 

63-10 

3,639 

30 

121 

7 

12  0 

35 

39-00 

1,365 

29 

47 

5,004 

10,000 

11 

15  0 

69 

106-00 

7,314 

45 

163 

7! 

12  6 

39! 

68-00 

2,686 

43 

62 

10,000 

20,000 

12 

16  6 

83 

178-00 

14,774 

67 

220 

Si 

13  0 

44! 

117-70 

5,237 

65 

80 

20,011 

40,000 

13! 

18  0 

100 

298-00 

29,800 

100 

298 

9 

13  6 

50 

204-00 

10,200 

97 

105 

40,000 

80,000 

15 

19  0 

120 

501-0060,120 

150 

400 

10 

13  6 

56 

355-00 

19,880 

145 

137 

80,000 

As  to  cubic  value  Professor  Kerr  says,  a well-built  residence  is 
found  to  cost  as  follows ; — 

For  the  main  building  or  family  department,  8 d.  to  15d.  per  cubic  foot. 

For  the  attached  offices  or  servants’  department,  6d.  to  10 d.  ditto* 

For  stables  and  farm  offices,  id.  to  Qd.  ditto. 


PRICES. 


361 


Mr.  Wheeler,  in  his  ‘Choice  of  a Dwelling,’  1872,  recommends 
calculation  by  the  square,  including  the  walls,  and  some  of  his 
opinions  on  value  are  as  follows  : — 

A first-class  house  in  London,  not  exceeding  1800  feet  superficial 
per  floor,  that  is,  30  feet  by  60  feet — 

£ 

Principal  rooms 50  per  square. 

Chambers  and  secondaries 35  w 

Domestic  offices  ..  25 


A well-built  London  or  suburban  residence,  not  wholly  detached 
and  not  exceeding  900  feet  superficial  each  floor,  or  22  feet  6 inches 
by  40  feet — 

£ 

Principal  rooms * 40  per  square. 

Chambers  and  secondaries 30  „ 

Domestic  offices 20 


A London  or  suburban  residence,  plainly  but  honestly  built  as 
an  investment  or  for  a very  moderate  scale  of  living,  and  not  ex- 
ceeding 900  superficial  feet  each  floor — 

£ 

Principal  rooms 35  per  square. 

Chambers  25  „ 

Domestic  offices  ..  .„  18  „ 

The  bare  price  of  a building  per  foot  cube,  unless  one  knows 
the  character  of  the  work,  is  of  little  value ; notes  of  the  particulars 
of  the  nature  of  materials  and  finishings  are  a valuable  adjunct  to 
the  oubic  price. 

Builders  are  sometimes  willing  to  make  a contract  upon  a price 
per  foot  cube ; if  the  surveyor  is  concerned  in  such  an  arrangement 
he  should  define  the  method  of  cubing,  settling  the  question 
whether  dormers,  chimney  stacks  or  buttresses  should  be  included 
in  the  measurement,  and  whether  the  height  should  be  measured 
from  the  top  or  bottom  of  the  concrete. 

The  cubic  price  of  some  well-known  buildings  is  given  below  ; 
the  older  ones  must  be  received  with  caution,  first,  because  we  do 
not  know  how  they  were  cubed,  and  second,  that  many  of  them 
are  based  upon  prices  of  labour  below  those  of  this  time. 


362 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


The  British  Museum  1 

The  Houses  of  Parliament 

The  Royal  Exchange  

Manchester  Assize  Courts  

Foreign  Offices  

Waterlow’s  Industrial  Dwellings  . . .,  ... 

St.  Thomas’s  Hospital  ...  ...  .. 

Buildings  of  the  School  Board  for  London, 

1870-1880  

Ditto,  1880  

Hotel  Victoria,  Northumberland  Avenue  .. 

Holborn  Viaduct  Hotel 

Holborn  Town  Hall 

Railway  Clearing  House,  Seymour  Street, 

Euston  Square  

Post  Office,  corner  of  Newgate  Street 
Bow  Street  Police  Station  


Per  foot 
cube, 
s.  d. 

A.D. 

1 6 

1843 

2 G 

1843 

11 

1841 

9* 

12J 

1857 

n 

average. 

9 

1 Not  including 

S^-711 

l boundary  walls 

J 

| or  playgrounds. 

1 6 

1 4 

1 2 

8£ 

11 


Mr.  Street’s  design  for  St.  Mary’s,  Edinburgh,  was  estimated  at 
12  %d.  per  foot  cube. 

Mr.  Young’s  design  for  Glasgow  Municipal  Buildings  was 
estimated  at 

Basement  . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . „ 9d.  per  foot  cube. 

Superstructure  ..  .,  ..  ..  ..  ..  .,  12  „ „ 

Towers  above  general  level  of  buildings  ..  18  „ „ 

Mr.  Corson’s  design  for  Glasgow  Municipal  Buildings  was 
estimated  at 

12d.  per  foot  cube  (throughout). 


Messrs.  Leeming  and  Leeming’s  design  for  the  New  Admiralty 
Buildings  was  estimated  at 

Main  building 12 d.  per  foot  cube. 

Towers  and  work  above  parapets 18  „ „ 

A few  general  rates  per  foot  cube  are  given  below ; they  can 
only  be  taken  as  approximations. 


4 d.  per  foot  cube. 


5 

10 


?> 

>> 


Labourers*  cottages 

The  cheapest  dwelling  houses 
Good  country  houses 


PRICES. 


363 


The  best  mansions 

Stables  

Very  good  stables 

Breweries 

Churches 

Lunatic  asylums  have  been  built  for  . . 

Warehouses  of  plain  character  

Mai  tings 

Baths  of  the  best  and  recent  London  type — 

Building  5£ 

Machinery  and  apparatus  . . . . 2 

Workhouses  

Underground  conveniences 


Per  foot 
cube. 
s.  d. 

1 6 


8 average. 

0 

5 

6 have  been  done  at  5 d. 
6 not  lately. 

5 £-6 
2* 
n 


= n 

5 

3 0 some  have  cost  4s. 


There  are  some  other  methods  of  arriving  at  the  probable  cost  of 
a building  by  comparison — 

The  price  per  superficial  square  (100  feet)  for  each  floor  for 
dwelling-houses.  Thus  8c?.  per  foot  cube  would  be  commonly 
equal  to  40Z.  per  square,  assuming  the  rooms  to  be  12  feet  high,  &c. 

The  price  per  stall  of  stables  (without  lofts)  varying  from  2 51. 
to  100*. 

The  'price  per  bed  for  hospitals. — Some  well-known  instances  are 
as  follows : — 

St.  Thomas’s  Hospital 

One  pavilion  without  administrative  buildings  

Herbert  Hospital,  Shooter’s  Hill,  including  administrative 

buildings 

The  most  expensive  species  of  hospital  is  the  fever  hospital. 

. The  three  new  hospitals  of  the  Metropolitan  Asylums  Board, 

“ Brook,”  “ Park  ” and  “ Fountain,”  will  probably  cost  . . 

Salford  Sanatorium  cost  

Heathcote  Infectious  Hospital  cost 

Willesden  Isolation  Hospital  cost  

Ruchill  (Glasgow)  Infectious  cost  

Workhouses  per  immate. — (Tarbuck)  : — 

West  London,  Holloway  

St.  Pancras  Infirmary,  Highgate  

Charlton  Union  Hospital  

A reasonable  average 


£ 

650 

250 

320 


400 

375 

385 

380 

400 


48 

68 

50 

55 


3<M 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Churches  per  sitting. — 4 1.  is  the  least.  Churches  of  the  highest 
class  cost  from  10Z.  to  12Z. 

Breweries  at  per  quarter,  i.e.  the  quantity  of  malt  that  can  be 
dealt  with  at  one  brewing,  including  machinery  and  plant  and 
exclusive  of  malting  or  cooperage,  the  approximate  cost  is  as 
follows : — 


5 quarters  . . 

20  quarters 
40  quarters 
100  quarters 

Schools  per  scholar. — Schools  cost  from  4 1.  to  10Z.  per  scholar. 
The  London  Board  Schools  cost,  for  the  buildings  about 
10Z.  15s.,  per  scholar  from  1870  to  1880. 

The  proportion  of  carcass  to  finishings  in  an  ordinary  house  is 
carcass  f rds,  finishings  £rd. 


The  proportional  value  of  labour  to  materials  and  plant,  varies 

with  the  different  trades. 

The  following  is  a 

reasonable 

average : — 

Labour 

Plant  and 

per 

materials 

cent. 

per  cent. 

Excavator  

10 

Drainer 

33 

Bricklayer  

75 

25 

Mason 

60 

40 

Slater  

80 

Carpenter  

75 

Joiner 

40 

Smith  

80 

Plumber 

75 

Plasterer  

40 

Glazier 

85 

Painter 

50 

500  per  quarter. 
400 

350  „ 

300  „ 


The  following  list  of  wages  issued  by  the  London  County 
Council  embodies  the  Trades  Union  rates  of  wages  in  the  London 
District,  which  is  comprised  in  a circle  of  12  miles  radius  from 
Charing  Cross.  The  County  Council,  however,  in  its  contracts 
stipulates  for  its  adoption  within  a 20  mile  radius: — 


PRICES. 


365 


List  op  Wages. 


Hours  of  Labour 
per  Week. 

Rate  of  Pay  for  Overtime. 

Winter— 

14  weeks  after 

Week-days  (except 

Saturdays. 

first  Monday  in 

Saturdays. 

November. 

4> 

s 

Three 

After 

a 

weeks 

4 p.m.. 

c a 

at 

begin- 

Eight 

middle 

Until 

8 p.m. 

After 

Until 

and 

Sundays, 

uingand 

three 

weeks. 

8 p.m. 

10  p.m 

10  p.m. 

4 p.m. 

Xmas 
Day  and 

weeks 

Good 

at  end. 

Friday. 

50 

47 

44* 

Time 

Time 

Double 

Time 

Double 

and  a 

and  a 

time. 

and  a 

time. 

quarter, 

half. 

half. 

i 

( 

8 p.m 

11  p.m. 

1p.m. 

5 p.m.  to 

to 

to 

to 

7 a.m. 

47 

44* 

42 

11  p.m. 

7 a.m. 

5 p.m. 

Monday , 

" \ 

Time 

Double 

Time 

Double 

and  a 

time. 

and  a 

time. 

k 

5 

* 

[ 

half. 

half. 

fC 

) 47 

44* 

Time 

Time 

Double 

Time 

Double 

and  a 

and  a 

I time. 

and  a 

time. 

quarter- 

half. 

half. 

Trades. 


Building  Trades — 

Carpenters  

Joiners 

Bricklayers 

Bricklayers  (cutting  and 
setting  gauged  work) 
Plasterers 

Masons 

Masons  (fixing)  . . 
Masons  (granite  work) 
Painters  and  Glaziers 
Smiths,  fitters,  &c. 
Labourers  and  navvies 


Plumbers 


Rate  of 
pay  per 


d. 

9* 

9* 

9* 

10* 

9* 

9* 

10* 

101 

8* 

9 to  10 
0* 


11 


Wheelwrights 
Lath- renders  . 


I,  Timbermen 
Scaffolders  ...  ... 
Paviors 
[}  Slaters 

■.  Hot- water  engineers 
Zinc  workers 
I Gas  titters 
I Bell-hangers 
Paper-hangers  . . 
PlutnlH>rs*  mates 
1 Painters’  labourers 
y French  polishers 
■ Steam  sawyers  .. 


9* 


list. 

I to  ’ 

7 
9 
9 

9* 

9* 

9* 

9* 

9 

0* 

6* 

8 
9* 


366 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Ltst  of  Wages — continue d. 


Trades. 


Rate  of 
l»ay  per 
hour. 


Machinists  employed  in  work- 
ing— 

Trying  up  machine 
Vertical  spindle 

Band  saw  

Tenoning  machine 
Joiner’s  saw  bench 
Cross  cut  saw  .. 
Universal  moulding  ma- 
chine   

Small  four  cutter  ma- 
chine   

Rope  feed  bench  machine 
Rack  bench  machine  . . 
Panel  planing  machine 
Hand  feed  planing  ma- 
chine   

Mortising  machine 
Stablemen 


d. 

10J 

10£ 


10£ 

10* 

10* 


10£ 


10£ 

9* 

8 


8 

? 


Hours  of  Labour 
per  Week. 


Rate  of  Pay  for  Overtime. 


£ 

1 

a 

3 

co 


Winter — 

14  weeks  after  Week-days  (except 
first  Monday  in  Saturdays ). 

November. 


Saturdays. 


Three 

weeks 

at 

begin- 
ning and 
three 
weeks 
at  end. 


Eight 

middle 

weeks. 


Until 
8 p.m. 


8 p.m. 
until 
10  p.m. 


After  Until 
10  p.m.  4 p.m. 


After 
4 p.m. 
and 

Sundays, 
Xmas 
Day  and 
Good 
Friday. 


\ 


50 


47 


Time 
and  a 
quarter. 


Time  Double 
and  a time, 
half. 


Time  Double 
and  a time, 
half. 


Asphalte  Paving — 


per  day 


Spreaders  6/  to  6/6 

Potmen  and  labourers  ..  5s. 


Carmen. 


Employed  by  the  Council — 

One  horse  

Two  horses  

Employed  by  contractors — 

One  horse  

Two  horses  


per  week 
27«.  \ 

30s.  /" 


25 8. 
27  s. 


Gd.  per  [hour  a 


fter  6 p. 


PRICES. 


367 


List  of  Wages—  continued. 


Trade. 

Rate  of 
pay 

per  hour. 

Electrical  Trade — 

d. 

Wiremen 

8 to  9 

Jointers 

9 

Labourers  

61 

Armature  winders 

8 

Armature  winder  helpers 
or  labourers 

Transformer  winders 

Magnet  winders  .. 

Engineering  Trade — 
Brass  Finishers 
Coppersmiths.. 

Turners 

Fitters  and  Erectors 

Millwrights 

Smiths 

Pattern  Makers 

Borers  

Slotters  and  Planers 


Drillers  

Barge  Builders 

Watermen  and  lightermen 

Watermen  and  lightermen 
Watermen  and  lightermen 

Watermen  and  lightermen 


Hours  of  labour. 


8£  to  9 
8£  to  9 
8£  to  9 
8*  to  9 
8£  to  9 
8£  to  9 
9 

8£  to  9 
8£  to  9 

per  day 
5 8. 

per  hour 
9 d. 

per  day 
6,  7 or  8 
a.m.  un- 
til 6,  7 or 
8 p.m., 
6s. 

per  night 
8 to  mid- 
night, 
4s. 

8 p.m.  to 
6 a.m., 
6s. 

Sunday, 
Up  to  10 
a.m., 
4s. 


> 54  hours  per  week 


> 54  hours  per  week 


54  hours  per  week 


12  hours  per  day 


4 hours 


10  hours 


Rate  of  pay  for  Overtime. 


First  two  hours — Time  and  a 
quarter. 

Second  two  hours — Time  and  a 
half. 

After  four  hours  until  starting  time 
next  day — Double  time. 


/ First  two  hours — Time  and  a 
I quarter. 

) After  first  two  hours  until  6 a.m. — 
| Time  and  a half. 

Sunday  work — Double  time. 

V Night  shifts — Time  and  a half. 


lOJd.  per  hour. 


After  12  hours  work , up  to  9 p.m., 
Is.  per  hour. 


368 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


List  of  Wages — continued. 


Trade. 

Rate  of 
pay 

per  hour. 

Hours  of  labour. 

Rate  of  pay  for  Overtime. 

Watermen  and  lightermen 

Scotch  derrick  drivers 
Steam  navvy  and  grab 

drivers  

Drivers  of  steam  cranes  and 
travellers  

After  12 
noon,  6«. 
Whole 
day,  8s. 

Per  hour 
8 \d. 

8 \d. 

7 \d. 

\ 

* As  arranged. 

(Not  loss  than  time  and  a quarter 

Locomotive  drivers  .. 

Id.  to  8d. 

\ when  engines  are  working. 

Stationary  and  portable 
engine  drivers 

Id.  to 
7 Id. 

The  rates  to  be  charged  by  the  contractor  are  usually  settled 
by  a schedule  of  rates  for  labour  delivered  with  the  form  of  tender 
(see  Form  of  Tender).  When  this  has  not  been  done,  an  addition  of 
15  per  cent,  to  the  above  rates  is  a reasonable  one.  There  are  other 
arrangements  for  the  surveyor  to  consider  in  dealing  with  time. 

1.  That  men  who  are  sent  from  the  shop  or  yard,  including 
those  engaged  in  London  and  sent  to  the  country,  shall  be  allowed 
their  expenses  Qd.  per  day  for  any  distance  over  six  miles  from  the 
shop  or  job,  exclusive  of  travelling  expenses.  Time  occupied  in 
travelling  and  lodging  money. 

2.  That  the  payment  of  wages  shall  commence  at  noon,  or  as 
soon  after  that  time  as  practicable,  on  Saturdays,  and  be  paid  on  the 
job,  but  if  otherwise  arranged,  walking  time  at  the  rate  of  three 
miles  per  hour  shall  be  allowed,  to  get  to  the  pay  table  by  noon. 

The  cost  of  work  done  in  the  country,  if  local  labour  be 
employed,  will  usually  be  from  5 to  15  per  cent,  less  than  the 
.same  kind  of  work  done  in  London. 

The  value  of  labour  can  only  be  arrived  at  by  close  observation 
and  long  experience.  Some  results  of  this  observation  have  been 
tabulated  and  published  as  ‘ Constants  of  Labour,’  by  Mr.  Peter 
Nicholson,  whose  data  refer  exclusively  to  carpentry  and  joinery ; 
and  others  relating  to  all  trades,  by  Mr.  Hurst  in  his  * Handbook 


PRICES. 


369 


for  Architectural  Surveyors.’  The  writer  has  tested  many  of  these 
latter  and  found  them  to  be  in  the  main  correct.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  pricing  in  a really  scientific  manner  must  bo  conducted 
upon  that  principle.  These  are  all  calculated  on  the  assumption 
that  a man  works  ten  hours  per  day,  the  present  general  usage 
being  as  above  stated. 

But  this  difference  presents  no  difficulty,  as  it  is  only  necessary 
to  adopt  the  value  of  ten  hours’  labour  at  the  rate  per  hour  and 
multiply  it  by  the  decimal  given  in  the  table. 

As  an  instance  of  the  use  of  constants  the  calculation  of  the 
cost  of  labour  upon  a foot  superficial  of  2-inch  four-panel  moulded 
and  square  door  would  be  as  follows  : — 

10  hours  joiner  at  9|d.  ==  95d.,  multiplied  by 
Constant  *103  days  of  a carpenter  = 9*785d.  = 9 fd. 


In  the  absence  of  information  founded  on  the  cubic  content  of  a 
building  similar  to  the  one  proposed,  an  approximate  estimate  will 
be  the  only  means  of  discovering  the  cost.  In  such  a case  avoid 
going  much  into  detail.  The  process  will  be  a rough  imitation  of 
taking  out  the  quantities. 

The  cubic  content  of  the  building  will,  however,  be  a useful 
check  upon  an  amount  arrived  at  in  this  manner. 

The  general  principle  for  taking  out  quantities  is  to  dissect  the 
work  as  much  as  possible,  for  an  approximate  estimate  to  concen- 
trate it  into  single  items.  When  the  building  is  a very  large  one, 
and  of  great  height,  it  must  be  remembered  that  some  parts  of  the 
work,  although  of  the  same  material  and  finish,  will  be  of  greater 
value  than  others  because  of  their  position. 

The  detail  usually  taken  in  the  preparation  of  a bill  of 
quantities,  such  as  rebates,  chamfers,  beads,  mitres,  &c.,  must  be 
included  in  the  rates. 

It  will  be  found  convenient  to  prepare  approximate  estimates  on 
paper  specially  ruled  for  the  purpose,  as  in  the  following  example. 

Begin  with  a heading  as  to  a set  of  dimensions  for  quantities. 
Spaces  must  be  left  for  inserting  the  prices  later. 


2/ 

2G  0 

10  0 

520  0 

58  yds. 

Dig  6"  deep  and  cart,  8d. ; cement 
concrete  6"  thick,  2s.  3</. , cement 
floated  face,  Is.  6c/. ; tiling  P.C., 
10s.;  and  laying,  4s 


18s.  5 d. 

2 B 


r>3 


(l 


37° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Take  notes  of  all  the  preliminary  items  and  price  them  in  the 
ordinary  way  ; as  many  of  them  will  he  assessed  by  a percentage 
on  the  total,  they  may  be  filled  in  after  the  total  is  computed. 

Excavator. — The  digging  and  concrete  in  trenches  may  be 
taken  together.  The  digging,  concrete,  floated  face,  pavings  and 
dry  rubbish  may  be  taken  together ; include  strutting  and  plank- 
ing in  the  price. 

Brains. — Take  the  running  length  of  the  pipe,  keeping  each 
size  separate;  with  this  length  may  be  included  all  bends  and 
junctions,  for  these  about  20  per  cent,  should  be  added  to  the 
price ; include  in  the  description  digging  and  concrete  and 
strutting  and  planking,  if  any. 

Gullies,  grease-traps,  connection  with  sewer  must  be  separately 
taken. 

Inspection  pits  may  often  be  averaged  for  size,  the  notes  of  one 
taken  out  and  priced  and  the  result  multiplied  by  the  number. 

Bricklayer. — The  general  brickwork  must  be  taken  out  in  the 
ordinary  way,  but  the  price  may  include  rough  cutting,  rough 
arches,  ends  cut  and  pinned,  stock  facing ; better  facings  may  also 
be  included,  if  preferred ; about  1000  to  each  rod  of  brickwork  is 
often  adopted. 

Moulded  strings  and  cornices  must  be  measured  per  foot  run. 

Windows  or  door  openings  may  often  be  averaged  for  size,  the 
work  to  one  taken  out  in  all  trades,  and  then  multiplied  by  the 
number,  dealing  with  deduction  of  brickwork,  plastering  and 
facing  at  the  same  time. 

Fireplaces  may  also  be  averaged  for  size,  the  work  to  one 
taken  out,  everything  connected  with  it  in  all  trades,  and  multi- 
plied by  the  number. 

In  dealing  with  the  brickwork  it  will  save  time  to  abstract  and 
reduce  it  in  the  usual  way,  reducing  each  item  instead  of  the 
total  is  a tedious  and  cumbrous  process. 

Damp-proof  courses,  lime-whiting  and  a few  other  items  must 
be  measured  in  the  ordinary  way. 

Mason. — Stone  dressings  must  be  taken  out,  but  as  stone  and 
all  labour  brought  into  one  total,  and  priced  at  per  foot  cube,  to 
include  everything,  and  reducing  the  price  to  be  affixed  for  the 
value  of  a certain  cubic  proportion  of  the  brickwork,  of  which  it 
takes  the  place. 


A PPR  OX  IMA  TE  ESTIMATES. 


37i 


Take  hearths  with  the  fire  openings  before  mentioned,  sills 
with  the  window  openings,  steps  or  thresholds  with  the  door 
openings. 

Stone  staircases  must  be  taken  in  all  trades  in  the  usual  way, 
including  the  balustrades  and  other  adjuncts. 

Slater  and  roof  coverings. — Measure  the  superficial  area  of  the 
roof  surface  to  include  slating  (making  an  allowance  in  the  price 
for  cutting),  boarding  or  battens,  felt  and  rafters,  the  cubic  content 
of  these  last  obtained  from  a table  as  directed  in  Carpenter. 

Ridges  may  be  measured  per  foot  run  to  include  tile-ridge 
and  wooden  ridge. 

Hips  and  valleys. — Measure  per  foot  run,  including  timber, 
tiling,  fillets,  cutting  to  slating  load,  valley  or  hip  or  soakers. 

Dormers  or  fleches  must  be  taken  out  in  detail. 

The  following  is  an  illustration  of  the  measurement  of  a roof 
covering. 


2/ 

40  0 

15  0 

1200  0 

12  sqrs. 

4§"  x 2J”  rafters,  15s.  lOtf. ; 1”  rough 
boarding,  19s.;  countess  slating, 
29s.  8c l. ; felt,  8s.  4c/.  


72s.  10c/. 


43 


s.  d. 


14 


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows.  Referring  to  the 
table  of  timber  (see  Laxton),  we  find  against  4J"  x 2£"  rafters, 
6'  4"  cube;  adopting  2s.  6c?.  as  the  price  per  foot  cube,  we 
have  15s.  10c?.  per  square.  For  1-inch  rough  boarding  say  19s., 
for  countess  slating  say  27s.  plus  10  per  cent,  for  cutting,  29s.  8c?., 
for  felt  say  8s.  4c?.,  making  a total  of  3?.  12s.  10c?. 

Slate  mason. — The  superficial  quantity  of  slab  must  be  mea- 
sured, and  its  price  may  include  all  labours. 

Carpenter. — There  are  tables  in  the  builders’  price  books  which 
show  the  cubic  quantity  of  timber  according  to  scantling  in  a 
square  of  either  roofs,  floors,  or  partitions;  in  these  tables  the 
absolute  quantity  is  arbitrarily  increased  by  the  addition  of  one 
joist,  rafter  or  quarter  in  15  or  16  feet. 

For  partitions  the  table  is  not  to  be  trusted,  as  the  posts  are 
larger  than  the  quarters  and  the  quantity  does  not  include  either 
heads,  sills,  or  braces ; an  addition  of  a certain  percentage  may  be 
made  to  cover  these,  and  this  is  perhaps  the  most  practical  course  , 

2 b 2 


372 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


in  the  preparation  of  an  approximate  estimate,  10  per  cent,  is 
enough. 

Hoofs. — The  principals  and  purlins  must  be  measured  in  the 
usual  way.  (See  also  Slater.) 

Partitions. — If  the  whole  surface  is  measured,  the  saving  of 
quarters  in  the  openings  may  be  considered  equivalent  to  tho 
extra  for  posts,  braces,  heads  and  sills.  Collect  the  length  of 
partitions  of  similar  height. 


150  0 
10  0 

1500  0 

15  sqrs. 

4£"x  2\"  quarters,  15s.  lOd. ; L.P.F. 
& S.  partition,  both  sides,  29s.  l^d.\ 
and  paper  P.C.,  Is.  per  piece,  4s., 
both  sides  : and  hang,  3s 


£ 


s.  d. 


52s.  6d. 


39 


7 


G 


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows.  Referring  to  the 
table  of  timber  (see  Laxton),  we  find  for  4J"  x 2J"  quarters 
6'  4"  cube;  adopting  2 s.  6d.  as  the  price,  we  have  15s.  lOd.  per 
square.  For  the  plastering  we  have  200  feet  = 22f  yards  at 
Is.  4 d = 1Z.  9s.  7 Jd.  For  the  paper,  using  a 50  feet  divisor,  we 
find  four  pieces  per  square  = 4s.  Hanging  paper,  four  pieces  at 
9d.  = 3s.  = 2Z.  12s.  5 J<Z.,  say  21.  12s.  6d. 

Floors. — Floors  may  be  treated  as  follows ; include  the  plan  of 
internal  walls  and  partitions  in  the  superficial  area.  The  voids 
will  be  disregarded  in  consideration  of  the  necessary  trimmers,  &c. 


2/ 

70  0 

25  0 

3500  0 

35  sqrs. 

9"  x 3"  joists,  37 s.  9 d. ; sound  board- 
ing, 10s. ; pugging,  2s.  6d. ; 1±" 
Y.B.  floor,  27s. ; L.P.F.  & S.ceiling, 
18s.  6 d. ; 2ce  whiten,  2s.  9 d. 


98s.  6d. 


£ s.  d. 


172;  7 


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows.  Referring  to  the  table 
of  timber  (see  Laxton),  we  find  for  9"  X 3"  joists  16'  2"  cube; 
adopting  2s.  4d.  as  the  price,  we  have  37s.  9d.  Sound  boarding 
say  10s.,  pugging  say  2s.  6d.,  1^  floor  say  27s.  L.P.F.  & S. 
ceilings  say  Is.  8 d.  per  yard  = 18s.  6d.  square.  Twice  whiten  say 
3d.  per  yard  = 2s.  9d.  per  square ; total  4Z.  18s.  6d. 

Collect  the  plates  and  strutting  in  the  usual  way. 

Ceiling  joists  should  be  measured  in  a similar  way  with  the 
ceiling  and  its  whitening. 

Joiner. — For  floors  see  Carpenter.  Skirtings  must  be  measured 
lineally  and  the  price  of  mitres  and  housings  included  in  the  price. 


APPROXIMATE  ESTIMATE . 


373 


Doors,  see  Bricklayer.  Windows,  see  Bricklayer. 

Fittings  must  generally  be  measured  in  the  usual  way. 

For  dressers,  it  is  customary  to  settle  a price  per  foot  run,  10s. 
or  12s. 

Staircases  will  generally  require  measuring  in  the  usual  way, 
but  for  approximate  estimates  the  surveyor  settles  on  a price  per 
step,  to  include  balustrades  and  other  accessories,  10s.  to  15s.  per 
step.  For  instance  a complete  staircase  of  24  steps  at  the  former 
price  would  appear  as  12Z. 

Plasterer. — The  plastering  to  ceilings  and  partitions  having 
been  taken  together,  the  walls  must  be  measured  superficially  in 
the  usual  way.  The  junctions  of  the  internal  walls  and  partitions 
with  them  may  be  disregarded  and  measured  in.  Deduct  the 
openings  in  all  trades,  adopting  a similar  dimension  for  all. 

The  following  may  illustrate  the  measurement  of  one  floor 
30  by  20  feet  and  10  feet  high. 


100  0 
10  0 

1000  0 

111a  yds. 

K.F.  & S.  walls,  11c?.;  and  paper 
at  Is.  6c?.  per  piece,  3£c?. ; and 
hanging,  1 £c?. 


Is.  4c?. 


s.  c?. 


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows  : plastering  say  lid. 
per  yard ; for  the  paper,  using  a 50  feet  divisor  = 5f  yards,  and 
dividing  Is.  6d.  by  it  we  have  per  yard  3 Jd. ; for  hanging,  say 
9d.,  per  piece,  equals  ljd.  per  yard  superficial ; total  Is.  4d. 

If  the  deduction  for  doors  and  window  has  not  been  dealt  with 
in  the  bricklayer,  it  should  be  made  now. 


10/ 


7 0 
3 0 


210  0 


1£  brickwork,  Is.;  red  facing,  3c?.; 
K.F.  & S.,  l^c?.  


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows,  brickwork  say 
13Z.  12s.  per  rod  = Is.  per  foot  reduced,  red  facing  say  3d.,  render 
float  and  set,  say  lid.  per  yard  = l^d.  per  foot ; total  Is.  4 \d. 

Cornices  measured  lineally  in  the  usual  way,  but  let  the  price 
per  foot  include  all  mitre  stopped  ends,  bracketing,  &c. 

Count  the  centre  flowers,  if  any. 

Smith  and  Founder. — The  work  to  this  trade  can  only  be 
measured  in  the  usual  way. 


374 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Plumber. — The  leadwork  must  be  measured  in  the  usual  way, 
but  the  superficial  price  should  be  computed  to  cover  all  extra 
labours. 

Pipes  should  include  all  the  joints  and  other  labours  in  the 
price  per  lineal  foot. 

Lead  flats  may  be  taken  with  the  carpentry,  assuming  the  rolls 
as  2'  6"  centre  to  centre. 


20  0 

10  0 

200  0 

Joists  7"  X 2£",  3c?. ; 1"  rough  board- 
ing, 3d. ; and  firrings  2"  rolls,  Id. ; 
7 lbs.  lead,  Is.  lid.;  L.P.F.  & S. 
ceiling,  2|d. ; 2oe  whiten,  £d. 


2s.  8fd. 


27 


10 


The  prices  would  be  computed  as  follows.  Referring  to  the 
table  of  timber,  we  find  for  7"  x 2J"  joists,  10'  10"  cube,  about 
lj"  cube  to  each  foot,  this  at  2s.  6d.  is  3d.  per  foot  ; l"  rough 
boarding  and  firrings,  say  25s.  per  square  = 3d.  per  foot.  Each 
superficial  foot  would  require  about  4"  of  roll  at  3d.  = Id.  The 
leadwork  of  each  superficial  foot  of  flat  would  be  increased  by 
about  4"  for  the  rolls.  1'  4"  of  7 -lb.  lead  weighs  9£  lbs ; this  at 
say  23s.  4d.  per  cwt.  = Is.  lid.  L.P.F.  & S.  ceiling  at  Is.  8 d.  per 
yard  = per  foot  2^d. ; twice  whiten  at  3d.  per  yard  = Jd.  per  foot ; 
total  2s.  8jd.  When  one  flat  is  calculated  in  this  manner  it  will 
often  happen  that  the  price  may  be  applied  to  other  flats  of  the 
same  building  with  very  slight  modification  or  none. 

Apparatus  must  be  counted  and  priced  from  a trade  list. 

Gasjitter. — This  work  is  not  generally  measured,  the  lights  aro 
counted  and  the  piping  priced  at  a price  per  point,  6s.  is  about  the 
lowest  price,  7s.  6d.  is  a reasonable  average. 

Count  the  fittings  and  price  them  from  a trade  list. 

Bells. — These,  either  ordinary  or  electric,  are  counted  and  priced 
at  a price  per  pull. 

Painting. — This  may  be  priced  with  the  joinery  or  taken  out 
in  detail ; if  we  assume  four  oils  as  Is.  per  yard  and  add  \ for  edges 
= about  l|d.,  we  have  Is.  l|d.  per  yard,  or  1 \d.  per  foot.  Or  a 
percentage  may  be  added  to  the  total  of  the  other  trades  added 
together.  The  amount  for  plain  painting  rarely  exceeds  2 J per  cent, 
of  that  total. 

Paperhanger. — It  is  a common  practice  to  paper  a house 
throughout  with  lining  paper  if  papering  is  done  immediately 


APPROXIMATE  ESTIMATES. 


375 


after  the  rest  of  the  work  is  finished,  and  in  such  a case  methods 
of  dealing  with  it  suggested  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs  can  ho 
applied,  but  when  there  is  a considerable  variety  of  value  in  the 
papers  the  only  practicable  way  is  to  measure  the  various  kinds. 

Some  of  the  paperhanging  manufacturers  publish  a table  of 
the  number  of  pieces  of  paper  required  for  a room  of  a given  size, 
and  which  may  conveniently  be  used  for  an  approximate  estimate, 
as  follows : — 


The  top  line  is  the  measurement  round  the  Walls  in  Feet , including  Doors , 
Windows,  fyc. 


Height  in 

feet  from  Skirting  to 
Cornice. 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

i 

60 

64 

68 

72 

76 

80  84 

8892 

i 

I 

96 

100 

7 

to 

u 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

pieces 

7 i 

to 

8 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

8 

to 

H 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

99 

He* 

00 

to 

9 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

14 

99 

9 

to 

H 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

15 

15 

99 

9* 

to 

10 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

14 

15 

15 

16 

99 

10 

to 

10* 

5 

6 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

14 

H 

18 

16 

17 

99 

10* 

to 

11 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

13 

13 

14 

I 

15 

16 

16 

17 

18 

99 

11 

to 

111 

5 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

13 

13 

14 

15 

16 

■1 

17 

18 

18 

99 

Glazier. — See  other  trades. 

The  pricing  of  estimates  and  bills  of  quantities  forms  a large 
part  of  the  ordinary  surveyor’s  work 

The  drawings  should  always  be  examined  before  or  during  the 
pricing  of  an  estimate,  as  however  well  the  quantities  may  have 
been  prepared,  a sight  of  them  will  generally  affect  the  estimator’s 
conclusions. 

The  quantity  of  the  work  contemplated  must  materially  modify 
the  price.  Work  in  small  quantities  should  be  priced  at  a higher 
rate,  work  in  large  quantities  at  a rate  proportionally  lower.  It 
should  be  observed  that  when  a largo  quantity  of  a particular 
material  is  required,  specially  low  quotations  may  be  obtained 
from  manufacturers.  In  many  cases,  as  for  slating,  ironwork, 
glass,  &c.,  a builder  in  preparing  his  estimate  sends  a copy  of  the 
bill  of  such  part  of  the  work  to  a firm,  or  several  firms,  of  slaters, 


376 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


founders,  or  glass  merchants,  and  adopts  the  price  furnished  by 
one  of  them,  with  the  addition  of  a percentage.  The  same  course 
is  frequently  available  for  the  quantity  surveyor,  and  will  savo 
him  much  trouble. 

The  surveyor,  in  pricing  a bill  of  quantities,  should  make  him- 
self familiar  with  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  prepared, 
concrete  being  sometimes  described  as  including  staging  ; excava- 
tion, as  including  strutting  and  planking;  brickwork,  as  including 
all  relieving  arches  ; facings,  as  including  many  of  the  cuttings,  as 
extra  on  common  brickwork,  as  extra  on  facing  of  a commoner 
kind,  &c. ; stone,  including  labours ; carpentry  and  joinery  of 
finished  sizes,  &c.,  and  it  is  obvious  that  such  conditions  must 
modify  the  rates. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  remarks  that  but  little 
dependence  is  to  be  placed  upon  price  books ; the  special  circum- 
stances must  always  materially  modify  an  estimate. 

In  the  calculation  of  the  value  of  a foot  superficial  of  work  it 
will  usually  be  best  to  compute  the  value  of  a larger  quantity,  and 
from  that  calculate  the  smaller,  as  when  the  difference  in  price 
between  a superficial  foot  of  square  framed  and  moulded  door  3 feet 
by  7 feet  is  required,  the  whole  of  the  moulding  on  both  sides 
being  collected  and  a value  placed  upon  it,  the  result  when 
divided  by  twenty -one  will  give  the  amount  per  foot  superficial  to 
add  to  the  original  price. 

In  pricing  bills  of  quantities  the  expert  estimator  does  not 
worry  himself  with  nice  distinctions,  for  instance  he  will  probably 
use  one  price  per  foot  cube  for  all  the  wooden  frames,  although  the 
labour  upon  them  may  vary  in  the  result ; some  of  the  prices  may 
be  a little  too  low  but  others  will  be  a little  too  high,  and  the 
differences  will  probably  balance  each  other ; he  will  adopt  analo- 
gies such  as  a similar  price  for  rubbed  steps  and  rubbed  curbs,  &c., 
and  by  these  means  will  save  himself  much  trouble  and  produce  a 
result  as  safe  as  by  more  refinement  of  practice. 

For  all  work  there  will  be  various  preliminary  charges  to 
allow  for.  In  London  there  will  be  district  surveyor’s  fees,  settled 
by  the  schedules  of  the  Building  Act. 

Fees  for  the  parochial  surveyor  for  hoarding,  connection  with 
sewer,  taking  up,  and  making  good  paving,  &c.,  to  be  obtained  by 
inquiry  at  the  office  of  the  local  board. 


PRICES. 


377 


Water  for  the  Works. 

It  will  not  infrequently  be  found  the  cheapest  plan  to  sink  a 
well,  otherwise  the  price  of  water  in  London  will  be  in  accord  with 
the  printed  tariff,  “ Water  supply  for  building  purposes,”  published 
by  each  water  company. 

Some  companies  supply  by  meter,  reducing  the  rate  in  propor- 
tion to  the  increase  of  quantity ; others  make  their  charge  in 
accordance  with  the  value  of  the  projected  building,  but  the  rate 
varies  considerably  with  the  different  companies. 

The  New  River  Company’s  tariff  is  a fair  example,  their  charges 
being  for  a building  estimated  to  cost  100Z.,  10s.,  increasing  by 
10s.  per  cent,  up  to  400Z. ; estimated  cost  500Z.,  45s.;  G00Z.  to  700Z., 
50s.;  800Z.  to  900Z.,  60s. ; 1000Z.  to  1200Z.,  70s. ; above  1200Z.,  5s.  per 
cent,  additional. 

Provisions. 

5 to  10  per  cent,  is  usually  put  upon  sums  provided,  except  that 
for  extra  works,  or  other  work  which  will  bo  measured,  the  price 
for  which  will  includo  a profit. 

Sometimes  the  builder  adds  nothing  to  provisional  sums,  hoping 
to  get  such  profit  out  of  the  trade  discounts. 

Excavator. 

The  value  of  the  excavator’s  work  will  depend  upon  the  naturo 
of  the  soil.  Observe  whether  the  earth  is  deposited  on  the  site ; 
and  if  so,  how  many  runs  it  is  wheeled ; or  if  basketed  or  carted 
away.  In  the  latter  case  the  surveyor  must  ascertain  the  position 
of  the  nearest  place  where  the  rubbish  may  be  shot,  and  whether 
there  will  be  any  charge  for  the  permission  to  shoot  it,  and  the 
charge  per  load  for  cartage.  Observe  that  the  increase  in  bulk 
upon  the  measured  quantity  of  excavation  will  affect  the  carting ; 
for  instance,  one-fourth  if  earth  or  clay,  about  one-third  if  chalk, 
about  one-half  if  rock. 

By  inquiry  in  the  neighbourhood,  or  inspection  of  the  site,  the 
experienced  surveyor  will  be  able  to  judge  whether  or  not  sand 
will  be  found ; if  it  is,  and  there  is  no  stipulation  in  the  specifica- 
tion that  sand  shall  not  be  dug,  the  builder  will  thus  obtain  the 


378 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Band  for  nothing,  and  save  the  carting  of  so  much  earth  from 
his  trenches  as  the  pit  formed  by  the  removal  of  the  sand  will 
contain. 


Where  there  is  a large  quantity  of  carting  it  is  often  advan- 
tageous to  obtain  an  estimate  from  a local  carman,  who  often  brings 
sand  to  the  works,  and  on  his  return  carts  away  earth. 

Value  of  lime  concrete  per  yard  cube  : — 

£ S.  d. 


1 J yard  of  ballast  at  ' 

ith  yard  of  ground  lime  at 
Labour  and  use  of  stages 

Water 

Add  profit  per  cent 

Value  per  yard  .. 


£ 


Concrete  per  yard  superficial  of  certain  thickness,  say  6 inches, 
would  be  |th  of  the  value  of  a cubic  yard,  plus  a small  increase  for 
extra  labour  in  spreading. 

In  the  case  of  drain  pipes  the  amount  of  discount  off  the 
published  list  of  the  manufacturer  is : — 

For  pipes  up  to  12  in.,  40  per  cent. 

Ditto,  15  to  18  in.,  30  per  cent. 

Discount  for  cash,  2£  per  cent. 


The  discount  off  other  pottery  varies  from  10  to  15  per  cent., 
and  is  delivered  free  of  charge,  if  a complete  load,  within  a radius 
of  five  or  six  miles  of  the  manufacturer’s  premises. 

In  pricing  bills  of  excavation,  observe  whether  it  is  described 
as  to  include  strutting  and  planking. 


Bricklayer . 

To  ascertain  the  value  of  brickwork  : — 

The  price  of  the  bricks  in  the  field  will  be  the  first  considera- 
tion, then  the  means  of  carriage  to  the  works ; if  by  barge,  the 
cost  of  loading,  freight,  unloading  and  carting  from  wharf  to  the 
works. 

If  simply  carted  from  the  field,  loading,  carting,  unloading. 

The  price  of  sand  per  yard  delivered,  cost  of  screening,  if 
screening  is  necessary. 

The  price  of  lime  per  yard  delivered  ; the  quality  of  the  work. 


PRICES. 


379 


Value  of  brickwork  per  rod  reduced  ; height  of  four  courses  with 
their  joints  12  inches : — 


4250  bricks,  at  per  1000 

3 yards  sand  

11  yard  lime  

Water  

Scaffolding  

Labour  

Add  profit  

£ 

S. 

Value  per  rod  

£ 

The  cost  is  kept  down  by  leaving  many  joints  unfilled  with 
mortar,  by  using  less  than  the  prescribed  proportion  of  lime  or 
cement,  and  possibly  subletting  the  labour  and  supplying  bricks 
below  the  prescribed  quality. 

The  value  of  facings  will  depend  upon  the  kind  of  bond,  as 
there  will  be  more  headers  in  Old  English  than  Flemish  bond. 
This  is,  however,  sometimes  evaded,  many  half  bricks  being  used 
as  headers  instead  of  whole  ones,  whole  bricks  being  used  only 
occasionally  as  bonders. 

Other  points  to  be  observed  in  the  valuation  of  items  of  facing 
are,  whether  the  work  is  pointed  as  it  proceeds,  or  raked  out  and 
pointed  afterwards ; whether  it  has  been  measured  as  “ extra  on 
common  brickwork,”  or  “ extra  upon  another  kind  of  facing.” 

The  trade  discount  off  published  lists  of  chimney-pots  is  15  per 
cent. 

Ditto,  stock  articles  of  architectural  terra  cotta,  10  per  cent. 

Discount  for  cash,  2.J  per  cent. 

In  pricing  of  brickwork,  much  time  may  be  saved  by  using 
‘ Laxton’s  Bricklayer’s  Tables.’ 


Mason. 

The  principal  points  to  be  noted  in  the  valuation  of  stonework 
are  the  cost  of  the  various  sizes,  the  quarry  regulations,  the  distance 
of  the  place  at  which  it  is  delivered,  cost  of  cartage,  and  cost  of 
labour.  \V  here  stone  is  brought  by  sea,  allow  the  cost  of  unloading, 
and  further  carriage,  by  truck  or  barge. 

To  take  Mansfield  stone  as  an  instance  : 


38° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


There  is  the  difference  of  price  between  white  and  red,  random 
blocks,  selected  blocks,  selected  blocks  sawn  to  dimensions. 

In  Ancaster  stone  the  price  varies  with  the  thickness  of  the  bed. 

In  Craigleith  and  many  other  stones  with  the  number  of  cubic 
feet  in  the  block. 

In  some  cases  a saving  is  effected  by  getting  the  stone  worked 
at  the  quarry,  or  where  a large  quantity  of  similar  moulding  has 
to  be  done,  by  the  use  of  the  stone  moulding  machine. 

Where  a large  quantity  of  stone  is  required,  the  builder  usually 
obtains  a special  estimate  from  the  quarry  or  its  agent  at  a con- 
siderable reduction  from  the  usual  prices. 

In  pricing,  a certain  percentage  must  be  allowed  on  all  stone 
for  waste,  notwithstanding  the  recognised  system  of  measuring  the 
size  of  cube  stone,  generally  considered  to  be  about  5 per  cent,  on 
Bath  stone,  but  varying  with  the  character  of  the  work. 

Where  stone  has  been  measured  per  foot  run  stono  and  labour, 
and  there  are  various  scantlings  with  the  same  relative  labour,  the 
prices  are  generally  arrived  at  by  comparing  the  sectional  area  in 
inches.  Thus  : — A 12-inch  by  6-inch  step,  tooled  and  back  jointed, 
72-inch  sectional  area,  would  be  worth  about  the  same  price  as  one 
9 inches  by  8 inches,  also  72-inch  area.  When  the  labours  vary 
the  foundation  of  the  calculation  must  also  be  the  sectional  area 
and  the  proportion  it  bears  to  the  foot  (144  inches). 

The  value  of  templates  will  also  be  readily  obtained  by 
observing  what  proportion  their  area  bears  to  a foot  superficial  or 
cube. 

And  generally,  if  one  settles  the  price  of  a cubic  foot  of  rubbed, 
tooled,  or  sawn  stone  before  beginning  to  price  the  items  of  a bill, 
there  is  but  little  difficulty  in  fixing  the  relative  values  of  the 
items. 

Usual  trade  terms  2^  per  cent,  for  cash. 

Where  the  labours  appear  in  a bill  of  quantities,  although  you 
may  feel  satisfied  as  to  the  value  you  put  on  the  cube  stone,  price 
out  the  labours  in  order  to  compare  them  with  your  conclusions ; 
the  chief  consideration  is  the  proportion  of  moulded  work. 

The  contractor  often  saves  on  the  cubic  quantity  of  stone  by 
cutting  two  stones  out  of  one,  which  has  led  to  the  stipulation  in 
specifications  “ that  all  stones  shall  hold  their  full  width  and 
height  square  to  the  back.” 


PRICES. 


38i 


Slater. 


The  value  of  slating  will  depend  upon  the  kind  of  slates,  the 
gauge  and  the  kind  of  nails  used.  A small  allowance  should  he 
made  beyond  the  actual  number  of  slates  required  for  those  which 
may  be  broken  in  transit  or  on  the  works. 

Saving  is  effected  by  builders  by  reducing  the  lap  where  it  can 
be  reduced,  using  cheaper  nails,  and  only  one  to  each  slate  instead 
of  two,  and  not  laying  double  courses  where  they  should  bo  laid. 

The  usual  trade  terms  are  acceptance  at  three  months,  or  2 J per 
cent,  discount  for  cash  or  monthly  account. 

Value  of  slating  per  square,  say  countesses,  20  inches  by 
10  inches  laid  to  a 3-inch  lap  and  copper  nailed: — 


170  slates,  at  per  thousand  (of  1200) 

10  slates  (for  waste)  ditto 

2 lbs.  of  l£-in.  copper  nails 
Cartage 

£ 

s. 

d. 

Slater  and  boy  

Add  profit 

Value  per  square  

£ 

Carpenter. 


The  ignorance  which  exists  in  tho  profession  generally  as  to 
the  quality  and  value  of  timber  and  deals,  offers  to  the  builder 
considerable  facilities  for  the  increase  of  his  profits  by  the  substitu-  * 
tion  of  inferior  materials. 


Generally  the  use  of  deals  instead  of  timber  will  effect  a saving, 


so  many  various  scantlings  being  now  brought  into  the  market ; 
much  sawing  is  thus  saved,  and  the  risk  of  loss  involved  by  tho 
liability  to  rejection  of  timber  after  it  is  converted,  and  the  waste 
of  outside  slabs,  &c.,  is  avoided. 

All  calculations  of  the  value  of  carpentry  must  start  with  tho 
price  per  cubic  foot  of  the  timber,  thus : — 


Fir  timber  per  load 

Cartage  

Sawing  into  joists,  rafters,  &c. 
Waste  ft.  per  load 
Add  profit 


£ 


382 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


This  total,  divided  by  50,  gives  the  price  per  foot  cube. 

Very  small  scantlings  will  be  of  greater  value  consequent  upon 
the  greater  quantity  of  sawing. 

Observe  whether  or  not  the  sizes  are  to  be  finished  sizes. 


Joiner. 


t 


In  the  pricing  of  joinery  it  should  bo  observed  whether  or  not 
it  is  to  be  of  finished  sizes,  whether  the  mouldings  are  worked  on 
solid  or  worked  to  detail,  as  the  increase  of  cost  is  considerable  in 
cases  where  mouldings  cannot  be  obtained  from  a manufacturer’s 
stock. 


Take  care  to  preserve  a reasonable  analogy  between  your 
prices.  In  framings,  for  instance,  start  with  a certain  value  for 
square  framing,  and  add  to  that  the  various  further  labours  upon 
the  piece  of  work  in  question.  Estimators  sometimes  disregard  all 
the  extra  labours  when  pricing  a bill,  putting  such  price  on  the 
superficial  items  as  will  cover  them. 

The  value  of  deals  will  be  the  basis  of  all  your  calculations,  and 
the  surveyor  should  understand  the  various  standards.  They  are 
nearly  always  sold  by  the  St.  Petersburg  standard,  i.e.  120  12  ft. 
by  11  in.  by  lj  in. 


120  deals,  12  ft.  by  11  in.  by  1§  in. 

(St.  Petersburg  standard) 
Carriage,  loading  and  unloading  . . 

Sawing  

Waste 

Add  profit  (where  the  price  per 
foot  is  merely  calculated  for  use 
in  pricing  of  finished  work,  the 
profit  should  be  placed  upon  the 
latter)  


The  total  divided  by  660  gives  the  price  per  foot  superficial  of 
3-inch  deal. 

Where  the  price  is  calculated  for  day  account,  waste  need  not 
be  considered ; where  for  finished  work  is  a fair  average 
allowance  ; where  finished  sizes  are  specified  £ should  be  allowed. 

The  estimator  should  make  a table  showing  the  cost  of  the 
various  thicknesses,  and  a similar  table  of  the  cost  of  fillets  for 
reference  in  the  course  of  pricing. 


PRICES :. 


383 


Ironmongery . 

The  trade  discount  off  ironmongery  varies  from  15  to  30  per 
cent. 

Screws,  70  per  cent,  off  list  prices. 

Stock  mouldings  often  as  much  as  40  per  cent,  off  list  prices. 

Plumber. 

The  surveyor  should  observe  how  the  labours  in  this  trade 
have  been  measured ; some  surveyors  making  many  more  items 
of  extra  labour  than  others,  which  will  of  course  make  a difference 
in  the  prices. 

As  lead  is  now  rolled  in  a great  variety  of  thicknesses,  the 
surveyor  will,  in  measuring,  find  it  good  policy  to  test  the  weight, 
when  he  will  possibly  meet  with  the  curious  phenomenon  of  3J  lbs. 
and  4J  lbs.  lead  where  he  had  least  reason  to  suspect  its  use. 
Weights  of  pipes  should  also  be  tested,  “ middling  ” sometimes  being 
put  in  place  of  “ strong,”  and  composition  pipes  instead  of  lead. 

The  trade  discount  off  plumbers’  brasswork  is  from  10  to  15 
per  cent. 

Discount  2\  per  cent,  for  cash. 

Discount  off  sanitary  goods,  as  w.c.’s  and  lavatories,  10  per 
cent. 

The  allowance  for  waste  on  old  lead  varies  from  4 lbs.  to  6 lbs. 
per  cwt. ; but  4 lbs.  is  that  most  generally  adopted. 

Plasterer. 

The  chief  differences  in  the  quality  of  plastering  are  produced 
by  the  use  of  deficient  quantity  of  lime,  inferior  sand,  inferior 
quality  and  thickness  of  laths,  deficiency  of  hair  (quantity  and 
quality),  saving  of  nails  by  over  lapping  the  laths,  &c. 


Value  of  One  Yard  Render  and  Set. 


Value  per  yard 


384 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Founder  and  Smith . 

The  quality  of  iron  and  steel,  and  consequently  the  price, 
varies  greatly. 

Observe  whether  rain-water  pipes  and  gutters  have  been 
measured  net  or  by  the  yard,  and  regulate  the  price  accordingly. 

For  largo  quantities  of  ironwork  special  prices  may  be  obtained. 

Note  the  way  in  which  iron  joists,  girders,  &c.,  have  been 
measured,  whether  the  hoisting  is  included  or  separatly  stated. 

Iron  cisterns  are  increased  in  value  if  not  of  stock  sizes. 

The  trade  discount  off  stoves  and  ranges  is  usually  20  to  25 
per  cent. 

The  basis  of  all  pricing  of  smith  and  founder’s  work  must  be 
the  weight  of  the  article,  and  this  ascertained,  the  comparative 
values  of  the  labour  on  each  are  easily  adjusted. 

The  value  of  wrought  ironwork  may  often  be  deduced  by 
comparing  its  proportional  value  with  some  article  of  which  the 
value  is  well  known,  like  straps  to  roof  trusses. 


Gasjitter. 

The  trade  discount  off  list  prices  of  iron  gas  tubing  is  variable, 
from  50  to  65  per  cent.  Off  list  prices  of  pipe  fittings,  as  sockets, 
elbows,  tees,  crosses,  &c.,  an  additional  2\  per  cent. 

And  a further  discount  for  cash  of  2J  per  cent. 

The  discount  off  list  prices  of  gas  fittings ’is  usually  about  25 
per  cent. 

Observe  in  pricing  whether  the  pipe  has  been  measured  to 
include  tees,  bends  and  connections,  whether  it  includes  cutting 
away  and  making  good,  whether  it  includes  painting  the  pipes. 


Glazier . 

The  pricing  of  glazier’s  work  requires  no  special  remarks. 
Observe  whether  or  not  the  measurement  of  plate-glass  is 
to  include  beads. 

On  large  quantities  of  glass  there  is  a trade  discount  of  20  per 
cent,  for  cash. 


PRICES. 


385 


The  usual  plate-glass  tariffs  are  subject  to  a trade  discount  of 
25  per  cent.  The  low  prices  in  this  trade  are  sometimes  to  bo 
accounted  for  by  the  substitution  of  sheet-glass  of  weight  or 
quality  inferior  to  that  specified. 

Painter . 

In  this  trade  inferior  oils  and  white-lead,  and  the  use  of  other 
materials  instead  of  white-lead,  the  dilution  of  varnish  with 
turpentine,  boiled  oil,  &c.,  are  means  by  which  the  cost  of  work  is 
reduced. 

Paperhanger. 

The  trade  discount  on  wall  papers  is  in  the  majority  of  cases 
one-third  of  the  marked  price,  or  about  33  per  cent.,  but  sometimes 
as  much  as  55  per  cent.  Some  of  the  firms  which  produce  the 
more  artistic  wall  papers  give  no  trade  discount. 

Pricing  of  Day  Accounts. 

In  pricing  day  accounts,  surveyor  must  remember  that  the 
greater  part  of  materials  have  been  supplied  in  small  quantities 
and  are  consequently  worth  more  than  in  large.  Nails,  screws, 
small  quantities  of  painters’  colours,  single  articles,  &c.,  are  usually 
worth  a price  equal  to  that  charged  by  the  general  retail  trades. 

This  treatment  will  apply  if  the  work  properly  measurable  has 
been  excluded  from  the  day  account. 

When  making  an  estimate  for  a builder,  the  estimator  may, 
if  pressed  for  time,  price  it  on  the  abstract  and  carry  the 
amounts  to  a summary ; the  bill  may  never  be  wanted,  but  can 
be  produced  whenever  desired. 

It  is  not  usual  to  abstract  the  notes,  they  can  be  priced  on  the 
dimension  paper,  putting  one  column  of  dimensions  only  on  each 
folio  and  leaving  the  other  blank  for  pricing. 


386 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  LAW  AS  IT  AFFECTS  QUANTITY 
SURVEYORS. 

The  mixture  of  common  law  and  custom  of  the  trade  has  tended  to 
a complication  of  the  relations  between  surveyor,  builder,  and 
building  owner,  and  the  want  of  familiarity  of  the  average  solicitor 
with  building  contracts  renders  it  incumbent  upon  the  majority 
of  quantity  surveyors  to  acquire  a knowledge  of  those  general 
principles  of  law  which  specially  affect  their  professional  duties 
and  responsibilities. 

And  this  fact  has  been  so  generally  admitted  that  suggestions 
have  been  made  for  the  establishment  of  a court  specially  for 
the  settlement  of  questions  affecting  building  contracts  and  cognate 
subjects.  The  portentous  combination  thus  indicated  of  lawyer 
and  surveyor  in  one  person  does  not  at  present  appear  practicable, 
but  is  none  the  less  desirable. 

The  custom  of  the  trade  bears  a large  share  in  defining  the 
legal  construction  of  any  contract  which  may  affect  the  quantity 
surveyor,  and  such  custom  is  assumed  by  law  to  become  (in 
the  absence  of  any  condition  to  the  contrary)  a part  of  the 
contract ; but  a custom  to  be  good  must  be  certain,  and  it  must 
be  clearly  proved  to  exist  and  to  be  general  and  notorious.  Never- 
theless, any  trade  custom  may  be  set  aside  by  special  arrangement. 

The  much  argued  question,  Shall  the  quantities  form  a part  of 
the  contract  ? is  one  which  materially  affects  the  quantity  surveyor. 
Sir  Edmund  Beckett  says  (in  ‘ A Book  on  Building  ’),  “ There  is 
another  intermediate  element  or  document  which  in  modern  times 
has  assumed  great  importance,  though  the  employer  generally 
knows  nothing  of  it,  nor  (be  it  remembered ) is  it  any  part  of  the 
contract  legally , and  nothing  but  confusion  arises  from  recognising  it  as 
such,  though  it  may  sometimes  be  referred  to  for  information 
— that  is,  the  bill  of  quantities  of  every  kind  of  work  throughout 


THE  LAW. 


387 


the  building.”  And,  again,  “ I advise  employers  not  to  let  the 
quantities  be  taken  by  any  one  who  can  be  made  out  to  be  their 
agent,  nor  to  recognise  them  in  any  way,  except  as  after  mentioned, 
with  reference  to  a schedule  of  prices  for  extras.”  Others  assert 
that,  if  the  quantities  form  a part  of  the  contract,  the  amount  to 
be  paid  by  the  building  owner  is  always  uncertain  until  the 
building  is  completed,  and  that  such  arrangement  takes  away,  to  a 
large  extent,  the  feeling  of  responsibility  which  a surveyor  has 
for  the  accuracy  of  his  work. 

The  strongest  argument  for  the  adoption  of  the  quantities 
by  the  building  owner  is  the  justice  of  that  course.  The  emploj'er 
should  obtain  neither  more  nor  less  work  than  is  included  in  the 
quantities,  and  it  is  believed  that  this  would  be  the  desire  of  the 
majority  of  employers.  The  assumption  of  the  loss  of  feeling 
of  responsibility  by  the  surveyor  is  unfounded,  the  surveyor’s 
responsibility  is  of  deeper  origin.  The  solicitude  as  to  error  on  the 
part  of  the  quantity  surveyor  is  also,  to  a great  extent,  mistaken, 
for  when  a properly  qualified  surveyor  prepares  quantities,  he 
makes  remarkably  few  mistakes  ; the  mistakes  in  quantities  are 
usually  made  by  persons  who  have  but  small  right  to  be  called 
quantity  surveyors,  and  have  not  been  specially  trained  for  the 
work.  It  may  also  be  remarked  that  claims  for  deficiencies  in 
quantities  are  sometimes  paid  by  the  quantity  surveyor,  but  they 
are  very  much  more  frequently  included  in  “ additions  ” at  the 
adjustment  of  accounts,  and  the  surveyor  would,  in  such  a case, 
take  special  trouble  to  look  for  items  of  possible  excess  as  a set-off. 
And,  although  when  the  quantities  are  not  a part  of  the  contract  the 
builder  may  legally  refuse  to  allow  them  to  be  consulted  (taking 
his  stand  upon  what  plans  and  specification  alone  indicate),  yet 
in  the  majority  of  cases  they  are  adopted  as  the  basis  of  settlement. 

There  is  thus  considerable  show  of  reason  in  the  contention 
that  the  quantities  should  form  a part  of  the  contract,  for  they 
are  in  the  majority  of  cases  practically  so. 

The  making  the  quantities  a part  of  the  contract  would  tend 
to  abolish  the  absurd  practice  of  an  architect  taking  out  quanti- 
ties and  disclaiming  responsibility  for  their  accuracy,  which  has 
resulted  in  the  anomaly  of  the  contractor  being  under  the 
necessity  of  going  through  all  the  dimensions  and  checking  the 
quantities  before  signing  the  contract  (usually  impossible)  or 

2 c 2 


388 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


taking  them  as  correct — the  architect  often  receiving  for  such 
work  as  this  an  equal  percentage  to  that  charged  by  surveyors 
who  take  the  responsibility  of  accuracy. 

The  making  the  quantities  a part  .of  the  contract,  and  the 
elimination  of  “sporting  items”  as  they  are  called,  will  also 
reduce  prices.  Uncertainty  induces  estimators  to  add  sums  to 
cover  possible  contingencies. 

There  is  a strong  feeling  among  surveyors,  that  when  an 
architect  supplies  quantities  for  his  own  works  they  should  in- 
variably form  a part  of  the  contract.  But  it  is  also  the  belief  of 
the  majority  that  a general  practice  of  adopting  the  quantities  as 
a part  of  the  contract,  while  relieving  surveyors  to  some  extent 
from  the  responsibility  for  accuracy,  would  inevitably  induce  a 
decline  in  the  scale  of  their  remuneration,  and  encourage  the 
supply  of  inaccurate  quantities  by  irresponsible  persons. 

When  are  quantities  a part  of  the  contract  ? 

A wholesome  fear  exists  in  the  minds  of  architects  as  to 
allusions  in  the  specification  to  quantities,  and  although  such 
allusions  are  best  avoided,  except  as  to  the  stipulation  that  they 
shall  bo  used  as  a schedule  for  pricing  items  of  variation  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  casual  reference  to  them  is  sufficient  to  incor- 
porate them  with  the  contract.  It  is  unquestionable  that  when  it 
is  intended  that  they  should  form  a part  of  it,  there  is  express 
reference  to  the  fact  either  in  the  conditions  or  the  contract,  or 
both.  In  the  contract  of  the  National  Association  of  Master 
Builders  these  clauses  are  used,  the  intention  being  to  make 
the  quantities  a part  of  the  contract. 

“ In  the  construction  of  these  presents  when  the  contract  will 
admit  of  it,  the  term  contractor  shall  mean  the  said 
the  term  proprietor  shall  mean  the  said  , the  term 

architect  shall  mean  , or  other  the  architect  for  the 

time  being  employed  by  the  proprietor  to  superintend  the  erection 
and  completion  of  the  works,  and  the  term  works  shall  mean  all 
the  works,  acts,  matters  and  things  specified  and  described  in 
the  specification,  plans  and  other  drawings  and  detailed  bills  of 
quantities  supplied  hereinafter  mentioned,  and  also  such  other 
works,  matters  and  things  as  are  hereby  contracted  to  be  done  and 
performed  by  the  contractor.” 

Also, 


THE  LAW, 


389 


“ The  proprietor  shall  pay  to  the  contractor  for  the  full  and 
perfect  completion  of  this  contract,  the  sum  of  £ ; hut  if 

the  architect  shall  direct  any  addition  to,  or  omission  of,  or 
variation  from  the  works,  the  value  of  such  addition,  omission  or 
variation  shall  be  added  to  or  deducted  from  the  said  sum  of 
£ , as  provided  in  clause  8,  as  the  case  may  be,  and 

if  there  should  be  found  to  be  any  error  in  the  detailed  bills  of 
quantities  supplied,  such  error  shall  be  rectified  and  an  addition 
be  made  to  the  contractor  or  deducted  from  him  as  the  case  may 
be  in  respect  of  such  error.” 

Some  surveyors  use  a clause  like  the  following  in  the  prelimi- 
nary part  of  the  bills  of  quantities,  but  in  default  of  its  embodi- 
ment in  the  contract  it  is  questionable  whether  it  has  the  legal 
effect  desired. 

“ The  bills  of  quantities  will  form  the  basis  of  the  contract,  and 
duplicate  bills  will  be  supplied  to  the  contractor  whose  tender  is 
accepted  to  fill  in  the  prices  of  his  original  estimate,  and  extras 
and  omissions  will  be  valued  at  these  rates.”  That  the  clause  must 
be  specific  and  without  option  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  clauses 
in  Stevenson  v,  Watson  and  Young  v.  Blake,  upon  which  those 
actions  were  based. 

As  Mr.  Hudson  says  to  the  builder,  “ Unless  the  contract  pro- 
vides that  you  shall  only  perform  such  work  as  is  described  in 
the  quantities,  they  become  so  much  additional  description  which 
increases  your  liabilities  instead  of  reducing  them.” 

The  new  conditions  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Archi- 
tects do  not  admit  the  quantities  as  a part  of  the  contract. 

A properly  drawn  contract  in  which  the  quantities  are  adopted 
as  the  basis  of  the  contract,  will  operate  against  that  legal  prin- 
ciple that  a contract  to  do  a whole  work  involves  the  liability  of 
the  contractor  to  complete  it,  whatever  shortcomings  there  may  be 
in  the  drawings  and  specification. 

It  was  generally  supposed,  until  the  decision  in  Priestley  and 
Gurney  v.  Stone,  that  when  a contract  is  proceeded  with,  and 
the  builder  discovers  loss  consequent  upon  deficient  quantities,  the 
surveyor  is  liable  for  the  amount  of  such  loss. 

The  case  of  Priestley  and  another  v.  Stone,  4 T.L.R.  730,  is 
shortly  as  follows: — Tuke  wishing  to  build  a church,  employed 
Kelly  as  architect;  Kelly  instructed  Stone,  quantity  surveyor,  to 


39° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


prepare  quantities ; Stone  did  so,  and  sent  the  lithographed  copies 
to  Kelly,  who  issued  them.  Priestley  and  Gurney  tendered  thereon. 
The  tender,  after  being  reduced,  was  accepted.  The  drawings 
were  in  pencil  when  the  quantities  were  prepared  ; Kelly  finished 
the  drawings  and  added  others.  In  finishing  the  drawings  he 
materially  altered  them.  Priestley  alleged  that  the  quantities  were 
deficient,  and  sued  Stone  for  the  value  of  that  deficiency. 

Stone  says,  in  his  answer  to  interrogatories : — “ The  plan 
marked  B was  never  before  me  at  all.  When  I prepared  the  said 
quantities,  the  plans  C,  D,  E and  F were  before  me,  but  since 
they  left  my  hands  they  have  been  altered  in  several  particulars.” 
Mr.  Justice  Stephen  says,  in  commenting  on  the  evidence  of  the 
architect : — “ This  shows  that  the  design  is  altered  in  a material 
particular  after  the  quantities  were  taken  out ; that  alteration  in 
respect  of  the  plan  would  run  through  the  whole  estimate  and 
“ he  (the  architect)  said  he  had  to  alter  everything.”  At  some 
later  date  the  architect  wrote  the  specification.  He  included 
several  things  not  taken  in  bills  of  quantities,  elaborated  the  doors, 
and  practically  treated  the  quantities  as  non-existent.  Stone  was 
not  consulted  about  the  specification,  and  was  not  informed  of  the 
alterations  in  the  plans.  The  architect  advertised  for  tenders, 
quantities  to  be  obtained  from  him  on  payment.  Priestley  and 
Gurney’s  first  tender  was  3750Z. ; this  was  more  than  Tuke  wished 
to  spend.  Kelly,  Priestley  and  Gurney  then  revised  the  work 
without  Stone’s  assistance,  and  the  original  tender  was  reduced 
by  57  61.  Priestley  and  Gurney  state  that,  in  answer  to  their 
inquiries,  the  architect  said  that  the  drawings  and  specification 
were  those  from  which  the  quantities  had  been  prepared 

The  architect  inserted  a clause  in  the  contract  to  which  much 
reference  was  made  during  the  hearing.  This  Clause  XI.  says, 
“ The  contractor  will  be  allowed  the  opportunity,  and  must 
previously  to  signing  the  contract  examine  the  drawings  and 
specification  and  compare  them,  if  requested,  upon  the  site  with 
his  estimate,  so  as  to  satisfy  himself  that  his  price  includes  all  the 
works  and  materials  shown  or  described  in  the  specification  and 
drawings  which  constitute  the  contract,  as  no  departure  or  alter- 
ation will  be  allowed  to  be  made  from  or  in  his  tender  in  the 
event  of  any  error  therein  being  discovered,  however  arising.” 
As  to  this  clause  Mr.  Justice  Stephen  said  : — “ This  clause  shows 


THE  LAW. 


391 


that  the  building  owner  and  his  architect,  and  more  particularly 
the  architect,  were  well  aware  that  they  might  be  liable  for  the 
estimate  on  which  the  matter  was  based,  and  that  they  determined 
that  they  would  not  be  liable  but  would  throw  the  liability  upon 
the  builder  himself  by  the  express  terms  of  Clause  XI.  I can 
hardly  conceive  how  there  could  be  another  intention  than  that 
which  appears  to  me  to  be  plain  common  sense  in  itself,  that  the 
contract  is  between  the  owner  and  the  contractor,  and  that  the 
owner  will  not  be  liable  for  any  alterations  or  anything  there  may 
be  in  any  want  of  correctness  however  arising  which  has  taken 
place  in  the  early  stages  of  the  matter.” 

In  plaintiffs’  statement  of  claim  they  alleged  that  they  had 
suffered  damage  from  defendant’s  negligence  and  breach  of  duty  as 
a quantity  surveyor,  of,  and  for,  the  plaintiffs ; that  defendant,  in 
consideration  that  the  plaintiffs  would  agree  to  pay  him  his  stated 
charges  if  their  tender  was  accepted,  supplied  for  the  use  of 
plaintiffs  a bill  of  quantities,  and  defendant  represented  that  these 
quantities  would  be  sufficient  for  building  the  church  according  to 
plans  and  specification ; that  it  was  the  duty  of  defendant  to  use 
ordinary  care  and  skill  in  the  preparation  of  the  quantities,  as  he 
well  knew  that  the  tenders  would  be  based  on  the  quantities,  and 
that  if  they  were  insufficient,  loss  would  be  occasioned  to  the 
persons  tendering  ; that  defendant  warranted  the  accuracy  of  the 
quantities;  that  plaintiffs,  relying  on  defendant  having  used 
ordinary  care  and  skill,  and  on  his  warranty,  based  their  tender  on 
the  said  bills  of  quantities  and  entered  into  a contract  to  build  the 
church  according  to  said  plans  and  specification  for  the  amount  of 
their  tender,  which  contract  they  performed ; that  defendant  did 
not  use  ordinary  care  and  skill  in  the  preparation  of  the  said 
quantities,  and  did  not  correctly  set  forth  detailed  particulars  of  all 
works  and  materials  required  for  the  building  according  to  plans 
and  specification.  The  particulars  of  loss  were  set  forth  in  an 
accompanying  statement,  and  plaintiffs  claimed  689 1.  Stone,  in  his 
statement  of  defence,  denied  that  he  was  employed  by  plaintiffs  as 
quantity  surveyor.  He  stated  that  there  was  no  privity  of 
contract  between  plaintiffs  and  defendant,  and  defendant  did  not 
owe  the  plaintiffs  any  duty ; that  he  had  not  been  guilty  of 
negligence  or  breach  of  duty,  that  the  bill  of  quantities  was  not 
supplied  by  defendant  to  plaintiffs,  but  to  the  architect,  and  it  was 


392 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


not  supplied  in  consideration  that  plaintiffs  would  agree  to  pay 
defendant  therefor,  hut  in  consideration  that  the  building  owner 
would  cause  him  to  be  paid  the  amount  of  his  charges,  which  were 
fixed  by  an  agreement  made  with  the  architect ; he  denied  the 
warranty.  He  states  that  the  plaintiffs  did  not  rely  on  any 
representation  or  warranty  of  defendant,  but  did  rely  either  on 
their  own  investigation  or  upon  the  representation  of  the  architect ; 
that  he  did  use  ordinary  care  and  skill ; that  he  was  instructed  by 
the  architect  to  prepare  a bill  of  quantities  according  to  certain 
plans  supplied  by  the  architect,  and  according  to  certain  verbal 
instructions  given  by  the  architect;  that  the  architect  did  not 
supply  defendant  with  any  specification,  and  did  not  prepare  one 
until  after  the  bill  of  quantities  was  finished ; that  the  bill  of 
quantities  correctly  set  forth  the  particulars  of  all  work  and 
materials  required  according  to  the  said  plans  and  instructions ; 
that  after  defendant  had  delivered  the  bill  of  quantities  to  the 
architect,  several  alterations  were  made  in  the  works  of  the  intended 
building  and  in  the  said  plans  without  defendant  being  consulted 
thereon  ; that  the  total  amount  of  work  and  materials  in  the  bill  of 
quantities  is  not  less  than  the  total  amount  shown  to  be  necessary 
by  the  said  plans,  &c.,  handed  to  defendant  by  the  architect. 

In  his  answers  to  interrogatories,  Stone  refers  to  the  alterations 
in  the  drawings  and  the  absence  of  a specification.  He  explains  the 
omission  of  certain  stone  cores  to  cornices  and  iron  bond  as  arising 
from  express  instructions  by  the  architect  to  omit  them.  He 
denies  that  plaintiffs  arrived  at  the  amount  for  which  they  con- 
tracted by  simply  pricing  out  the  particulars  appearing  in  the  bill 
of  quantities,  and  says  that  before  they  contracted  to  do  the  work 
they  reduced  their  estimate  by  576/. ; but  in  what  way  the  reduc- 
tion took  place,  or  in  what  way  the  quantities  were  affected  by  that 
reduction,  he  cannot  say,  as  he  was  not  consulted  in  the  matter. 
He  entered  into  a detailed  explanation  of  many  alleged  omissions 
as  arising  from  the  alterations  in  the  drawings  or  from  entries  in 
the  specification  in  excess  of  the  verbal  instructions  given  to  him. 
He  admits  certain  trifling  omissions,  valued  in  all  at  about  12/.,  but 
claims  that  these  are  more  than  set  off  by  other  items  taken  in 
excess.  At  the  hearing  in  January  1888,  before  Mr.  Justice  Stephen, 
the  plaintiffs’  case  was  endeavoured  to  be  established  on  the  ground 
of  an  alleged  custom  of  the  trade  by  which  privity  of  contract 


THE  LAW. 


393 


between  plaintiffs  and  defendant  was  sought  to  be  established, 
and  also  on  the  ground  of  inaccurate  statement  of  facts,  i.e.  short 
quantities.  It  was  agreed  that  the  question  of  liability  only 
should  be  settled  by  the  Judge,  and  if  he  found,  on  the  question  of 
liability,  in  favour  of  the  plaintiffs,  the  details  of  the  alleged  de- 
ficiencies were  to  be  referred  to  arbitration.  Plaintiffs’  counsel 
were  heard  fully  on  the  custom  sought  to  be  established,  and  this 
custom  was  set  forth  as  follows  : — 

“ The  employment  is  originally  by  the  building  owner ; the 
quantity  surveyor  upon  that  employment  does  certain  things.  As 
soon  as  the  tender  of  the  successful  builder  is  accepted,  then  the 
liability  which  the  building  owner  was  under  to  pay  for  these 
quantities  shifts  to  the  builder.  The  builder  becomes  liable,  and 
then  there  is  a corresponding  liability  on  the  part  of  the  surveyor 
to  be  answerable  (to  the  builder)  for  any  negligence  in  the 
quantities.” 

This  is  the  custom  which  the  learned  counsel  for  the  plaintiffs, 
Mr.  Meadows  White,  Q.C.,  said  in  a paper  read  before  the  R.I.B.A. 
in  May  1888,  in  referring  to  this  case,  failed  to  be  established 
even  upon  the  evidence  of  the  first  witness  called  for  the  plain- 
tiffs. Having  heard  plaintiffs’  counsel  and  witness,  without  hearing 
the  defence,  Mr.  Justice  Stephen  gave  judgment.  His  Lordship 
said : — “ There  must  be  a non-suit ; there  are  substantially  two  points 
(1)  that  there  is  a contract,  (2)  that  there  was  misrepresentation. 
If  the  plaintiffs  are  under  a misrepresentation  or  Lave  anything  to 
complain  of  in  regard  to  the  quantities  which  they  acted  upon, 
they  must  go  against  either  the  building  owner  or  the  architect 
who  made  these  representations.  The  evidence  about  custom  on 
the  'tfhole  case  appears  to  me  not  only  unsatisfactory  and  vague  in 
itself,  but,  as  far  as  it  went,  was  rather  in  favour  of  the  defendant 
than  in  favour  of  the  plaintiffs.  Clause  XI.  is  intended  obviously 
to  put  ah  end  to  the  question.  Suppose  it  were  not  there : the 
man  who  made  the  estimate  (the  builder)  would  say,  I know  no- 
thing about  your  quantity  surveyor.  You  have  represented  to  me 
that  these  quantities  are  correct.  I made  my  estimate  from  these 
quantities ; I have  been  deceived;  you  must  pay  me  damages  because 
you  induced  me  by  false  representations  to  make  an  improvident 
tender.”  (His  Lordship  then  read  and  commented  on  Clause  XI., 
for  which  see  ante.)  “ The  quantity  surveyor,  if  he  did  anything 


394 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


wrong,  would  be  liable  to  bis  architect  and  the  building  owner  for 
any  damage  he  has  caused  to  them.  Apart  from  that  I cannot  see 
that  there  is  any  further  liability  unless  such  liability  can  be 
proved.”  (For  his  Lordship’s  remarks  as  to  the  alteration  of  the 
drawings  by  the  architect  see  ante.)  His  Lordship  further  said  : — 
“ If  the  architect  has  made  serious  alterations  after  the  estimate  is 
drawn  up,  it  shows  to  my  mind  clearly  that  the  representations 
made  by  it  might  very  well  be  the  representations  of  the  architect 
and  not  the  representations  of  the  quantity  surveyor,  because  they 
apply  to  different  things.  He  (the  architect)  said  he  had  to  alter 
everything.  It  is  impossible  to  say  that  the  representation  made 
to  the  contractor  is  the  same  representation  which  Stone  authorised 
the  architect  to  make  to  anybody,  and  therefore  I say  it  is  the 
architect’s  representation  and  not  Stone’s  representation,  and  the 
only  representation  from  Stone  is  a representation  to  the  architect 
for  which,  if  inaccurate,  or  if  the  architect  is  damaged  by  it,  he 
may  take  his  remedy.  Non-suit  with  costs.”  Judgment  was  then 
given  on  application,  without  comment,  for  Stone,  with  costs. 

The  plaintiffs  appealed.  The  appeal  was  heard  in  July  1888 
before  the  Master  of  the  Rolls,  Lord  Justice  Lindley  and  Lord 
Justice  Bowen.  The  builders’  case  was  argued.  Their  counsel 
relied  on  custom  and  misrepresentation.  As  to  custom,  it  was  that 
set  forth  at  length  in  noticing  the  hearing  in  the  Court  below. 
He  sought  to  prove  privity  by  custom  and  by  that  only.  It  was 
admitted  that  this  was  the  first  case  in  which  this  custom  had 
been  endeavoured  to  be  established  in  a superior  Court.  There 
was  no  reported  case  which  could  be  found  in  which  the  liability 
of  a quantity  surveyor  to  a builder  for  deficient  quantities  had 
been  established.  This  drew  from  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  the 
remark — “ You  are  seeking  to  prove  custom.  You  say  you  prove 
a well-known  custom,  and  nobody  has  ever  heard  of  a case.” 
After  much  pressure  the  learned  counsel  had  to  admit  that  as  to 
custom  his  case  was  gone.  He  then  relied  on  “ the  holding  out 
these  things  as  correct.”  He  said  : — “ I ask  you  to  say  that  the 
relationship  existing  between  the  surveyor  and  the  builder  is  such 
that  the  quantity  surveyor  if  negligent  is  liable  to  the  builder.” 
He  cited  various  cases  bearing  collaterally  on  the  question,  some 
of  which  were  read  at  length,  but  he  was  met  at  all  points  by  the 
Court — “ There  is  no  fraud  here,  no  allegations  of  fraud.  You 


THE  LAW. 


395 


should  have  said,  ‘ I am  going  to  show  not  only  that  there  were 
mistakes,  but  that  they  were  so  reckless  and  careless  as  to  amount 
to  fraud/  The  surveyor  may  have  been  negligent  as  against 
the  architect,  but  the  question  is  whether  he  owed  any  duty  to 
all  the  world  of  builders/’  Their  Lordships  gave  judgment,  dis- 
missing the  appeal  without  hearing  the  counsel  for  the  defence. 
The  Master  of  the  Rolls  said  in  his  judgment : — “ This  is  a contract 
between  the  architect  and  the  man  who  takes  out  the  quantities  ; 
the  architect  employs  that  man,  and  he  has  to  pay  that  man ; 
therefore  the  contract,  if  any,  is  between  the  architect  and  that 
man,  or  between  whoever  is  the  principal  of  the  architect,  and 
that  is  the  only  contract.  There  is  no  evidence  of  negligence  in 
the  way  of  taking  out  the  quantities — none  whatever.  It  is  true 
that  negligence  is  evidence  of  fraud,  that  we  are  all  agreed  upon ; 
some  people  call  it  fraud  and  some  evidence  of  fraud,  but  there 
was  none  here,  because  it  was  arranged  that  the  question  of  how 
great  the  errors  were,  or  what  the  errors  were,  was  to  be  left 
until  after  the  liability  was  decided  by  the  Judge ; then  those  who 
agreed  to  that,  if  they  wanted  to  rely  upon  the  amount  of  error  as 
showing  gross  negligence  and  reckless  statement,  ought  to  have 
presented  that,  because  that  is  the  question  upon  which  liability 
depends.  There  is  no  evidence  upon  which  the  learned  Judge 
could  be  asked  to  find  anything  against  the  defendant.”  Lord 
Justice  Lindley  said — “ The  action  was  brought  upon  two  grounds, 
firstly  that  there  was  some  sort  of  contract  between  plaintiffs 
and  defendant.  That  breaks  down.  There  is  no  contract  between 
the  two,  and  the  alleged  custom  which  was  relied  upon  as  estab- 
lishing such  a contract  was  not  proved.  If  the  custom  had  been 
proved  I do  not  know  whether  it  would  be  good  for  anything.” 
His  Lordship  then  referred  to  the  case  of  Bradburn  v.  Foley.  This 
was  an  agricultural  case  in  which  some  custom  was  proved  as 
between  an  outgoing  tenant  and  the  landlord,  by  which  the  in- 
coming tenant,  although  not  a party  to  the  arrangement  between 
the  others,  was  to  be  bound.  It  was  referred  to  during  the 
argument  before  the  judgment,  with  a remark,  ‘ That  custom 
would  bring  two  people  together  who  had  never  been  together  at 
all,  and  such  a custom  must  be  bad.”  His  lordship  continued : — 
“ This  custom  has  not  been  established  as  a fact,  and  if  it  were, 
that  authority  (Bradburn  v.  Foley)  goes  to  show  that  custom  is 


396  QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 

nothing  and  there  is  no  contract.  The  second  ground  was  that 
Stone  made  a negligent  representation  to  plaintiffs  in  order  that 
plaintiffs  might  act  upon  it,  and  that  that  being  the  case,  the 
representation  having  been  made  and  the  plaintiffs  having  suffered 
damage,  they  are  entitled  to  maintain  an  action  in  order  to  prove 
that*  suggestion.  Look  at  the  facts.  The  quantity  surveyor  is 
employed  by  the  architect  and  the  architect  acts  as  agent  for  the 
building  owner ; at  all  events  a quantity  surveyor  is  not  employed 
by  a builder,  although  it  appears  to  be  customary  that  the  success- 
ful builder  shall  pay  the  surveyor.  These  quantities  are  supposed 
to  be  made  with  reference  to  the  instructions  given  at  the  time, 
and  suppose  that  after  quantities  were  taken  out  they  desired  to 
change  the  design,  and  yet  the  architect  laid  the  quantities  before 
the  builders  with  the  design,  how  is  this  to  be  turned  into  a re- 
presentation by  the  surveyor  to  the  builder  that  the  quantities 
taken  out  are  applicable  to  the  changed  state  of  things  ? Under 
the  circumstances  there  is  absolutely  no  proof  of  want  of  possible 
care,  or  anything  that  should  make  the  action  stand.”  Lord  Justice 
Bowen  said : — “ This  action  is  without  any  precedent.  In  this 
case  there  are  two  fatal  difficulties,  (1)  there  is  no  privity  between 
the  builder  and  the  surveyor  ; and  ( 2 ) there  can  be  no  duty  out 
of  which  the  supposed  liability  arises,  because  whatever  duty 
there  is  must  be  a duty  arising  out  of  the  relations  between  the 
two,  and  if  there  is  no  privity  between  the  two,  there  really  is  no 
responsibility.  However,  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  surveyor 
made  a statement  which  is  a misstatement,  knowing  it  is  to  be 
handed  on  to  a third  person,  and  therefore  is  liable  to  the  third 
person  provided  the  case  comes  within  the  doctrine  of  false  repre- 
sentation, as  in  the  case  of  Peek  v.  Derry.  But  all  the  surveyor 
does  is  to  represent  that  these  are  his  quantities,  which  he  believes 
to  be  accurate.  As  to  that  being  false  representation,  how  can  you 
say  that  any  amount  of  negligence  on  his  part  in  taking  it  out, 
unless  it  amounted  to  recklessness,  any  amount  of  negligence, 
unless  it  was  so  gross  as  to  raise  a suspicion  of  fraud,  in  which  case 
it  would  be  evidence  of  fraud,  makes  it  fraudulent  ? But  mere 
negligence  would  not  make  the  representations  fraudulent,  evidence 
of  negligence  in  the  quantities  is  not  enough  to  render  him  liable 
towards  the  builder,  because  there  is  no  privity,  no  duty  between 
them,  and  iv  the  absence  of  misrepresentation  thero  is  no  liability.” 


THE  LAW. 


397 


The  rights  of  the  quantity  surveyor,  in  the  absence  of  express 
agreement,  are  as  follows  : — 

The  architect  having  disclosed  building  owner’s  name  (that 
name  on  the  drawings  and  specification  being  sufficient),  and 
having  been  instructed  to  obtain  tenders,  is,  by  that  instruction, 
empowered  to  have  the  quantities  prepared.  If  the  work  goes  on, 
the  contractor  is  liable  to  the  surveyor  for  his  charges  by  virtue 
of  custom  of  the  trade.  If  the  work  does  not  go  on,  the  building 
owner  is  liable ; settled  by  decision  in  the  case  of  Moon  v. 
Guardians  of  Witney  Union. 

3 Bingham,  New  Cases,  page  814,  which  is  shortly  as  follows  : — 

Kempthorne,  architect  to  the  guardians,  prepared  plans  and 
specification,  and  instructed  Moon  to  prepare  quantities.  The 
drawings  and  specification  were  deposited  with  the  clerk  to  the 
guardians,  with  a copy  of  instructions  for  the  builders,  which  ran 
thus : — “ The  builders  desirous  of  contracting  for  the  erection  of 
the  Witney  workhouse  are  informed  that  the  quantities  of  the 
works  are  now  being  taken  out  for  their  use,  and  will  be  ready  by 
the  28th  inst.  Builders  requiring  a copy  of  the  same  are  requested 
to  leave  their  names,  with  the  sum  of  21.  2s.,  at  Mr.  Kempthome’s 
office  or  at  Mr.  Leake’s,  Clerk  to  the  Union,  Witney,  before  26th 
inst.  The  successful  competitor  will  have  to  defray  the  expenses 
of  taking  out  the  quantities,  the  charge  for  which  will  be  stated 
at  the  foot  of  the  bill  of  quantities  when  delivered.”  A dispute 
arose  between  Kempthorne  and  the  guardians,  and  they  refused  to 
go  on  with  the  work.  Kempthorne  sent  in  his  bill  with  Moon’s 
bill  appended.  They  paid  Kempthorne’s  bill,  and  refused  to  pay 
Moon’s  charges.  They  had  never  heard  of  Moon  till  the  account 
was  delivered.  Moon  proved  the  usage  for  architects  to  employ 
surveyors  to  prepare  quantities,  and  that  the  successful  contractor 
included  the  charge  in  the  amount  of  his  tender.  The  jury  gave 
a verdict  for  the  plaintiff. 

A rule  nisi  was  obtained  to  set  aside  this  verdict  and  enter  a 
non-suit,  or  to  have  a new  trial,  on  the  grounds  that  no  privity 
had  been  established  between  the  plaintiff  and  defendants,  that 
the  usage  "was  not  binding  on  defendants,  and  that  the  usage  had 
not  been  sufficiently  proved.  The  judges  held  that  the  defendants 
were  liable. 

Lord  Chief  Justice  Tindal  said  : — 


398 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


“ The  question  was  whether  Kempthorne,  as  agent  for  the 
defendants,  had  any  authority  to  bind  them  in  a contract  with 
plaintiff.” 

“ The  jury  found  that  there  was  a usage  in  the  trade  for 
architects  or  builders  to  have  their  quantities  made  out  by  sur- 
veyors. Then  the  defendants  themselves  had  an  intimation  that 
such  was  the  practice,  for  Kempthorne  wrote  to  Leake,  the  defen- 
dants’ attorney,  and  Leake  gave  out  that  the  successful  competitor 
should  defray  the  expenses  of  taking  out  the  quantities.  If  this  was 
to  be  so,  what  was  to  be  the  result  if  by  the  defendants’  fault  there 
was  no  successful  competitor,  because  there  was  no  competitor  at 
all  ? In  such  a case  the  defendants  must  be  liable  for  the  amount  of 
a charge  which  they  have  authorised  their  builder  to  incur.” 

“ Then,  when,  upon  their  refusal  to  proceed,  Kempthorne  sent 
in  his  account,  comprehending  the  charge  for  the  surveyor,  they 
had  express  notice  of  the  existence  of  the  charge.  They  came  to 
an  agreement  with  Kempthorne  in  respect  of  his  own  demand, 
to  pay  a sum  which  could  not  comprehend  the  plaintiff’s  charge, 
and  their  conduct  upon  that  occasion  was  a recognition  of  the 
claim  which  they  did  not  settle  or  object  to.” 

“ It  is  contended,  on  behalf  of  the  defendants,  that  a contract 
cannot  shift  so  as  to  have  two  different  parties  liable  to  the 
plaintiff  at  the  same  time ; that  may  be  so  in  some  cases,  but  the 
difficulty  is  got  over  here  by  considering  this  a conditional 
contract,  a contract  under  which  it  was  arranged  that  the  expenses 
of  making  out  the  quantities  should  be  paid  by  the  successful 
competitor,  if  any,  but  if  by  the  act  of  defendants  there  should 
be  no  competitor,  then  that  the  work  which  was  done  by  their 
authority  should  be  paid  for  by  them.” 

Gwyther  v.  Gaze  is  a case  of  similar  bearing.  Queen’s  Bench 
Nisi  Prius,  reported  in  the  ‘Times,’  8th  February,  1875. 

Gaze  wished  to  build  a warehouse,  and  instructed  Sayward, 
an  architect,  to  prepare  plans.  Sayward  instructed  Gwyther  to 
prepare  quantities.  Three  tenders  were  sent  in  upon  the  quantities, 
none  of  which  were  accepted.  Afterwards  the  building  was 
proceeded  with  on  Sayward’s  plans,  the  height  of  the  building 
being  reduced.  The  builder  employed  was  not  one  of  those  who 
first  tendered,  and  was  paid  as  the  work  proceeded.  Gwyther 
afterwards  sent  in  his  account  to  the  building  owner,  charging  2J 


THE  LAW. 


399 


per  cent,  on  the  lowest  of  the  three  tenders.  Mr.  Justice  Quain 
thought  2J  per  cent.,  where  no  tender  was  accepted,  an  unreason- 
able charge. 

Defendant  asserted  that  the  architect  had  only  a limited 
authority,  that  he  was  told  that  the  defendant  had  engaged  a 
builder,  so  that  there  would  be  no  necessity  to  take  out  the 
quantities  to  enable  builders  to  tender.  His  Lordship  left  it  to 
the  jury  to  say  whether  the  architect’s  authority  was  not  limited 
in  the  way  stated  by  the  defendant,  and  told  them  if  it  was  not 
limited  the  defendant  was  liable  to  pay  the  plaintiff  a reasonable 
remuneration  for  taking  out  the  quantities.  The  jury  returned 
a verdict  for  plaintiff.  It  was  agreed  that  his  Lordship  should 
assess  the  damages,  which  he  did  at  the  rate  of  1 J per  cent,  on  the 
lowest  of  the  three  tenders. 

Mr.  Justice  Quain’s  artless  remark  may  be  noted.  As  soon  as  a 
quantity  surveyor  issues  his  bill  his  work  is  done,  and  the  amount 
of  the  charge  should  not  be  reduced. 

Waghorn  v.  Wimbledon  Local  Board  of  Health,  Queen’s  Bench 
Nisi  Prius,  reported  in  the  ‘Times,’  June  4th,  1877,  introduced  a 
somewhat  different  element. 

The  defendants  are  by  statute  the  burial  board  as  well  as  local 
board  for  the  district  of  Wimbledon. 

Defendants,  at  a meeting  of  the  board,  passed  a resolution 
which  embodied  instructions  to  their  surveyor,  Rowell,  to  prepare 
plans  and  specification  and  procure  tenders  for  the  erection  of  a 
cemetery  chapel. 

Rowell  prepared  the  drawings  and  specification  and  instructed 
Waghorn,  quantity  surveyor,  to  prepare  quantities ; these  were  sent 
to  the  builders  in  the  usual  way,  and  builders  tendered  upon  them. 
The  estimate  being  beyond  what  the  board  desired  to  spend,  none 
of  the  tenders  were  accepted,  and  they  refused  to  pay  Waghorn  s 
charges.  The  defendants  pleaded  that  they  never  authorised 
Rowell  to  employ  plaintiff. 

His  Lordship  ruled  that  as  they  had  instructed  him  to  procure 
tenders,  and  as  tenders  could  not  be  made  without  quantities,  they 
had  impliedly  authorised  him  to  get  the  quantities  taken  out. 

It  was  then  submitted  that  the  defendants,  being  a corporation, 
could  only  contract  under  seal,  and  there  being  no  contract  under  seal 
here,  the  plaintiff  could  not  recover.  His  Lordship  ruled  that  as 


400 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


the  defendants  had,  by  resolution,  impliedly  authorised  Rowell  to 
get  the  quantities  taken  out,  and  had  the  benefit  of  the  work 
which  had  been  done,  their  objection  was  not  tenable. 

Judgment  was  accordingly  entered  for  the  plaintiff  for  the 
amount  claimed. 

Taylor  v.  Hall,  Irish.  Law  Reports  4,  Common  Law,  467 
(1869-70),  illustrates  another  point  which  arises  not  infrequently. 

Walsh,  building  owner,  wished  to  make  alterations  to  his 
house,  and  communicated  with  Hall,  a builder,  who  prepared  a 
plan  and  estimate.  Walsh,  being  dissatisfied  therewith,  instructed 
Fogarty,  architect,  to  prepare  drawings  and  specification,  and 
obtain  tenders.  Fogarty  instructed  Taylor,  quantity  surveyor,  to 
prepare  quantities ; these  were  sent  to  builders,  one  of  whom  was 
Hall.  Hall’s  tender  was  the  lowest,  but  greatly  in  excess  of  the 
amount  Walsh  desired  to  spend.  Taylor  thereupon  prepared  a bill 
of  reductions  and  sent  it  to  Hall,  who  modified  his  estimate ; the 
amount  of  this  reduced  estimate  was  also  too  large,  and  was  not 
accepted.  At  an  interview,  shortly  after  this,  Taylor  cautioned 
Hall  that  if  he  obtained  the  work  on  any  modified  plan,  he  would 
still  be  liable  for  the  charges.  Hall  answered  that  he  would  feel 
himself  liable  and  would  apprise  Mr.  Walsh  of  it. 

Walsh  then  employed  Hall  to  carry  out  a modification  of  his 
original  plan  under  a contract  by  which  it  was  agreed  between  the 
owner  and  Hall  that  the  latter  should  not  be  liable  for  Taylor’s 
charges. 

Taylor  thereupon  brought  an  action  against  Hall  for  the 
charges,  maintaining  that  the  plan  adopted  was  a mere  modifica- 
tion of  Fogarty’s  reduced  plan. 

Taylor’s  witnesses  stated  that  there  was  the  strongest  similarity 
between  the  work  as  carried  out  and  Fogarty’s  reduced  plan. 

Hall’s  foreman  stated  that  the  works  were  carried  out  according 
to  a reduction  of  Hall’s  original  plan,  and  that  Taylor’s  calculations 
were  not  used  to  produce  the  accepted  tender. 

Chief  Justice  Monahan  said  that,  according  to  the  usage  of  the 
trade,  if  the  owner  discarded  the  architect’s  plan  he  was  liable  to 
the  surveyor,  the  architect  having  the  express  or  implied  authority 
of  the  owner  to  employ  him ; that  the  builder  who  carried  out  the 
new  plan,  though  he  might  have  tendered  under  the  old  plan,  was 
not  liable  if  he  did  not  use  the  surveyor’s  calculations ; and  that 


THE  LAW. 


401 


the  contract  here  not  being  any  modification  or  continuation  of  the 
original  contract  which  was  in  negotiation  with  defendant,  but  an 
entirely  new,  independent  contract  by  the  present  defendant  in 
his  own  right,  he  was  not  liable,  the  uncontradicted  evidence  of 
his  foreman,  who  acted  for  him,  being  that  the  plaintiff's  calcula- 
tions were  not  used. 

Held  that  Taylor  could  not  recover. 

In  this  last  case  the  agreement  made  by  Walsh  with  Hall  did 
not  affect  the  decision,  nor  did  Walsh  by  that  agreement  make 
himself  liable,  for  he  was  already  liable,  and  the  action  should 
have  been  brought  against  him. 

In  cases  of  measuring  extras  and  omissions,  the  builder  is  liable 
for  the  charges,  and  on  the  same  principles,  the  charges  being 
usually  added  to  the  builder’s  account. 

All  the  foregoing  cases  derived  their  force  from  custom  of  the 
trade.  The  following  cases  depend  upon  special  arrangements 
which  nullified  the  effect  of  custom. 

If  an  architect  instructs  a surveyor  to  prepare  quantities,  not 
disclosing  his  client’s  name,  or  acting  without  his  client’s  authority 
to  obtain  tenders,  or  having  made  an  arrangement  with  his  client 
to  prepare  drawings,  specification  and  quantities  for  a given  sum, 
he  thereby  makes  himself  personally  liable  for  the  charges,  and  the 
architect  may  so  act  as  to  give  strong  reasons  for  the  assumption 
that  he  has  made  a personal  contract  by  his  acts,  as,  for  instance, 
paying  money  on  account  of  the  work. 

A case  in  point  is  as  follows  : — 

Burnell  v.  Ellis,  Common  Pleas,  a short  report  of  which  may  bo 
found  in  the  ‘Times,’  25th  June,  1866,  and  the  ‘Builder,’  30th 
June,  1866,  the  substance  of  which  is  as  follows  : — 

Ellis,  architect,  was  employed  to  prepare  plans  and  specification 
for  an  hcttel  and  stables  proposed  to  be  erected  by  a company.  He 
employed  Burnell,  surveyor,  to  prepare  quantities.  The  estimates 
being  higher  than  was  expected,  the  intention  of  erecting  the 
buildings  was  abandoned.  Plaintiff  said  his  charges  were  100Z., 
but  as  the  work  did  not  go  on,  and  defendant  did  not  expect  to  get 
all  he  was  entitled  to,  he  asked  plaintiff  to  reduce  his  charge  ; this 
he  did,  agreeing  to  take  50Z.  The  evidence  showed  that  defendant 
had  paid  plaintiff  10Z.  10s.,  which  plaintiff  asserted  was  on  account, 
and  which  defendant  said  was  a loan,  and  further,  that  the 

2 D 


402 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


plaintiff  was  engaged  to  do  the  work  by  Hall,  a builder,  and  that 
it  was  understood  that  he  was  to  look  to  the  company  for 
payment. 

The  jury  found  a verdict  for  the  plaintiff. 

Another  case  bearing  upon  this  part  of  the  question  is — 

Richardson  and  Waghorn  v.  Beales  and  others.  Common  Pleas, 
Nisi  Prius.  Reported  in  the  * Times,’  June  29th,  1867. 

Beales  and  other  gentlemen  formed  themselves  into  a committee 
to  establish  a club,  to  be  called  the  New  Reform  Club,  and  obtained 
designs  in  limited  competition  for  the  building.  Porter,  architect, 
was  the  successful  competitor.  Porter  instructed  Richardson  and 
Waghorn,  quantity  surveyors,  to  prepare  quantities.  Tenders 
were  obtained.  The  amount  being  too  large,  the  intention  of 
building  was  abandoned.  Richardson  and  Waghorn  applied  to  the 
committee  for  their  charges,  and  payment  being  refused,  brought 
their  action. 

The  architect,  on  being  examined,  stated  that  he  had  received 
a communication  from  the  committee  informing  him  that  his  design 
was  accepted,  and  desiring  him  to  get  in  tenders  provided  he  did 
not  pledge  the  liability  of  the  committee  in  so  doing. 

The  Lord  Chief  Justice  expressed  a strong  opinion  that  this 
letter  put  plaintiffs  out  of  court,  and  that  the  architect  was  the 
proper  person  to  be  sued,  but  said  he  would  leave  the  evidence  to 
the  jury. 

Upon  this  plaintiff’s  counsel  elected  to  be  non-suited. 

The  following  case  was  an  action  against  a building  owner  for 
deficient  quantities. 

Scrivener  and  another  v.  Pask,  Law  Reports  1,  Common  Pleas, 
715. 

The  circumstances  were  as  follows  : — 

Pask,  desiring  to  build  a house,  employed  Paice  to  prepare  plans 
and  specification  and  obtain  tenders.  Paice  prepared  quantities 
(thus  placing  himself  in  the  position  of  quantity  surveyor). 
Scrivener  tendered  on  these  quantities.  His  tender  was  accepted, 
and  he  paid  Paice  his  charges.  The  quantities  proved  deficient, 
and  Scrivener  sued  Pask  for  the  amount  of  the  deficiency. 

Justice  Blackburn  said : — 

“ To  entitle  the  plaintiffs  to  recover  they  must  make  out  three 
things  : That  Paice  was  defendant’s  agent ; that  Paice  was  guilty 


THE  LAW. 


403 


of  fraud  or  misrepresentation  ; and  that  the  defendant  knew  of  it 
and  sanctioned  it.  There  is  no  evidence  here  of  either  of  these 
things.  If  there  has  been  misconduct  upon  the  part  of  Paice  the 
plaintiffs  have  their  remedy  against  him.” 

Prima  facie , an  architect  who  supplies  quantities  for  his  own 
works  is  in  a like  position  with  the  independent  quantity  surveyor, 
hut  the  question  is  nearly  always  complicated  by  somo  provision  of 
the  contract  between  building  owner  and  builder. 

The  quantity  surveyor  is  bound  to  furnish  a copy  of  dimensions 
to  the  person  who  pays  him,  but  the  copying  must  be  paid  for. 
But  if  the  surveyor  refuses,  there  is  no  way  of  compelling  him  to 
supply  them  but  by  bringing  action,  when  they  would  be  obtained 
by  the  usual  notice  to  produce. 

The  responsibilities  of  the  quantity  surveyor  in  cases  of  express 
agreement  are  dependent  upon  such  agreements,  and  are  conse- 
quently various. 

When  the  building  owner  arranges  to  pay  the  quantity 
surveyor’s  charges,  the  quantity  surveyor  is  liable  to  the  building 
owner  for  the  value  of  any  error. 

Sometimes  the  building  owner  stipulates  that  the  surveyor  shall 
also  be  liable  to  the  builder  for  inaccuracies. 

An  architect  who  prepares  quantities  under  a similar  arrange- 
ment places  himself  in  the  position  of  the  independent  quantity 
surveyor. 

A surveyor  acting  as  an  appraiser,  as  in  valuing  dilapidations, 
should  have  an  appraiser’s  license. 

Mr.  Arthur  Cates,  in  the  course  of  a debate  upon  the  paper 
“ Quantities  and  Quantity  Practice,”  at  the  Surveyors’  Institution 
(April  12,  1880),  read  a series  of  propositions  which  very  clearly 
expressed  the  then  generally  received  conclusions  as  to  the  custom 
and  practice  of  quantity  surveyors.  Most  of  the  clauses  are  based 
on  legal  decisions  and  are  still  admitted. 

1.  That,  when  tenders  are  required  from  a number  of  builders 
for  the  erection  of  a building,  it  is  essential  that  bills  ot  quantities 
should  be  prepared,  in  order  that  each  of  them  may  make  his 
tender  on  identically  the  same  basis. 

2.  That,  in  the  absence  of  special  instructions  to  the  contrary, 
it  is  the  duty  of  the  architect  to  make  the  necessary  arrangements 
for  the  providing  of  such  bills  of  quantities. 

2 d 2 


404 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


3.  That,  for  this  purpose,  the  architect  is  the  agent  of  his  client, 
and  the  client  is  hound  by  his  acts,  whether  cognisant  or  not  of 
them  or  of  the  custom. 

Moore  v.  Guardians  Witney  Union  ; Richardson  and  Waghorn 
v.  Beales  and  others  ; Gwyther  v.  Gaze. 

4.  That,  until  a tender  is  accepted,  the  client  is  liable  to  the 
surveyor  so  appointed  by  the  architect  for  the  amount  of  his  com- 
mission, and  the  expenses  incurred. 

5.  That,  on  the  acceptance  of  a bond  fide  tender,  the  liability  to 
the  surveyor  shifts  from  the  client  to  the  builder ; the  surveyor 
accepts  the  builder  as  responsible  to  him,  and  his  right  of  claim 
against  the  client  ceases. 

Young  v.  Smith ; North  v.  Bassett,  see  also  conditions  of 
contract  R.I.B.A.,  clause  14. 

6.  That  if  the  work  is  abandoned  before  a tender  is  accepted, 
the  client  pays  the  surveyor ; if  after,  the  accepted  builder  pays, 
and  has  his  remedy  against  the  client. 

7.  That,  as  a matter  of  convenience,  it  is  the  custom  that  the 
architect  should  include,  and  it  is  an  obligation  on  the  architect  so 
to  include,  in  his  first  certificate  such  reasonable  charges  and 
expenses  of  the  surveyor ; but  the  liability  of  the  builder  is  not 
affected  by  this  practice,  and  commences  immediately  on  the 
acceptance  of  his  tender. 

8.  That  a surveyor  employed  directly  and  solely  by  the  builder, 
without  the  intervention  or  concurrence  of  the  architect,  has  no 
claim  against  the  client,  and  must  look  for  payment  to  those  who 
employed  him,  and  on  whose  instructions  he  acted. 

9.  That  there  are  circumstances  under  which  an  architect  may 
make  himself  personally  liable  to  a surveyor,  but  they  are  of 
infrequent  occurrence,  and  are  not  likely  to  arise  with  architects  of 
any  standing  or  repute. 

Richardson  and  Waghorn  v.  Beales  and  others. 

10.  That  the  surveyor  is  liable  to  the  builder  for  proved 
inaccuracies  or  deficiences  in  the  quantities,  and  it  is  an  obligation 
on  him  to  prepare  his  quantities  with  the  utmost  care  and  accuracy, 
that  the  client  may  not  suffer  by  excess  or  the  builder  by  want 
therein,  and  to  fulfil  his  important  duties  with  the  strictest  honour 
and  integrity. 

Priestley  v.  Stone. 


THE  LAW. 


405 


Although  this  responsibility  for  accuracy  may  be  admitted,  it 
is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  currently  professed  readiness  to  pay 
for  deficiencies  is  to  be  taken  quite  literally ; it  is  a question  of 
degree.  Many  surveyors  who  in  such  a case  pay  for  a deficiency  of 
a small  amount,  are  not  to  be  depended  upon  to  pay  a very  large 
one.  They  would,  as  is  most  frequent,  endeavour  to  make  terms  with 
the  building  owner  or  his  architect.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
although  a given  item  may  have  been  omitted  from  the  quantities, 
the  building  owner  should  not  in  justice  accept  it  without  paying 
for  it,  as  he  will  do  if  the  quantity  surveyor  pays.  If  the  building 
owner,  however,  should  prove  unkind,  the  builder  should  show 
that  he  sustains  loss  on  the  whole  contract  from  the  surveyor’s 
fault ; he  should  allow  as  set-off  to  his  claim  any  excess  that  may  be 
discovered  in  the  quantities,  and  he  certainly  should  be  satisfied 
with  the  cost  price  of  the  work  in  question. 

The  case  of  Priestley  and  Stone  appears  to  dispose  of  the  princi- 
ples of  any  legal  obligation  to  the  builder  for  deficient  quantities, 
except  in  cases  of  gross  negligence  or  fraud — allegations  very 
difficult  to  prove. 

But  the  moral  obligation  to  the  builder  has  been  generally 
admitted  by  quantity  surveyors,  and  is  not  altered  by  this  decision. 
Various  suggestions  have  since  been  made  with  the  view  of 
defining  more  clearly  the  obligations  of  the  surveyor. 

Mr.  Hudson  suggests  several  ways  (Professional  Notes,  Sur- 
veyors’ Institution,  vol.  iii.,  p.  105)  : — 

The  builder  in  order  to  protect  himself  has  four  courses  open, 

(a)  To  employ  his  own  quantity  surveyor,  so  that  the  quantity 
surveyor  shall  owe  him  a duty,  or 

( b ) To  take  a proper  guarantee  from  the  quantity  surveyor 
with  the  building  owner’s  consent,  supported  by  some  considera- 
tion (but  this  arrangement  would  not  relieve  the  quantity  surveyor 
from  liability  to  the  building  owner  or  architect  who  employed 
him),  or 

(<•)  To  enter  into  a conditional  agreement  with  building 
owner  and  quantity  surveyor,  that  in  the  event  of  the  builder  s 
tender  being  accepted,  the  quantity  surveyor  shall  be  paid  by 
him  and  be  considered  as  employed  by  him  instead  of  by  the 
building  owner,  so  far  as  it  is  necessary  to  render  the  quantity 
surveyor  liable  to  him  for  any  inaccuracies  in  the  quantities,  or 


406 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


(d)  To  refuse  to  tender  unless  a quantity  surveyor  whom  he 
can  trust  is  employed,  and  then  take  the  risk  of  inaccuracies. 

Mr.  J.  Hayward  Studwick  (Professional  Notes,  Surveyors’ 
Institution,  vol.  iii.  p.  107). 

“ That  the  quantity  surveyor  is  responsible  for  the  general  accu- 
racy of  his  signed  bills  of  quantities  (where  privity  exists)  scarcely 
admits  of  doubt,  and  I think  he  is  responsible  equally  to  the 
builder  for  deficiency  and  to  the  building  owner  for  excess,  privity 
being  ensured  by  the  retainer  in  the  one  case,  and  by  the  surveyor 
himself  sending  to  the  builder  his  signed  bills  of  quantities  in  the 
other. 

The  question  is,  how  can  this  he  best  effected  so  as  to  satisfy  the 
reasonable  requirements  both  of  the  building  owner  and  of  the 
builder. 

The  Surveyors’  Institution  is  a corporate  body,  and  it  seems  to 
me  that  it  should  by  a resolution  in  council  declare  that  the  names  of 
surveyors  who  undertake  to  become  responsible  for  their  signed 
bills  of  quantities  could  be  enrolled  at  the  Institution,  the  precise 
terms  of  the  responsibility  undertaken  to  be  legally  expressed  in 
clear  and  definite  language  and  signed  by  the  applicants,  the  sole 
condition  of  enrolment  to  be  that  the  surveyor  should  have  been 
in  practice  for  a prescribed  period. 

It  may  be  said  that  the  enrolment  suggested  would  not  add  to 
the  legal  liability  for  negligence  to  which  surveyors  and  others  are 
already  subject ; but  the  effect  would  be  to  indicate  by  the  sur- 
veyor’s own  act  and  in  a marked  manner  the  bonajides  of  the  person 
so  enrolled,  and  to  show  their  willingness  to  submit  themselves  to 
such  existing  liability  rather  than  resort  to  technicalities  to 
repudiate  it.” 

The  folly  of  accepting  quantities  prepared  by  the  architect  to 
the  building  without  making  them  a part  of  the  contract,  is 
forcibly  shown  by  Stevenson  v.  Watson  and  Young  v.  Blake. 

In  both  these  cases  the  builders  assumed  that  the  quantities 
were  a part  of  the  contract. 

The  responsibilities  of  the  independent  quantity  surveyor  are 
pretty  clearly  defined,  those  of  the  architect  who  prepares  quan- 
tities for  his  own  works  are  not  so  clear. 

The  facts  of  the  case  first  mentioned  are  briefly  as  follows : — 

Watson,  architect,  prepared  plans  and  specification  and  sup- 


THE  LAW. 


407 


plied  quantities  for  the  public  hall  at  Nottingham ; Stevenson, 
builder,  tendered  for  the  work,  and  his  tender  was  accepted.  The 
contract  was  as  follows  : — 

“ The  said  Richard  Stevenson  and  Field  Weston  agree  to  erect 
and  build  for  the  said  company,  upon  a certain  piece  of  land 
situate  in  North  Circus  Street,  in  the  town  of  Nottingham,  the 
temperance  hall,  according  to  the  drawings,  general  conditions  of 
contract,  and  bills  of  quantities,  now  produced  and  signed  by  the 
parties  hereto,  and  intended  to  form  parts  of  the  agreement,  and 
shall  and  will  finish  and  complete  the  said  temperance  hall  in  such 
manner  and  of  such  materials,  and  within  such  time  as  is  provided 
by  the  said  general  conditions  of  contract  and  bills  of  quantities, 
and  according  to  the  said  drawings ; and,  further,  that  they,  the 
said  Richard  Stevenson  and  Field  Weston,  will  well  and  truly 
observe  and  perform  all  and  every  the  said  conditions  and  stipula- 
tions contained  in  the  said  general  conditions  of  contract  on  the 
part  of  the  contractors  required  to  be  observed  and  performed ; 
and  in  consideration  thereof  the  said  company  to  pay  unto  the 
said  Richard  Stevenson  and  Field  Weston  the  sum  of  13,560Z.,  in 
the  manner  set  forth  in  the  said  general  conditions  of  contract,  and 
in  other  respects  to  perform  and  keep  the  conditions  and  stipula- 
tions of  the  said  general  conditions  of  contract,  so  far  as  the  same 
on  their  part  is  or  ought  to  be  performed  and  kept.” 

The  conditions  of  contract  contained  the  following  clauses  : — 

“ The  general  conditions  of  contract  for  artificers’  works 
required  to  be  done  in  the  erection  and  completion  of  a new  hall 
for  the  Nottingham  Temperance  Hall  Company  (Limited),  Notting- 
ham. Fothergill  Watson,  architect,  Clinton  street,  Nottingham, 
Jan.  1874. — The  architect  is  at  all  times  to  have  access  to  the 
works,  which  are  to  be  entirely  under  his  control  and  his  clerk  of 
the  works.  The  architect  may  order  any  additions  to  or  deduc- 
tions from  the  contract  without  in  any  way  vitiating  the  contract, 
and  the  amount  of  such  additions  to  or  deductions  from  the  contract 
shall  be  ascertained  by  the  architect  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
quantities  have  been  measured  and  at  the  same  rate  as  they  have 
been  priced  at. 

“ The  contractor  and  the  directors  will  be  bound  to  leave  all 
questions  or  matters  of  dispute  which  may  arise  during  the 
progress  of  the  works  or  in  the  settlement  of  the  account  to 


408  quantity  surveying. 

the  architect,  whose  decision  shall  be  final  and  binding  upon  all 
parties. 

“ The  contractor  will  be  paid  on  the  certificate  of  the  architect.” 
The  bill  of  quantities  embodied  the  following  note  : — 

“ Note. — These  quantities  will,  with  the  drawings  and  general 
conditions,  form  the  basis  of  the  contract.  Should  there  be  more 
or  less  measure  than  is  here  given,  there  will  respectively  be  an 
addition  to  or  a deduction  from  the  contract. 

“All  measurements  to  be  made  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
quantities  have  been  taken,  and  all  additions  and  deductions  to  be 
priced  out  at  the  same  rate  by  the  architect.” 

As  the  work  proceeded  there  were  many  omissions  and  addi- 
tions. The  quantities  proved  deficient,  the  great  discrepancy 
being  in  the  brickwork  and  the  stonework ; the  builder’s  surveyors 
estimated  the  deficiency  on  the  brickwork  alone  at  upwards  of 
400Z.  These  variations  the  builder  requested  the  architect  to 
measure  or  have  measured  at  convenient  times,  as  before  the 
striking  of  the  scaffolds,  &c.,  but  without  effect.  As  to  the 
production  of  the  bill  delivered,  the  builder  states : — “At  various 
stages  I had  the  building  measured  off  by  two  competent  sur- 
veyors, with  the  assistance  of  myself  and  staff,  with  the  utmost 
accuracy,  and  priced  out  and  measured  the  same  way  as  the  bill  of 
quantities,  item  by  item.  Every  care  was  taken  to  have  the 
account  correct,  as  I could  see  there  would  be  a difficulty  with  the 
architect,  and  when  the  dimensions  were  squared  up  and  the  extra 
measurement  found,  I had  the  building  measured  over  again.  The 
measurements  were  gone  over  and  tested  by  me  and  the  foremen 
of  the  different  branches  of  the  trade.” 

It  is  obvious  from  this  statement  that  due  care  was  observed  in 
the  investigation. 

Stevenson,  on  the  completion  of  the  works,  made  a claim 
amounting  to  1616Z.  6s.  7 <Z.,  of  which  between  500Z.  and  600/.  was 
for  errors  of  deficiency  in  the  original  quantities,  and  the  remainder 
a balance  due  on  the  contract. 

The  architect,  without  calling  for  any  explanation  of  this 
account,  certified  for  a balance  of  251 Z.  14s.  4cZ.,  and  refused  to  give 
any  explanation.  Thereupon  Stevenson  brought  his  action  for 
1364Z.  12s.  3 d.  and  interest.  The  claim  asserted  that — “ The 
defendant  did  not  nse  due  care  and  skill  in  ascertaining  the 


THE  LAW. 


409 


amounts  to  be  paid  by  the  company  to  the  plaintiff  under  the  said 
contract,  but,  in  ascertaining  the  net  balance  due  to  the  plaintiff, 
neglected  and  refused  to  ascertain,  and  did  not  ascertain,  the  amount 
of  the  said  additions  to  and  deductions  from  the  contract  in  tho  same 
manner  as  the  quantities  had  been  measured,  and  at  the  same  rate 
as  they  had  been  priced  out,  or  that  there  was  more  measure  in  the 
said  descriptions  of  works  than  was  given  in  the  bill  of  quantities  by 
making  measurements  in  the  same  manner  as  the  quantities  had 
been  taken,  and  neglected  and  refused  to  price  out,  and  did  not 
price  out,  the  excess  at  the  same  rate,  and  make  the  stipulated 
additions  to  the  contract  in  respect  thereof,  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  contract,  nor  did  he  use  due  care  and  skill  to  ascertain,  in 
the  manner  provided  by  the  contract,  what  was,  in  fact,  the  net 
balance  payable  to  the  plaintiff  by  the  company  in  respect  of  the 
works  executed,  for  which  the  defendant  was  entitled  to  his 
certificate  ; but  the  defendant,  knowingly  or  negligently,  certified 
as  aforesaid  for  a much  less  sum  than  was,  in  fact,  the  net  balance 
payable  to  the  plaintiff  in  respect  of  the  works  executed. 

“ Upon  the  receipt  of  the  said  certificate  the  plaintiff  requested 
the  defendant  to  inform  him  of  the  data  upon  which  the  same  was 
based,  but  he  refused  to  furnish  the  plaintiff  with  them,  or  to  give 
him  any  information  on  the  subject.  The  plaintiff  thereupon 
requested  the  defendant  to  reconsider  the  said  certificate,  and 
offered  to  point  out  to  him  the  said  errors  in  the  bill  of  quantities,  and 
to  give  him  any  explanation  he  might  require  of  the  said  accounts ; 
but  the  defendant  refused  to  reconsider  the  said  certificate,  and  to 
allow  the  plaintiff  to  point  out  to  him  the  said  errors  in  the  bill  of 
quantities,  or  to  explain  the  said  account,  or  to  hear  any  objectiou 
whatever  on  the  part  of  the  plaintiff  to  the  said  certificate.” 

The  case  was  heard  by  Lord  Chief  Justice  Coleridge  and  Justice 
Denman.  Lord  Coleridge  said  the  case  was  one  of  considerable 
importance,  and  but  for  the  intimation  that  had  been  given  that 
whichever  way  the  Court  decided  the  matter  would  be  afterwards 
reviewed  by  the  Court  of  Appeal,  he  should  have  taken  time 
before  giving  his  judgment.  The  decision  was  in  substance  as 
follows  : — 

That  the  architect  was  in  the  position  of  an  arbitrator,  and 
therefore  not  liable  for  want  of  care  or  skill. 

An  action  will  not  lie  against  an  architect  for  not  using  due 


4io 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


care  and  skill  in  ascertaining  the  amounts  to  be  paid  by  a builder’s 
employer  to  the  builder  under  a contract  which  provides  that  the 
builder  is  to  be  paid  on  the  certificate  of  the  architect;  that  all 
matters  of  dispute  are  to  be  left  to  the  architect’s  decision  ; that  he 
may  order  any  additions  to  or  deductions  from  the  contract ; and 
that  the  amounts  of  such  additions  or  deductions  shall  be  ascer- 
tained by  him  at  a certain  fixed  rate,  the  functions  of  the 
architect  under  the  contract  being  not  merely  clerkly,  but  requir- 
ing the  exercise  of  a judgment  or  opinion. 

An  allegation  that  the  architect  knowingly  or  negligently  certified 
for  a much  less  sum  than  was  due  does  not  disclose  a cause  of 
action,  as  it  does  not  amount  to  a charge  of  fraud.  The  architect 
is  not  bound  upon  the  application  of  one  of  the  parties  to  recon- 
sider his  certificate,  or  to  give  reasons  for  it. 

Leave  was  given  to  amend  the  claim  on  payment  of  costs, 
equivalent  to  permission  to  appeal  against  the  decision.  The 
decision  was  not  appealed  against  for  the  following  reasons  : — The 
builder  was  not  a rich  man ; he  had  been  kept  waiting  for  the 
money  for  his  last  certificate  for  six  months  ; the  expenses  of  the 
case  had  been  very  heavy  ; and  the  adverse  judgment  resulted  in 
his  bankruptcy. 

Young  v . Blake.  High  Court  of  Justice,  Queen’s  Bench 
Division,  November  22nd,  1887,  is  a case  of  similar  bearing  to 
Stevenson  v.  Watson. 

Blake  employed  Farrell  and  Edmonds  as  architects  for  a 
proposed  house.  They  prepared  quantities  for  the  work,  supplied 
them  to  the  builders  whose  tender  was  accepted,  and  were  paid  in 
the  usual  way. 

The  quantities  were  found  to  be  deficient.  The  builder  brought 
action  against  Blake  and  the  architects  for  loss  sustained  thereby. 
In  the  judgment  which  follows,  it  is  held  that  the  quantities  were 
not  warranted  correct,  that  the  quantities  were  not  a part  of  the 
contract,  that  the  allegation  of  negligence  was  not  sufficient  cause 
of  action. 

Mr.  Justice  Denman’s  judgment  was  as  follows : — 

This  was  an  action  brought  by  Messrs.  Young,  builders, 
against  Mr.  Blake,  the  head-master  of  the  Sherborne  Grammar 
School,  and  against  Messrs.  Farrell  and  Edmonds,  architects  and 
surveyors.  It  was  an  action  of  a very  peculiar  description,  and 
upon  a basis  which  was  somewhat  unusual,  very  unusual  I should 


THE  LAW, 


411 

say,  and  it  was  agreed,  as  I understand,  between  the  parties  that 
the  question  which  was  to  be  raised  before  me  here,  and  really  it 
was  the  only  question  which  could  be  reasonably  raised  before 
me,  should  be  the  question  of  the  respective  liability  of  Mr.  Blake 
on  the  one  hand,  or  the  architects  on  the  other.  The  two  actions, 
though  mixed  up  in  the  sense  of  being  with  reference  to  the  same 
transaction,  are  totally  distinct  and  different  causes  of  action.  I 
think  the  best  way  of  dealing  with  them  will  be  first  to  deal  with 
the  action  against  Mr.  Blake,  and  then  to  deal  with  the  action 
against  Messrs.  Farrell  and  Edmonds. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  state  the  facts  in  very  great  detail,  but  I 
will  state  the  facts  so  far  as  I find  them  upon  the  evidence,  and  so 
far  as  they  bear  on  the  question  which  is  for  me,  viz.  the  liability 
of  the  parties.  Young  and  Company  were  builders,  residing  and 
carrying  on  their  business  at  Salisbury,  and  the  work  to  be  done 
was  to  be  done  at  Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  about  one  hour  and  a 
quarter’s  journey  by  fast  train  from  the  one  place  to  the  other. 
Farrell  and  Edmonds  were  architects  and  also  surveyors.  In  1884 
Farrell  and  Edmonds  had  been  employed  by  Mr.  Blake  to  prepare 
plans  at  all  events,  and  specifications  probably,  for  a new  house, 
and  other  matters  connected  with  the  school.  It  appears  from  the 
evidence  that  Farrell  and  Edmonds  had,  in  consequence  of  their 
employment  by  Mr.  Blake,  the  other  defendant,  informed  him  that 
it  would  be  necessary  that  quantities  should  be  taken  out.  A 
conversation  had  taken  place  between  him  and  them  in  which  he 
showed  very  great  ignorance  of  the  usages  of  architects  and 
surveyors.  He  asked  them  certain  questions  as  to  who  would  have 
to  pay  for  it,  and  who  would  do  it ; he  had  heard  of  such  persons 
as  quantity  surveyors,  but  they  informed  him  that  they  were 
quantity  surveyors  as  well  as  architects,  and  they  did,  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  a tender  for  the  then  contemplated  school 
houses  and  buildings,  take  out  certain  quantities  and  prepare  plans 
and  specifications.  At  that  time  I find,  in  accordance  with 
Mr.  Blake’s  evidence,  that  they  had  somewhat  led  him  to  suppose 
that  the  building  which  was  to  be  built,  or  he  had  rather  intimated 
to  them  that  the  building  was  to  be  erected,  was  not  to  be  a 
building  which  would  cost  above  3000Z.,  but  it  appears  that  they 
did,  in  their  plans  and  specifications  or  in  their  contemplated 
building  upon  which  they  drew  up  their  quantities,  devise  a 
building  which  would  cost  a great  deal  more.  The  consequence 


4X2 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


was  that  he  declined  to  have  anything  to  do  with  that  building, 
the  tenders  were  not  accepted,  and  the  whole  thing  went  off.  There 
is  still  a question  pending  between  the  parties  as  to  whether  in 
those  circumstances  the  sum  which  it  might  be  said  to  have  cost 
Farrell  and  Edmonds  to  take  out  the  quantities  should  be  paid 
to  them  for  the  trouble  they  had  in  taking  out  quantities.  I do 
not  in  any  way  intend  by  what  I say  to  decide  that  question, 
it  may  be  that  the  one  or  the  other  side  may  be  right  in  that 
contention.  On  the  one  hand  Mr.  Blake  contends  that  it  was 
owing  to  their  fault  with  the  instructions  that  they  had,  that  they 
did  not  effectively  bring  about  a tender  for  the  thing  that  he 
intended,  by  reason  of  the  devising  of  a very  much  more  ex- 
pensive thing ; they,  on  the  other  hand,  contending  that  as  he 
did  not  choose  to  take  the  work,  they  acting  for  him  in  the  matter, 
they  would  be  entitled  to  remuneration  for  taking  out  those 
quantities.  The  only  importance,  therefore,  of  that  original 
transaction  is  with  reference  to  what  might  be  gathered  as  the 
terms  upon  which  those  two  parties  dealt  with  one  another,  and 
what  authority  the  one  gave  to  the  other  upon  a subsequent 
transaction  which  took  place,  and  which  is  the  one  upon  which  the 
present  dispute  arises.  Now  the  present  dispute  began  at  a later 
date,  and  the  correspondence  I think  very  clearly  shows  the  course 
of  events  so  far  as  it  bears  upon  the  present  action.  It  would 
appear  that  on  the  1st  of  December,  1884,  after  the  other  transac- 
tion had  altogether  gone  off,  Messrs.  Farrell  and  Edmonds  being 
architects,  and  being  no  doubt  at  that  time  authorised  by 
Mr.  Blake  to  set  to  work  to  obtain  tenders,  did  write  to  Messrs. 
Young  and  Co.,  the  plaintiffs,  and  in  fact  to  a good  many  other 
builders,  a letter  in  which  they  asked  them  whether  they  would  bo 
willing  to  tender  for  the  erection  of  so  and  so,  “ quantities  to  be 
supplied,  an  early  answer  will  oblige.”  Then  on  the  next  day 
Messrs.  Young  write  to  say  that  they  would  be  quite  willing  to 
tender,  and  then  at  a time  which  is  not  exactly  fixed,  but  between 
that  date  and  the  18th  (as  clearly  appears  by  a letter  from  the 
plaintiffs  referring  to  the  “ bill  of  quantities  ”),  the  bill  of 
quantities  was  sent  which  is  impeached  in  the  present  action. 
Farrell  and  Edmonds  say,  “We  have  pleasure  in  sending  you 
herewith  a bill  of  quantities,  tenders  to  be  sent  to  us,”  and  so  on. 
Now  the  bill  of  quantities  itself  is  an  important  document ; it  is 


THE  LAW. 


4i3 


headed  “Estimate  for  master’s  residence,  boarding  house  and 

preparatory  school,  to  be  built  at  Sherborne  for  W.  Blake,  Esq. 

Farrell  and  Edmonds,  architects.”  Then  comes  the  quantities 
“ excavation  ” — so  many  yards  for  this,  so  many  yards  for  that,  in 
fact  an  ordinary  bill  of  quantities.  At  that  time,  of  course,  it  was 
not  priced,  that  would  have  to  be  done  by  the  persons  before  they 
tendered,  and  the  bill  as  I now  have  it  has  in  pencil  the  figures 
that  were  put  in  by  the  plaintiffs,  Messrs.  Young,  and  put  in  with 
a view  of  seeing  what  the  cost  at  which  they  could  do  the  building 
was  to  be.  On  the  18th  December  there  was  a letter  referring  to 
that  bill  of  quantities.  On  the  19  th  there  was  a small  matter 
which  the  architect  spoke  about  as  being  an  overlooking  of  a certain 
sum,  and  certain  arrangements  were  made  between  them  and  the 
builders.  On  the  23rd  came  the  acceptance  of  the  tender,  and 
Messrs.  Young,  on  the  23rd  of  December,  write,  “ We  will  under- 
take to  do  the  work  comprised  in  the  bill  of  quantities  for  the 
erection  of  master’s  residence,  &c.,  at  Sherborne,  for  W.  Blake,  Esq., 
for  the  sum  of  3800Z.”  Now  a question  arises  as  to  the  exact 
date  at  which  an  interview,  and  the  only  interview,  took  place 
between  the  plaintiffs  and  Mr.  Farrell  before  the  contract  was 
actually  signed.  I do  not  think  it  is  necessary  to  determine 
(and  I do  not  myself  feel  absolutely  certain)  what  that  date  was  ; 
on  the  one  hand  it  is  sworn  by  Messrs.  Young  that  it  was  at 
some  date  before  the  estimate  was  actually  accepted,  before 
the  tender  was  actually  made  for  3800Z.,  that  they  had  the  bill 
of  quantities  before  them.  On  the  other  hand  there  was  some 
doubt  raised  about  that — as  to  the  only  time  that  they  had 
seen  the  specification  and  the  plan,  because  there  is  a letter  from 
Mr.  Farrell  to  Messrs.  Young,  preparing  for  a meeting  at  a certain 
time,  namely,  half-past  two  on  the  Monday,  which  is  after  the 
29th  of  December  or  the  27th  of  December,  and  as  there  was  only 
one  meeting,  it  would  look  as  though  that  contemplated  the  meet- 
ing which  actually  took  place,  but  I do  not  think  it  is  very  impor- 
tant in  the  view  I take  of  the  case.  I only  allude  to  it  because  it 
must  not  be  taken  that  my  decision  depends  on  it  in  any  way. 
Eventually  the  builders,  the  plaintiffs,  set  to  work.  There  is  a 
good  deal  of  correspondence,  which  I have  read,  and  which  was  re- 
ferred to  and  read  at  length  before  me,  as  to  small  matters  about 
which  special  arrangements  had  to  be  made ; certain  plans  to  be 


414 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


supplied  are  got  by  tbe  architects  themselves,  and  there  was  a 
question  as  to  delay  in  beginning,  and  delay  in  the  work,  and  so 
on,  but  all  these  matters  seem  to  me  to  have  been  disposed  of 
practically,  and  to  have  been  wiped  away  by  the  fact  (and  it  is 
really  an  admitted  fact  in  the  case  upon  the  evidence)  that  at  a 
certain  date,  namely,  by  September  1886,  at  all  events,  there  had 
been  a payment  in  full  for  the  work  done,  certain  arrangements 
being  made,  and  certain  gives  and  takes  having  taken  place,  that 
there  had  been  payment  for  all  the  work  done,  and  all  the  matters 
arising  upon  the  contract,  subject  only  to  the  question  which  is 
raised  in  this  case,  that  is  to  say,  whether  there  is  any  liability  on 
the  part  either  of  Mr.  Blake  or  of  Mr.  Farrell  in  respect  of  deficient 
quantities,  because  that  is  the  complaint.  Assuming  the  quantities 
to  be  correct,  granted  that  there  has  been  payment  for  all  that  has 
been  done  in  the  way  of  work  and  extras,  the  contention  is  that 
upon  the  events  which  have  occurred  and  upon  the  discovery  by 
the  plaintiffs  at  a subsequent  date,  or  rather  by  August  1886,  that 
does  give  the  plaintiffs  as  against  Mr.  Blake,  and  secondly  as 
against  Mr.  Farrell,  a right  of  action.  First  as  regards  Mr.  Blake, 
I must  look  at  the  claim  against  him.  The  claim  against  Mr. 
Blake  is  shaped  in  two  or  three  different  ways.  First  it  states 
that  Mr.  Blake,  in  or  about  December  1884,  warranted  and  repre- 
sented to  the  plaintiff  that  the  work  to  be  done  and  the  materials 
provided  therein  were  full  and  accurately  stated  in  a certain  bill 
of  quantities,  in  writing,  which  he  delivered  to  the  plaintiffs.  It 
is  necessary  to  observe  that  the  relations  between  Mr.  Blake  and 
the  plaintiffs  are  those  contained  in  the  agreement  of  a date  subse- 
quent to  December,  namely,  some  day  in  January  1886,  that  is  the 
date  of  the  actual  contract  between  the  parties,  and  it  seems  to  me 
upon  the  true  construction  of  that  contract  coupled  with  all  the 
evidence  that  there  is  in  the  case  as  regards  Blake,  that  it  is  quite 
clear  that  Mr.  Blake  never  did  at  any  moment  warrant  the 
accuracy  of  the  quantities.  With  regard  to  the  contract,  it  is  to 
this  effect.  It  is  between  Messrs.  Young  and  Blake — the  architect 
is  no  party  to  the  contract.  It  recites  that  he  wishes  to  build,  and 
that  he  has  appointed  Messrs.  Farrell  & Edmonds  architects  and 
surveyors,  and  that  they  are  hereinafter  called  “ the  said  architects  ” 
— they  are  to  be  architects  for  the  purpose.  Then  it  recites  that 
plans  and  sections,  elevations  and  specifications  have  been  prepared 


THE  LAW. 


4i5 


and  approved  of.  and  then  it  recites  the  fact  that,  for  the  sum  of 
3800Z.  this  building  was  to  he  erected.  Then  it  recites  that  plans 
and  specifications  have  been  signed  by  the  contractors  and  by  the 
architects,  and  then  in  paragraph  6,  which  is  the  paragraph  bearing 
most  upon  the  bill  of  quantities,  there  is  the  following  pro- 
vision:— “The  bills  of  quantities  supplied  by  the  architects  are 
believed  to  be  correct,  but  should  any  error  or  misstatement  bo 
found  therein,  either  in  favour  of  or  against  the  contractor,  it  shall 
be  lawful  and  in  the  power  of  the  architects  to  measure  any  or  all 
of  the  works  contained  and  described  in  the  bill  of  quantities,  and 
to  adjust  the  same  in  accordance  with  the  prices  therein  contained 
and  whereon  the  said  tender  was  based,  and  the  work  undertaken, 
and  the  said  contractor  shall,  for  this  purpose,  produce  on  demand 
to  the  architects  the  said  bill  of  quantities.”  Now  the  case  both 
against  Mr.  Blake  and  against  Mr.  Farrell  depends  very  much 
indeed,  so  far  as  the  liability  here  is  concerned,  upon  the  real 
meaning  of  that  clause,  and  I may  at  once  therefore  state  what  I 
understand  it  to  be.  It  begins  by  the  assertion  that  the  bills  of 
quantities  supplied  to  the  architects  are  believed  to  be  correct. 
That  certainly  seems  to  me  to  dispose  altogether  of  the  statement 
that  Blake  warranted  the  quantities  to  be  correct.  The  parties  are 
parties  to  a contract  which  merely  states  that  they  are  believed  to 
be  correct.  Then  it  goes  on  to  state,  “ Should  any  error  or  mis- 
statement be  found  therein  in  favour  of  or  against  the  contractors, 
it  shall  be  lawful  and  in  the  power  of  the  architect  to  measure  any 
or  all  of  the  works  contained  or  described  in  the  bill  of  quantities.” 
There  I will  stop  for  the  present.  Now  what  is  the  meaning  of 
that?  It  appears  to  me  that  it  is  a discretionary  power  given  to 
the  architects,  making  it  lawful  and  in  their  power  to  measure 
any  or  all  of  the  works — “ any,”  during  the  progress  of  the  works, 
or  “all”as  soon  as  they  are  finished — to  measure  any  of  the  works 
in  the  bill  of  quantities  if  any  error  or  misstatement  is  found 
therein.  Now  I do  not  think  that  that  gives  the  power,  upon  the 
mere  assertion  of  the  builders  themselves  that  there  is  an  error  or 
misstatement,  to  compel  and  to  call  upon  the  architect  as  a matter 
of  right  to  remeasure  the  work.  I think  that  would  too  unreason- 
able a power  to  suppose  to  be  given  to  the  builder  in  a contract  of 
this  kind,  because  it  really  would  involve  a most  expensive  and  a 
most  damaging  operation  to  the  works  at  the  mere  option  of  a 


416 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


person  who  undertakes  to  do  them  properly,  and  undertakes  by 
this  agreement  to  do  certain  works.  I think,  therefore,  that  the 
meaning  of  that  must  be  that  the  architect  is  to  be  left  in  the  dis- 
cretion to  remeasure  if  he  finds  there  is  reasonable  ground  to  think 
that  there  is  an  error  or  misstatement  of  the  works,  and  that  then 
he  may  remeasure  them  and  he  may  adjust  them,  as  the  words 
follow  on — “ and  to  adjust  the  same  in  accordance  with  the  prices 
therein  contained  ” — then  he  may  adjust  them  as  between  the 
parties,  and  the  difference,  of  course,  would  be  allowed  to  the  party, 
and  the  gains  would  be  allowed  as  against  the  party  who  loses  by 
that  remeasurement.  The  architects  had  a right  in  order  that 
that  may  be  efficiently  done  to  ask  for  the  priced  bill  of  quan- 
tities from  the  builder,  in  order  that  he  might  do  that  work.  That 
being  so,  it  appears  to  me  that  the  architect  stands  in  a quasi- 
judicial  position  between  the  parties,  he  is  architect  not  merely  as 
a person  who  is  employed  as  the  agent  of  the  building  owner  for 
all  purposes,  nor  is  he  a person  who  is  employed  by  the  builder  in 
any  sense  so  as  to  be  liable  to  him  as  a person  at  his  will  and 
pleasure  to  be  ordered  to  do  anything  because  the  builder  is  dis- 
satisfied. Now,  if  that  be  true,  it  seems  to  me  to  dispose  of  the 
case,  not  only  as  against  Blake,  but  as  against  the  architects 
themselves,  because  if  that  be  the  true  position,  then  the  architects 
here  are  made  by  the  parties,  persons  in  a </was*-judieial  position — 
they  are  persons  who,  unless  they  are  guilty  of  fraud  or  misconduct 
of  any  kind  beyond  mere  allegations  of  negligence,  are  not  to  be 
harassed  with  actions  against  themselves,  nor  are  the  people  whose 
architects  they  are  as  well  as  the  architects  of  the  other  party  to 
be  harassed  with  actions  merely  because  the  architect  in  his 
discretion  may  refuse,  on  the  demand  of  the  builders,  to  remeasure 
any  of  the  works.  That  principle  seems  to  me  to  be  the  principle 
of  a case  which  counsel  called  my  attention  to  yesterday,  which  is 
reported  in  the  4th  Common  Pleas  Division.  It  is  a case  of  Steven- 
son v.  Watson,  in  which  when  a tender  is  made  upon  a statement 
that  the  quantities  had  been  negligently  certified  for  a much  less 
sum  than  was  the  net  balance,  an  attempt  was  made  to  fix  a 
liability  in  consequence  of  that,  and  the  decision  was,  “ That  the 
functions  of  the  architect  in  ascertaining  the  amount  due  to  the 
plaintiff  were  not  merely  ministerial,  but  such  as  required  the 
exercise  of  professional  judgment,  opinion,  and  skill,  and  that  he, 


THE  LAW. 


4i7 


therefore,  occupied  the  position  of  an  arbitrator,  against  whom,  no 
fraud  or  collusion  being  alleged,  the  action  would  not  lie.”  That 
was  a decision  of  the  Chief  Justice  and  myself,  and  I do  not  see 
any  reason  to  doubt  that  it  was  right.  Several  cases  were  relied 
upon  for  that  principle ; it  was  very  well  argued  on  the  other  side 
by  the  present  Mr.  Justice  Cave.  I do  not  think  it  went  to  any 
Court  of  Appeal,  and  therefore,  at  present,  I must  take  it  to  be 
good  law.  Another  case  cited,  Scrivener  v.  Pask,  though  the  facts 
are  not  identical  with  the  present  case,  also  seems  to  me  to  go  to  a 
considerable  length  in  favour  of  the  defendants  in  this  case — both 
of  them.  Scrivener  v.  Pask  seems  to  me  only  to  amount  to  this, 
that  where  there  is  nothing  more  than  the  ordinary  employment  of 
a quantity  surveyor,  the  quantity  surveyor  being  paid  out  of  the 
first  receipts  by  the  builder  of  a building  owner  who  must  have 
quantities  taken  out  in  one  sense,  that  is  to  say,  who  will  not  get 
tenders  unless  the  quantities  are  taken  out — where  there  is  that 
simple  case,  there  is  nothing  in  that  case  merely  from  the  fact  that 
the  building  owner  orders  things  which  involve  the  probability  of 
quantities  being  taken  out,  to  fix  him  with  a liability  to  pay  for 
the  quantities  so  taken  out  which  are  taken  out  by  a quantity 
surveyor  ordered  by  the  architects,  or  by  the  architect  himself. 
It  appears  to  me  that  that  case  at  least  goes  so  far  as  this,  that 
unless  there  is  something  binding  the  owner,  some  understanding 
between  the  parties  to  be  gathered  from  correspondence  or  words 
making  himself  liable  for  the  taking  out  of  the  quantities,  that  he 
is  not  so  liable. 

Now,  as  regards  Mr.  Blake,  I can  see  nothing.  There  is  no 
agreement  such  as  that  which  is  set  out  in  the  second  paragraph 
of  the  statement  of  claim— namely,  that  it  was  agreed  that  the  bill 
of  quantities  should  be  treated  as  the  basis  of  the  contract,  and  that 
if  they  .were  found  to  be  incorrect,  the  plaintiffs  should  be  paid  by 
the  defendant  for  the  work  and  materials  done  and  provided.  That 
seems  to  indicate,  if  found  incorrect  by  anybody  who  may  persuade 
the  builder  that  he  has  had  a bad  bargain,  and  that  the  quantities 
have  been  too  small.  I do  not  think  that  that  is  the  meaning  of 
the  contract.  The  meaning  of  the  contract  is  that  the  architect  is 
to  be  responsible  for  deciding  between  the  parties,  and  if  he 
decides  honestly,  that  the  parties  should  have  no  right  to  complain 
of  anybody.  That  really  disposes  of  the  case  as  against  Mr.  Blake. 


418 


QUANT/ TV  SURVEYING. 


Now  then,  as  regards  the  architects  themselves.  I think  the 
same  observation  almost  entirely  disposes  of  the  case  against  them, 
because  if  the  relations  had  been  that  which  I have  stated — I think 
it  is  between  the  architects  and  the  parties — then  I think  that  they 
were  in  the  position  of  persons  trusted  with  a judgment,  and,  unless 
it  were  a dishonest  judgment,  a mere  inaccuracy  would  not  render 
them  liable.  They  are  not  parties  to  the  contract  in  any  way ; 
they  do  not  sign  the  contract,  and  they  are  only  sought  to  be  made 
liable  by  the  supposition — first,  that  there  is  a custom  that  they 
should  be  liable  under  such  circumstances,  which,  I think,  is 
entirely  unavailing  in  this  case  because  the  clause  is  a very 
peculiar  one  in  its  language  and  in  its  relations  in  every  way. 
That  will  not  avail  them,  and  next  it  was  alleged  that  they  were 
liable  upon  a certain  special  undertaking  on  their  part  to  be  liable, 
which  was  to  be  gathered  from  language  which  was  said  to  be  used 
by  them  in  an  interview  between  them  and  Messrs.  Young  & Com- 
pany. Now,  I have  carefully  considered  the  language  which  has 
been  sworn  to  on  both  sides,  and,  though  I do  not  know  that  I can 
say  that  I disbelieve  the  statements  on  the  part  of  Messrs.  Young 
— the  words  “ the  quantities  are  full  ” may  have  been  used,  I think 
it  is  admitted  almost  by  one  of  the  defendants — Mr.  Edmonds,  I 
think,  admits  that  those  words  may  have  been  used — I do  not  think 
that  that  can  be,  looking  at  the  relation  between  the  parties  and  at 
the  contract  which  they  knew  of,  and  which  both  parties  were 
fully  aware  of,  construed  into  a warranty.  There  is  no  evidence 
of  warranty  against  them.  Then  is  there  evidence  of  a warranty 
independently  of  that  ? There  may  be  such  a thing,  and  if  the 
plaintiffs’  evidence  is  believed,  there  would  be  evidence,  perhaps,  to 
go  to  a jury  on  it,  if  it  stood  uncontradicted  ;^but  we  have  evidence 
on  the  other  side,  and  the  evidence  on  the  other  side  is  very  distinct 
and  positive  to  the  effect  that  the  question  of  guarantee  was  actually 
raised,  and  the  question  was  put,  “ Do  you  guarantee  the  quan- 
tities ? ” and  here  I believe  the  evidence  of  those  witnesses,  that 
when  the  expression,  “guarantee”  was  put,  they  positively  re- 
pudiated any  such  notion.  I forget  the  exact  expression  in  which 
it  was  repudiated,  but  it  was  as  strong  as  it  could  be — “ nothing  of 
the  kind,”  or  “ certainly  not.”  I think  that  that  is  the  probability 
of  the  case — they  would  have  been  very  foolish,  and  it  would  have 
been  very  unlikely  that  they  should  have  guaranteed  the  quantities, 


THE  LAW. 


419 


when  they  had  the  discretion  in  them  by  the  contract  itself,  which 
said  that  the  quantities  were  believed  to  be  correct,  but  that  if  any 
error  or  misstatement  should  be  found,  then  it  was  lawful  for  them 
and  in  their  power  to  measure  any  or  all  of  the  works,  and  so  on. 
This  is  no  action  for  not  doing  anything  under  the  contract,  it  is 
an  action  founded  upon,  in  the  first  instance,  warranty,  and  in  the 
next  place  upon  an  allegation  of  negligence.  Now,  the  allegation 
of  warranty  is  not  made  out,  but  disproved.  The  allegation  of 
negligence,  to  my  mind,  is  one  which  does  not  give  a cause  of  action 
upon  such  a contract  as  this.  It  puts  the  architect  in  the  position 
of  persons  trusted  by  both  parties,  and  if  a man  with  his  eyes  open 
chooses  to  enter  into  such  a contract  giving  the  architect  that 
power,  he  cannot  turn  round,  and  by  a mere  allegation  of  negli- 
gence say,  “I  have  discovered  that  there  was  an  error  in  the 
measurements,  and  I have  asked  you  to  act  under  the  contract  and 
you  won’t  do  it  in  your  discretion,  but  I will  now  sue  you  because 
you  negligently  took  out  those  quantities.”  I do  not  think  that  is 
the  relation  between  the  parties  at  all.  The  architect  is  not  put  in 
that  position  so  as  to  be  the  servant  of  either  party  in  that  sense, 
but  he  is  in  a different  position  altogether ; and,  therefore,  I think 
the  action  fails  against  Farrell  and  Edmonds  as  well  as  against 
Blake,  and  I must,  therefore,  give  judgment  for  both  defendants, 
with  costs. 

The  legality  of  the  custom  by  which  an  architect  employs  a 
quantity  surveyor  to  adjust  the  variations  on  a contract,  the 
quantity  surveyor’s  charges  being  added  to  the  amount  arrived  at 
by  his  calculations,  and  paid  out  of  the  next  certificate,  is  held 
by  some  to  be  questionable  ; the  custom  is  almost  universal  in 
works  of  any  size,  and  is  greatly  to  the  building  owner’s  benefit. 
The  decided  cases  are  few.  Neither  Birdseye  v.  Dover  Harbour 
Commissioners  (‘  Times,’  14th  April,  1881),  nor  Plimsaul  v.  Lord 
Kilmorey  (1884  1,  ‘Times’  L.R.  48)  are  ordinary  cases,  and  although 
it  has  been  asserted  that  it  is  one  of  the  obligations  of  the  architect 
to  adjust  the  accounts  without  charge  beyond  the  ordinary  5 per 
cent.,  the  probabilities  are  strongly  in  favour  of  the  success  of  the 
contention  that  the  custom  is,  in  ordinary  cases,  so  extensive  and 
reasonable,  as  to  be  a binding  one. 


2 e 2 


420 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


CHAPTER  X. 

ORDER  OF  TAKING  OFF  IF  THE  OLD  METHOD 
BE  ADOPTED. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  trades  are  separated  to  accord  with  the 
finished  bills.  As  the  only  recommendation  of  this  course  is  the 
facility  of  collection  into  single  items,  and  consequent  saving  of 
labour  in  squaring  and  abstracting,  the  surveyor  should  see  that 
this  advantage  is  not  lost,  and  should  therefore  keep  additions  and 
deductions  respectively  as  much  as  possible  together,  so  as  to  get 
as  few  items  on  his  abstract  as  may  be,  generally  taking  all  the 
additions  of  an  item  of  work  first,  and  then  all  the  deductions. 

Some  surveyors  who  adopt  this  method  commence  by  heading 
sheets  of  dimension  paper  with  the  titles  of  each  trade,  so  that 
when  they  come  to  an  item  of  a trade  other  than  that  upon  which 
they  are  engaged,  and  which  may  possibly  be  forgotten  if  left 
to  be  taken  with  the  trade  to  which  it  belongs,  they  put  it  at 
once  on  its  proper  sheet,  as  when  measuring  a roof  truss  the 
templates  are  at  once  written  on  the  sheet  headed  “ Mason,”  and 
the  bolts  and  straps  on  the  sheet  headed  “ Founder  and  Smith.” 

Many  surveyors  begin  every  trade  with  the  lowest  floor, 
working  upwards,  acting  on  the  assumption  that  any  necessary 
expedient  of  construction  can  be  thus  introduced  with  less  trouble 
than  in  working  from  the  top  of  the  building  downwards.  This 
argument  will  only  apply  so  far  as  the  carcass  is  concerned,  but 
whether  working  upwards  or  downwards  the  same  order  should  be 
maintained  by  the  surveyor  in  all  cases,  and  with  all  the  trades. 

In  taking  off  the  work  by  trades,  some  persons  prefer  to 
commence  with  the  joinery,  as  they  maintain  that  they  thus  carry 
on  the  work  and  acquire  a familiarity  with  the  drawings  at  the 
same  time. 

A common  modification  of  this  method  is  in  the  case  of  openings. 
The  surveyor  commences  with  the  joinery  and  completes  the  work, 


TAKING  OFF  BY  TRADES. 


421 


both  additions  and  deductions,  to  the  openings  in  all  trades,  except 
when  the  fronts  of  the  building  are  of  stone  or  cement,  in  which 
case  he  leaves  the  masonry  or  cement  work  of  the  openings  to  be 
taken  with  the  work  to  front ; on  this  system  openings  without 
joinery  are  taken  with  the  general  brickwork. 


Excavator  and  Bricklayer. 

Surface  excavation. 

Basement  trenches  and  concrete.  First 
for  external,  then  for  internal  walls, 
keeping  them  separate. 

Strutting  and  planking. 

Footings. 

Brickwork  complete  for  basement,  up 
to  a certain  level,  as  ground  floor  or 
top  of  plinth. 

Cuttings  and  extra  labours,  basement 
floor. 

Deductions,  windows,  doorways,  re- 
cesses. 

Fender  walls. 

Sleeper  walls. 

Trimmer  arches. 


Window  frames,  bed  and  point. 

Door  frames,  bed  and  point 
Flues,  parget  and  core. 

Arches,  and  their  cuttings  internal  and 
external. 

Vaulting. 

Pavings. 

Extra  only  in  cement  to  brickwork. 
Damp-proof  course. 

Bricklayer’s  work  to  each  floor  in  the 
same  manner  and  order. 

Chimney  shafts. 

Chimney  moulds  or  flue  divisions. 
Facings. 

Brick  copings  and  extra  labours  on 
facings. 

Drains,  cesspools  and  inspection  pits. 


The  foregoing  order  for  a large  work ; if  a small  one,  take 
the  whole  of  the  additions  of  brickwork  first,  then  the  omissions. 


Mason. 

The  external  masonry,  beginning  at 
bottom  of  building. 

The  deductions. 

The  internal  masonry,  beginning  at 
bottom  of  building. 

The  deductions. 

Tiler,  Slater  and  Slate-Mason. 

Tiling  or  slating. 

Cuttings. 

Deductions. 

Hips. 

Ridges. 

Slate-mason’s  work,  internal  and  ex- 
ternal. 


Carpenter. 

Timbering  and  carpentry  of  floors, 
commencing  with  lowest  floor. 

Ditto  partitions. 

Lintels  and  wood  bricks,  floor  by  floor. 
Timber  in  roofs. 

Plates. 

Trusses. 

Purlins. 

Ridges. 

Hips  and  valleys,  and  rolls. 

Rafters. 

Trimmers. 

Battens  or  boarding  and  their  cuttings. 
Eaves,  boards  or  fillets. 

Tilting  fillets. 

Gutter  boards,  cesspools,  &c. 


422 


quantity  surveying. 


Ceiling  joists. 

Sundries  which  are  not  included  in  any 
of  the  above  sections,  as  bracketting, 
centering,  &c. 

Joiner  and  Ironmonger. 

Commence  with  the  lowest  story  and 
proceed  in  the  following  order : — 
Floors  throughout  the  building. 
Skirtings  and  their  grounds  and  dados. 
Skylights. 

Windows  complete,  except  glass  and 
painting. 

Shutters. 

Doors  complete. 

Fittings. 

Staircases. 

Take  the  ironmongery  with  the  joinery 
to  which  it  belongs. 

Plumber. 

Lead  to  roofs  and  external  work. 
Internal  plumbing,  cisterns,  baths,  w.c. 
apparatus,  &c. 

Plasterer. 

First  internal,  then  external  plastering, 
the  deductions  following  each. 

For  the  former  measure  floor  by  floor  in 
the  following  order.  The  deductions 
of  each  floor  to  follow  the  additions 
of  each  kind  of  plastering. 

Ceilings. 

Walls. 

Cornices. 

Partitions. 

Centre  flowers. 


Work  in  Parian,  Keene’s,  or  other 
cement  throughout  the  building, 
beginning  with  lowest  story. 

For  the  external  work  begin  at  bottom 
of  building  and  work  upwards. 

Founder  and  Smith. 

Take  the  ironwork  with  the  trade  in 
which  it  occurs,  or  as  follows : 
Cast-iron  work. 

Wrought-irou  work,  not  taken  with 
carpentry. 

Beginning  with  lowest  floor  and  work- 
ing upwards. 

Gasfitter. 

Pipes. 

Fittings. 

Bellhangcr. 

Bells. 

Pulls. 

Glazier. 

Measure  each  kind  of  glass  throughout 
the  building,  beginning  with  lowest 
story  and  working  upwards. 

Paperhanger. 

The  dimensions  may  be  obtained  from 
dimensions  of  plastering,  and  will 
consequently  follow  their  order. 

Painter. 

Refer  to  the  dimensions  or  the  bill. 
See  remarks  “Modes  of  Measure- 
ment, Painter.” 


Reid  s ‘ Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor  ’ is  an  instructive  illustra- 
tion of  the  foregoing  system. 


423 


CHAPTER  XI. 

NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 

The  “ General  Statement  of  the  Methods  Rocommended  by  the 
Society  to  be  used  in  Taking  Quantities  and  Measuring-up  Work,” 
published  by  the  Manchester  Society  of  Architects,  appears  to  have 
been  prepared  with  a view  to  facilitating  the  Northern  system  of 
obtaining  separate  tenders  for  each  trade. 

It  is  maintained  in  some  parts  of  the  country  that  the  small 
number  of  men  who  are  able  to  take  the  entire  responsibility  of  a 
large  work  has  rendered  such  arrangements  necessary,  but  when- 
ever practicable  it  is  beyond  question  the  better  plan  to  obtain 
tenders  for  the  entire  work. 

The  paper  above  referred  to  is  as  follows : — 

General  Statement  of  the  Methods  recommended  by  the 
Society  to  be  used  in  Taking  Quantities  and 
Measuring-up  Works. 

October  1866.  Revised  January  1873. 

Further  Revision , July  1886. 

In  taking  quantities  it  will  always  be  desirable  to  bear  the 
character  of  the  works  in  mind,  and  so  to  measure  and  describe 
them  as  to  give  parties  estimating  the  clearest  idea,  and  at  the  same 
time  in  the  most  concise  manner,  of  their  cost  and  character. 

In  measuring-up  work  already  executed,  it  is  of  course  only 
necessary  to  ascertain  on  what  principle  of  measurement  the  prices 
have  been  determined,  and  then  proceed  accordingly. 

Generally. 

Fees  to  Corporation,  hoarding,  propping  sides  of  foundations 
or  walls,  and  use  of  water  for  the  different  trades,  to  be  mentioned 
in  the  trade  that  has  to  provide  them,  or  under  the  head  of  charges 


424 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


to  be  borne  by  the  general  contractor.  (If  the  right  of  adver- 
tising on  hoarding  is  to  be  reserved  by  the  proprietor,  it  should  be 
so  stated). 

Each  trade  to  provide  its  own  scaffolding,  unless  specially 
mentioned. 

Each  trade  to  provide  its  own  mortar. 

Protecting  masonry  with  slabs,  &c.,  to  be  put  by  preference  in 
carpenter’s  work. 

Expense  of  watchman,  making  good  damaged  work,  &c.,  to  be 
inserted  as  occasion  may  arise. 

Each  trade  to  provide  for  the  expense  of  the  attendance  on  the 
other  tradesmen,  and  for  cutting  holes  and  making  good,  &c. 

When  the  general  contractor  is  expected  to  be  responsible  for 
damage  by  fire,  an  item  for  insurance  to  be  put  in  the  quantities — 
by  preference  in  the  carpenter’s  work. 

Any  provision  of  sums  of  money  or  values  for  articles,  shall 
denote  the  net  cash  to  be  paid  by  the  builder,  exclusive  of  his 
profit  and  the  cost  of  materials  and  labour  required  for  fixing, 
which,  however,  should  be  fully  stated. 

Clerk  of  works’  office  and  custody  of  drawings  to  be  provided  for. 

Excavator. 

1.  Stripping  surface  soil  ....  deep,  and  wheeling  in  heaps 
....  yards  run,  to  be  measured  in  superficial  yards. 

2.  Excavating  to  be  given  in  cubic  yards,  measured  to  3 inches 
beyond  the  outer  edge  of  footings ; with  extra  beyond  for  batter 
of  sides  of  excavation,  depending  on  depth  and  nature  of  soil. 
State  whether  material  is  to  be  left  on  the  ground  or  carted  away ; 
and  if  wheeled,  state  the  distance.  Extra  price  for  wheeling  every 
20  yards  run  additional.  The  excavating  for  each  successive 
depth  to  be  kept  separate,  and  the  nature  of  the  material  to  be 
excavated  to  be  mentioned  if  possible. 

3.  Excavating  to  trenches  for  walls,  &c.,  to  be  measured  in 
cubic  yards,  and  to  be  kept  separate  from  the  above,  as  also  for 
underpinning  or  any  special  work  that  has  to  be  executed  separately. 

4.  Filling  in  and  ramming  to  foundations  to  be  given  as  an 
item,  or  if  thought  desirable,  to  be  done  by  day  work. 

5.  Clearing  away  rubbish  from  time  to  time  to  be  given  as  an 
item, 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE . 


425 


6.  Filling  in  or  forming  foundation  for  paving  and  flagging 
to  be  taken  in  superficial  yards,  and  state  depth  and  material ; 
or  add  this  to  the  item  of  paving  or  flagging  in  mason’s  work. 

7.  Drains  to  be  given  in  lineal  yards  with  description  thereof, 
to  include  cutting  trenches  and  laying ; describe  method  of  jointing 
and  filling  in ; and  state  average  depth  of  each  kind,  and  when 
practicable,  mention  whether  in  rock  or  other  kind  of  ground. 

8.  Junctions,  bends,  &c.,  to  be  counted  extra  beyond  the  length 
of  drain. 

9.  Cutting  trenches  and  filling  into  gas  and  water  pipes  (see 
Plumber),  to  be  given  in  lineal  yards. 

10.  Wells,  cesspools,  eyes,  &c.,  to  be  given  with  proper  par- 
ticulars, as  the  work  may  require. 

11.  KeepingToundations  clear  of  water  beyond  ordinary  rainfall, 
and  for  propping  to  streets  or  adjoining  buildings,  to  be  given  as 
items. 

Bricksetter. 

1.  Give  description  of  materials  and  mortar,  and  quality  of 
work.  The  work,  unless  otherwise  mentioned,  to  be  reduced 
to  one  brick  thick,  and  called  “ brick-length  walling,”  in  yards 
super.  If  sand,  gravel,  or  water  on  the  spot  is  not  intended  to  be 
used,  state  so.  If  there  be  much  work  of  half  a brick  only,  it  iB 
desirable  to  mention  it.  Where  a building  is  lofty  it  is  desirable 
to  divide  the  work  into  stages  vertically. 

2.  To  obviate  any  misunderstanding  as  to  so-called  trade  usages 
with  regard  to  other  materials,  as  stone,  &c.,  built  in,  it  is  proposed 
to  measure  the  net  quantity  of  brickwork  to  be  executed  ; deducting 
entirely  all  labour  and  materials  in  openings  having  more  than  100 
square  feet  “ face  ” measure,  and  deducting  materials  only  (leaving 
“ hollows  ” for  labour)  on  the  following : — 

а.  All  other  openings  than  the  above,  the  shape  they  are 
actually  executed,  provided  they  are  openings  in  the  walls 
and  built  above  with  the  same  materials. 

б.  All  sills,  strings,  cornices,  &c.,  and  other  masonry  or 

dressings  built  in,  and  being  6 or  more  inches  high.  The 
“hollows”  thereon  being  assumed  to  pay  for  the  labour  in 
providing  proper  bed  therefor,  filling  up  thereto,  and 
pointing  up. 


426 


QC/AJVT/TY  SURVEYING. 


c.  Fireplace  openings  from  under  side  hearth.,  and  all  flues,  to 
he  deducted  as  “ hollows,”  and  the  lineal  dimensions  of 
flues  (with  size,  if  various)  to  he  given  for  extra  labour 
forming,  pointing  and  coring  out. 

3.  Joists  and  beam  ends,  wall  plates,  door  frames,  band  and 
gudgeon  stones,  codge  stones,  beam  stones  of  ordinary  dimensions, 
not  to  be  deducted  if  built  in  with  the  work. 

4.  All  walls  finished  with  a bevelled  upper  edge,  as  to  gables, 
&c.,  to  be  measured  to  3 inches  above  the  average  height ; and 
the  lineal  dimensions  of  “ beam  filling  ” between  spar  feet  and  of 
“ gable  cutting  ” given. 

5.  Any  work  intended  to  be  whitewashed,  to  be  measured 
“ superficial  ” over  all  openings  for  pointing. 

6.  All  splay  cutting  (with  width),  bevelled  arrises,  moulded 
arrises,  bands  of  fancy  work  (with  description),  cutting  to  any 
shape  not  square,  for  ramps,  hood  moulds,  &c.  &c.,  double  or  other 
shaped  reveals  to  be  given  lineal. 

7.  Stops  to  chamfers,  and  other  single  points  requiring  special 
labour,  to  be  counted. 

8.  All  brickwork  in  projecting  bands,  cornices,  &c.,  to  be 
measured  as  walling,  the  labour  as  above  in  No.  6. 

9.  Facing  to  be  measured  super,  for  “ extra  price  over  common  ; ” 
and  the  net  quantity  executed  only  to  be  given,  after  deducting  all 
strings,  sills,  &c.  &c.  All  openings  less  than  100  feet  to  be 
deducted  and  kept  separate  as  “ hollows  for  extra  labour  over 
common  work,”  to  pay  for  the  labour,  plumbing  and  setting  out. 
Reveals  to  be  measured  for  facing  separately. 

10.  Cavity  walling  to  be  measured  the  actual  thickness  of  the 
bricks,  as  for  instance,  to  be  measured  at  lj  brick  or  2 bricks,  &c., 
as  the  case  may  be ; and  the  superficial  dimensions  of  the  wall 
measured  across  all  openings  under  100  square  feet,  as  “extra 
labour  and  extra  materials  for  bond,  forming  cavity  walls.”  The 
nature  of  the  ties  to  be  mentioned. 

11.  Work  in  cement,  or  other  material  than  the  general  run,  to 
be  taken  for  “ extra  price  over  mortar,”  and  the  description  of  the 
material  given. 

12.  Backing  up  to  ashlar  walling  to  be  kept  separate  from  the 
ordinary  walling. 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


427 


13.  Wrought-iron  bond,  if  used,  to  be  given  in  lineal  feet. 

14.  Common  relieving  arches  to  be  counted  with  average  span, 
and  separated  into  various  thicknesses  of  wall,  and  number  of  rims 
in  depth,  and  this  to  cover  all  extra  labour  and  materials. 

15.  Arches  in  facing  to  be  either  counted,  with  spans,  depth, 
and  soffit  given,  and  this  to  include  all  extra  labour  and  materials, 
including  skewbacks,  and  cutting  super-imposed  work  to  fit  the 
rake ; or  else  measured  super,  as  executed,  for  “ extra  labour  and 
materials  over  facing;”  girthing  the  face  and  soffit  net,  and 
measuring  separately  the  skewbacks,  and  cutting  super-imposed 
work  to  fit  the  rake,  when  the  shape  of  the  arches  requires  it. 

16.  Ordinary  arching  to  fire-proof  floors,  &c.,  to  be  measured 
stuff  and  work  in  square  yards,  with  description  and  thickness, 
girthing  along  the  line  of  average  thickness,  and  measure  the 
lineal  feet  of  skewbacks  with  description.  Groins  to  be  measured 
lineal.  Allow  for  cutting  and  fitting  to  ironwork. 

17.  Trimmer  arches  to  be  counted,  with  average  size,  for  “ stuff 
and  work,”  including  backing-up,  and  state  whether  solid  or 
concrete  backing  is  intended. 

18.  Backing  to  arches  that  have  been  measured,  as  in  No.  16, 
to  be  taken  super,  with  average  thickness  and  description  of 

material. 

19.  Damp-proof  courses  to  be  given  lineal  with  widths. 

20.  Risers  for  slop-stones,  steps,  flag  shelves,  &c.,  to  be  counted 
for  “ stuff  and  work,”  or  if  measured  as  walling,  to  be  kept  separate 
and  so  stated. 

21.  Wine  bin  divisions  measured  super,  with  thickness,  and 
kept  separate  or  with  the  above. 

22.  Eyes,  air-grids,  chimney  pots,  setting  grates,  or  other 
special  items,  to  be  counted,  with  description,  and  the  mode  ol 
executing  the  work. 

23.  Covering  walls  to  protect  them  on  special  occasions  and 
manner  of  doing  it,  to  be  added  to  the  bricksetter’s  contract. 

24.  Items : To  cleaning  down,  making  good,  pointing,  &c.,  at 

finish. 

25.  It  would  be  well  to  call  the  contractor’s  attention  to  the 
fact  that  his  price  must  include  making  good  any  damage  done  by 
frost. 

26.  Concrete  in  foundations  to  be  measured  by  the  cube  yard. 


428 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Mason. 

1.  Plain  ashlar  walling  and  parpoint  walling  to  be  measured 
super,  net  work,  for  “ stuff  and  work,”  giving  the  kind  of  face,  and 
average  sizes,  and  bed  of  the  stones ; allowance  to  be  made  where 
square  blocks  have  to  be  cut  and  to  suit  shaped  openings,  ramps, 
&c.,  and  defining  the  number  and  dimensions  of  the  through 
stones.  Reveals  to  be  measured  extra.  Rubble  walling  up  to 
18  inches  in  thickness  to  be  measured  superficial  and  described ; 
above  that  thickness  to  be  measured  in  the  cube  and  described. 

2.  Other  masonry  to  be  measured  as  hereafter  mentioned, 
keeping  the  stone  and  labour  separate,  or  when  conducing  to  the 
better  understanding  of  the  work,  as  in  strings,  &c.,  to  be  measured 
in  lineal  feet,  “ materials  and  labour,”  with  sufficient  particulars 
to  enable  the  number  of  joints  to  be  included  ; count  the  fair  ends, 
quoins,  &c. 

3.  Work  in  chimneys,  or  cornices,  &c.,  requiring  special  appli- 
ances for  hoisting,  or  at  considerable  heights,  or  of  extra  dimen- 
sions, to  be  kept  separate,  so  far  as  the  material,  hoisting  and 
setting  are  concerned  ; the  labour,  when  done  on  the  ground,  may 
be  thrown  in  with  the  rest. 

4.  Under  the  head  “ stone  ” must  be  included  the  labour  in 
hoisting  and  setting,  and  state  approximately  the  quantity  to  be 
set  above  40  feet  from  the  ground. 

5.  Special  appliances  for  hoisting,  such  as  travelling  cranes, 
&c.,  to  be  specially  mentioned. 

6.  In  measuring  the  cubic  feet  of  stone  for  other  than  the  work 
previously  mentioned,  1 inch  each  way  beyond  the  net  dimensions 
of  each  block,  when  worked,  to  be  added. 

7.  In  measuring  the  labour,  the  necessary  operations  of  the 
workman  to  be  followed.  The  beds  and  joints  of  each  block  to  be 
measured,  and  kept  under  that  head  ; and  it  will  conduce  to  more 
easy  pricing  of  the  work  when  these  can  be  given  in  lineal  feet, 
with  the  average  width,  particularly  for  strings,  cornices,  archi- 
traves, jambs,  &c. 

8.  The  work  exposed  to  sight  to  be  classified  under  its  different 
heads,  mentioning  whether  hosted,  tooled  or  polished,  and  giving 
plain  work,  sunk,  moulded,  sunk  and  moulded  (this  when  the 
straightedge  will  not  work  the  block  from  a mould  applied  at  each 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


429 


end),  weathered,  sunk  and  weathered,  and  the  various  kinds  of 
fancy  surfaces,  and  clearly  distinguishing  from  straight  work  that 
which  is  raking,  circular,  circular  on  circular,  &c. 

9.  Raised  or  sunk  panels  will  require  that  face  of  the  block  to 
be  first  measured  for  plain  work  (for  setting  out  on),  then  the  face 
work,  and  the  lineal  feet  of  margin  of  its  particular  kind. 

10.  The  points  from  which  to  girth  moulded  work  will  be  best 
ascertained  by  a consideration  of  the  manual  process  followed  in 
its  execution ; in  some  strings  it  will  thus  have  to  be  girthed  from 
wall  above  to  wall  below ; in  other  instances,  as  cornices,  where 
the  top  is  measured  for  sunk  and  weathered  work,  the  moulded 
work  will  girth  from  the  nose  only. 

11.  All  mitres  to  be  counted,  with  the  girth  of  the  mould,  &c., 
they  belong  to,  and  state  whether  internal  or  external. 

12.  Throats  to  be  clearly  given,  either  separately  in  lineal  feet, 
where  the  soffit  has  been  measured  as  a “bed,7’  or,  in  other 
instances,  girthed  in  with  the  moulded  work. 

13.  The  back  of  masonry  will  not  generally  require  any  notice, 
except  where  it  shows  through  a wall  that  is  not  plastered,  and  in 
some  quoins  that  bed  more  than  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  where 
the  sinking  must  be  taken  into  account.  Tooling  or  rubbing 
backs  of  architraves,  mullions,  &c.,  to  bed  frames  against,  to  be 
measured  lineal,  and  all  checking  out  for  the  same  purposes  to  be 
measured  in  the  same  way. 

14.  Holes  for  flues,  timbers,  &c.,  to  be  counted. 

15.  Rough  sinking  down  as  a preparation  for  the  carver  to  be 
given  superficially,  girthing  round  the  cap,  truss,  &c.  &c. 

16.  All  carving  to  be  clearly  set  forth  with  reference  to  the 
drawings  or  special  marginal  sketches ; running  ornaments  to  be 
given  lineal  with  the  girth ; but  caps,  bosses,  trusses,  modillions, 
paterae,  &c.,  numbered.  State  if  carver  is  to  find  his  own 
scaffolding. 

17.  Ordinary  window  sills  to  be  numbered,  with  dimensions. 

18.  Others  than  these  to  be  taken  cube,  and  the  labour  taken 
out  as  before,  and  in  addition  the  seats  counted  for  jambs,  mullions, 
&c. 

19.  As  tracery  will  generally  be  of  a description  between  the 
work  of  an  ordinary  mason  and  that  of  a carver,  the  most  satis- 
factory way  would  appear  to  be  to  measure  one  face  over  all  the 


43° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


work  as  plain  work  for  setting  out  on,  and  then  number  each  piece 
of  tracery  with  its  dimensions  and  reference  to  the  drawings  or 
special  marginal  sketch  for  the  remainder  of  the  labour,  but 
measuring  separately  any  groove  or  rebate  for  glazing. 

20.  Mullions  and  other  work  with  little  material,  as  compared 
with  the  labour,  to  be  measured  lineal,  “stuff  and  work,”  with 
particulars  or  sketch,  and  give  general  indication  of  the  lengths. 

21.  Columns  to  be  girthed  for  circular  work  (with  or  without 
entasis,  as  the  case  may  be),  and  flutes  measured  lineal  with  sketch, 
and  number  of  stops  counted;  if  in  extra  lengths,  keep  both 
materials  and  labour  under  a separate  head. 

22.  Rustics  and  other  channelled  work  to  be  measured  lineal 
(after  the  surface  and  beds  have  been  fully  measured)  with  sketch. 

23.  Cramps  and  dowels  to  be  counted,  with  average  size  or 
weight,  if  metal,  and  letting  in  and  running ; and  state  whether 
mason  is  to  find  lead. 

24.  Copings,  where  worked  out  of  flags  or  thin  material,  to  be 
measured  lineal,  and  net  as  fixed,  with  proper  description  of  each 
face  and  mode  of  jointing.  All  knees,  apex  and  foot  stones  to  be 
counted  with  sketch  or  particulars  of  labour  thereon.  Any  perfora- 
tions for  flues,  &c.,  to  be  counted. 

25.  Flagging  to  be  measured  net,  in  square  yards,  with  proper 
description  of  materials,  average  and  minimum  size  of  flags, 
method  of  jointing  and  laying ; and  whether  mason  to  provide 
bed  and  mortar,  and  if  so,  describe  same.  All  exposed  nosings  to  be 
measured  lineal ; and  any  perforations  or  notchings  out  to  fit  special 
corners  or  other  objects,  to  be  counted  or  measured,  and  the  por- 
tion so  notched  out  of  any  flag  included  in  the  gross  measurement. 

26.  Flags,  if  required  to  be  above  12  feet  super,  to  be  kept 
under  the  head  of  “ landings.” 

27.  Any  special  mode  of  jointing  flags  or  landings,  as  lap  or 
joggle  joint,  to  be  measured  once  along  the  joint. 

28.  Hearths  to  be  given  in  superficial  feet,  and  if  the  fore  and 
back  hearth  be  in  one  piece,  state  “ large  sizes,”  and  count  the 
notchings  for  jambs. 

29.  Paving  to  be  measured  net,  with  description  of  sets  and 
method  of  laying,  and  whether  mason  finds  the  bed  or  not. 

30.  Keep  each  kind  of  tiling  to  floors  separate,  and  state 
whether  and  what  kind  of  bed  is  to  be  provided. 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


43 1 

31.  Band  and  gudgeon  stones,  codge  stones,  beam  and  pillar 
stones  to  be  counted,  with  dimensions  and  particulars  of  work 
thereon,  and  whether  mason  has  to  let  in  and  run  any  iron  work 
therein,  or  to  find  lead  therefor. 

32.  Steps,  where  practicable,  are  best  counted,  with  dimensions 
and  particulars ; solid  steps  may  be  taken  lineal,  with  average 
length,  and  count  the  number  for  pinning  in,  and  also  the  worked 
ends.  All  letting  in  of  balusters,  newels,  &c.,  to  be  clearly  given, 
and  joggle  or  notched  joints  measured. 

33.  Landings,  half  spaces,  &c.,  to  be  either  counted  with 
description  or  taken  super,  with  all  joints,  worked  edges,  and 
soffits  measured. 

34.  Letting  in  of  grids  to  drains,  coal  places,  areas,  &c.,  to  be 
counted,  and  state  whether  lead  to  be  found,  and  if  the  stone  or 
curb  has  to  be  rebated,  state  so. 

35.  Area  and  other  curbs  to  be  taken  lineal,  and  if  cramped,  so 
stated,  with  average  lengths  of  the  stone. 

36.  Dubbing  out  with  flags,  for  cornices,  &c.,  for  the  plasterer, 
to  be  taken  lineal,  with  width  and  thickness,  and  any  special  labour. 

37.  Slop-stones,  &c.,  to  be  either  counted  with  particulars  or 
measured  super,  with  the  labour ; the  sinking  to  be  girthed  bottom 
and  sides  each  way ; mention  the  hole  for  grid,  and  whether  to  bo 
fixed  by  the  mason. 

38.  Mason’s  work  generally  requires  very  minute  subdivision 
in  measuring,  and  a knowledge  of  the  method  of  working  stone  is 
essential  to  the  proper  performance  of  that  duty.  Each  necessary 
operation  of  the  workman  should  be  taken  into  account,  although 
it  may  appear  that  the  same  surface  (as  in  panelled  or  enriched 
work,  &c.)  has  to  be  measured  more  than  once  for  different  descrip- 
tions of  work. 

39.  Clean  down  and  leave  all  perfect  at  completion,  as  an  item. 


Carpenter  and  Joiner. 

1.  Unless  a special  provision  be  made  that  timber  and  joiner’s 
work  must  finish  net  to  the  dimensions  given  (the  waste  being 
calculated  then  in  the  price),  it  must  be  understood  that  all  work 
will  follow  the  original  marking  or  “ pricking  ” for  sawing,  thus 
each  sawn  face  would  reduce  the  scantling  by  nearly  y^-inch  or 


432  QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 

half  the  width  of  sawcut,  and  each  wrought  face  would  entail  a 
further  reduction  of  about  ^ inch.  A 12  x 6-inch  scantling  would 
thus  measure  11J  x 5J  inches  full,  and  a 2-inch  door  would  finish 
lj-inch  full. 

2.  Labour  framing  and  nails  to  be  measured  super,  in  square 
yards,  for  floors,  roofs  and  ceiling  joists  ; keeping  the  different 
descriptions,  whether  for  single-joisted  or  framed,  separate,  and 
defining  the  mode  of  framing,  and  taking  the  dimensions  over  the 
extremities  of  the  timbers,  or  the  timber  may  be  taken  cube  and 
to  include  the  labour. 

3.  Labour  framing  principals  to  be  measured  the  length  of 
span,  with  wallhold,  and  separating  the  different  kinds ; the  same 
with  framing  trussed  partitions. 

4.  Ordinary  studded  partitions,  and  filling  in  to  the  above,  to  be 
taken  super,  in  yards,  for  “ stuff  and  work,”  with  scantlings  and 
distances  apart. 

5.  Labour  framing  hips  and  valleys,  in  lineal  feet. 

6.  Gutters  lineal,  or  if  wide,  super,  and  state  if  with  bearers ; 
count  cesspools,  with  dimensions. 

7.  The  timber  to  be  taken  cube  when  sawn  to  scantling,  keeping, 
as  far  as  practicable,  large  scantlings,  as  beams,  purlins,  large 
joists,  &c.,  separate  from  small,  as  spars,  plates,  &c.  Beams  are 
best  given  in  lineal  dimensions,  and  when  over  35  feet  long  should 
be  kept  separate. 

8.  When  conducing  to  the  better  understanding  of  the  work, 
however,  large  timbers,  or  those  with  special  labour,  to  be  mea- 
sured lineal  and  properly  described. 

9.  Deals,  planks,  and  battens  used  for  joists,  &c.,  to  be  taken 
superficial  or  cube. 

10.  Planing  or  other  special  labour  to  timbers,  measured  super, 
or  lineal  in  feet,  and  stops  to  beads  or  chamfers  counted. 

11.  All  timbers  to  be  measured  nett  lengths  as  fixed,  and  trim- 
mings for  hearths,  wells,  skylights,  &c.,  counted. 

12.  Angle  beads,  staff  beads  and  tilting  fillets,  in  lineal  feet. 

13.  Bolts,  dogs,  straps,  &c.,  of  iron,  to  be  counted,  keeping  joint 
bolts  separate  from  others. 

14.  Nogs  and  templates  to  be  counted,  or  kept  separate  under 
a cube  or  lineal  dimension. 

15.  Snowboards,  in  lineal  feet,  with  width  and  description. 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE.  . 433 

16.  Ridge  and  other  rolls,  and  hip  and  valley  boarding,  in  lineal 
feet,  with  width. 

17.  Centering,  in  square  yards,  except  centres  for  doors  and 
window  openings,  &c.,  which  are  to  be  counted,  with  span  and 
width.  In  extensive  fire-proof  works,  a small  quantity  of  centering 
will  often  suffice  if  “ taking  down  and  refixing  ” be  given,  together 
with  the  necessary  staying. 

18.  Cornices  and  face  boards  in  lineal  feet,  with  description  and 
particulars  of  bearers,  &c.,  and  count  mitres  to  the  former. 

19.  Ordinary  flooring  in  square  yards  net ; mitred  margins  to 
be  counted. 

20.  Pugging  to  floors,  measure  across  the  timbers  and  state 
description,  whether  on  slabs  and  fillets,  or  laths,  and  if  filled  in, 
describe. 

21.  Skirtings  in  lineal  feet  as  fixed,  with  dimensions  and 
description,  and  state  whether  to  include  grounds;  where  above 
7-inch,  count  all  mitres  and  ramps,  and  labour  housing  to  archi- 
traves, chimney  pieces,  &c. ; if  tongued  to  floor  boards,  state  so. 

22.  Door  casings  and  frames  in  lineal  feet  (allowing  length  for 
tenons,  &c.),  and  state  whether  framed,  and  number  of  rebates ; 
count  frames  for  dowelling. 

23.  Doors,  gates,  &c.,  net  size  in  super,  feet,  allowing  for  rebate 
in  folding  doors,  keeping  each  description  separate,  and  state  if 
flush-beaded  at  meeting  edges,  or  for  double  margins,  &c.;  hanging 
to  be  counted  and  described,  locks  and  other  fittings  at  a price  each 
and  labour  fixing ; bolts  to  dimensions,  and  ditto. 

24.  Architraves  in  lineal  feet  net  measure,  and  state  if  with 
grounds,  and,  except  for  single  moulds  up  to  3-inch,  count  all 
mitres,  or  special  adaptations ; blocks  to  be  counted  in  pairs, 
including  all  labour  fitting  architraves  thereto. 

25.  Window  sashes  and  frames  to  be  measured  full  size  of 
frames  ; if  not  square  headed,  state  so,  or  else  count  the  heads  for 
extra  price,  with  description ; state  if  extra  strength  be  required 
in  any  part  of  frame,  or  any  particular  way  of  working 
weatherings,  sinkings,  &c. 

26.  Casement  sheets  and  frames  to  be  measured  separately  and 
as  above,  with  scantlings. 

27.  State  if  holdfasts  or  other  particular  mode  of  fixing  frames 
be  required. 

2 F 


434 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


28.  Skylights  to  be  measured  full  size.  Any  portion  of  a sheet 
made  to  open,  to  be  measured  again  in  addition,  if  it  is  a separate 
piece  of  framing,  and  any  grooving,  weather  fillets,  &c.,  accounted 
for. 

29.  Window  backs  and  elbows,  and  soffits,  and  linings,  worked 
one  side  only,  to  be  kept  separate  from  shutters,  and  state  if  to  have 
grounds  ; if  linings  are  under  9 inches  wide,  take  lineal,  with  the 
width.  Plinths  and  capping  and  flush  beads  to  be  measured  lineal. 
Hanging  sheets  and  casements  to  be  counted,  with  particulars  of 
pulleys,  cords,  weights,  hinges,  fastenings,  &c.  Hanging  shutters 
and  backlaps  ditto.  Window  bottoms  lineal,  and  count  returned 
ends. 

30.  Bracketting  for  cornices  in  lineal  feet,  with  girth  or  sketch 
of  brackets,  and  distances  apart. 

31.  Coves,  super,  feet,  for  stuff  and  work. 

32.  Cradling  round  beams,  super,  for  stuff  and  work. 

33.  Bridging  for  floors  in  lineal  feet,  and  state  whether  slab  or 
herring-bone  bridging,  also  whether  tie  rod  or  hoop  iron  is  to  be 
used. 

34.  Wall  boarding  and  dados  in  super,  feet,  and  give  lineal  feet 
of  grounds,  and  also  fitting  to  architraves,  &c. 

35.  All  casings  to  under  side  beams,  gutters,  cisterns,  &c.,  in 
super,  feet,  with  description,  or  else  lineal,  with  girth  and  number 
of  beads. 

36.  Pipe  casing,  ditto,  and  state  if  to  be  fitted  with  screws  for 
taking  down  at  pleasure. 

37.  The  different  items  of  water-closets  to  be  kept  separate,  and 
state  if  fitted  -with  screws,  &c.,  to  take  down  ; seat  and  bearers,  fall 
and  frame,  riser,  all  super. ; skirting,  super,  or  lineal  according  to 
requirements;  capping  separate.  Holes  cutting,  falls  hanging, 
hinges,  paper  boxes,  &c.,  and  attendance  on  plumber  to  bo  counted. 

38.  For  bath  framing  take  riser  and  skirting  as  for  water- 
closets  ; bearers  for  curb  lineal : curb  lineal,  with  average  width,  or 
super, 

39.  French  polishing  to  be,  where  practicable,  measured 
separately  in  superficial  feet. 

40.  Fixtures  require  careful  measurement  in  detail;  skeleton 
fronts  for  drawers  and  small  cupboard  fronts  separate  from  the 
fronts  themselves ; bearers,  false  bottoms,  drawers  fitting  with 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE . 


43  5 

stops,  hanging  doors,  knobs  and  other  fastenings,  divisions,  guides, 
&c.,  all  to  be  taken  into  account ; shelves  with  widths  and  bearers 
or  brackets,  also  hook  rails,  all  lineal. 

41.  Stairs  in  ordinary  cases  to  be  counted,  with  dimensions,  and 
state  whether  returned  nosings  and  cut  string  boards,  notch  boards, 
and  number  of  carriages  ; measure  hand  rail,  and  balusters  and 
newels  separate ; and  casing  and  nosing,  hand  rails  and  balusters 
along  landings;  count  ramps,  scrolls,  curtail  ends,  and  circular 
corners  to  wells;  give  spandril  framing  separate  from  square 
framed  work ; state  French  polishing ; landings  to  be  taken  super, 
in  feet  including  bearers,  and  nosings,  &c.,  at  the  edge,  to  be  taken 
lineal. 

42.  All  other  items  of  ironmongery  to  be  counted,  with  par- 
ticulars, or  price  and  labour  fixing  in  addition. 

43.  All  circular  work  throughout  to  be  kept  separate  from 
straight  work. 

44.  Enter  up  reserved  amounts,  provisions  of  materials  or  cash, 
&c.,  and  clearly  state  if  such  are  to  include  contractor’s  profit  or  to 
be  deducted  in  full. 

45.  The  carpenter  generally  undertakes  the  fixing  of  the  iron- 
work, and  in  many  instances  it  might  be  desirable  to  put  the  fixing 
and  staying  during  erection  in  his  quantities,  giving  the  weight  of 
cast-  and  wrought-iron  beams,  &c.,  and  counting  the  bolts,  rods,  &c. 

46.  Insurance,  if  to  be  provided  for  by  the  carpenter,  to  be 
entered. 

Plasterer  and  Painter.' 

1.  State  description  of  materials,  and  keep  the  work  of  each 
kind  separate. 

2.  Plastering  on  walls  to  be  measured  from  the  floor  upwards, 
or  from  the  point  where  each  description  of  work  commences'. 

3*  Where  cornices  are  lathed  on  brackets,  measure  ceiling  and 
walls  to  the  edge  of  the  brackets  only. 

4.  Where  cornices  are  not  bracketted,  measure  the  ceiling  full 
size  of  room,  and  the  walls  up  to  ceiling  ; all  in  super,  yards. 

5.  Deduct  all  openings  100  square  feet  and  over;  deduct 
materials  and  add  labour  (hollows)  for  net  sizes  of  doors,  windows, 
fire-places,  and  other  openings  under  100  feet  super. 

6.  Where  ceilings  are  panelled  and  coffered,  or  coved,  girth 
round  all  portions  that  are  lathed,  keeping  circular  work  separate. 

2 f 2 


436 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


7.  Ceilings  plastered  between  spars,  &c.,  to  be  measured  across 
the  spars  and  purlins,  and  even  then  kept  separate  and  described 
as  such. 

8.  All  work  run  with  a mould  to  be  measured  lineal  on  the 
wall  and  the  girth  given,  as  cornices,  rustics,  strings,  architraves, 
soffits,  quirks,  &c. ; count  all  mitres,  with  the  girth  of  mould  they 
belong  to ; count  mitres  in  panelled  work. 

9.  All  cornices,  &c.,  lathed  on  brackets  to  be  kept  separate,  and 
described  as  such. 

10.  All  cast  work  to  be  counted,  except  running  enrichments. 

1 1 . Enriched  members  to  be  measured  lineal,  with  girth. 

12.  Modelling  of  enrichments  to  be,  if  special,  so  stated,  and  the 
models  to  be  the  property  of  the  architect. 

13.  Ceilings  or  walls  covered  with  panels,  formed  by  small 
moulds,  to  be  measured  super,  with  illustration  or  drawing,  for 
“ extra  price  over  plain  work 99 ; larger  panelling  or  special 
decorative  features  to  be  measured  in  detail. 

14.  Angles  to  pilasters,  &c.,  if  specially  formed  in  cement  or 
otherwise,  to  be  so  measured,  lineal  and  extra  to  plastering. 

15.  Door  and  window  frames,  bedding  and  pointing,  to  be 
counted,  and  state  material  to  be  used ; also  flushing  to  inside  of 
frames  after  fixing,  or  behind  casings,  window  backs,  or  other 
work  to  be  given. 

16.  Making  good  generally,  and  after  plumber,  gasfitter,  bell- 
hanger,  &c.,  and  chimneypieces,  as  an  item,  stating  numbers. 

17.  Colouring  and  whitewashing  walls,  &c.,  to  be  in  super, 
yards,  measuring  over  all  openings  under  100  super,  feet ; if  the 
work  has  to  be  pointed  by  a plasterer,  state  so. 

18.  Painting  to  include  stopping  and  knotting,  and  to  be  given 
in  square  yards.  Priming  to  be  separate,  if  on  work  painted 
before  being  fixed.  Painting  to  be  girthed  round  all  exposed 
surfaces,  except  as  below. 

19.  Balusters,  if  ordinary  square,  and  grids,  gates,  and  other 
metal  work  painted  on  both  sides,  with  bars  about  5 inches  to 
6 inches  apart,  to  be  measured  one  surface  only ; if  closer  or 
slightly  ornamental,  1J  surfaces;  and  for  very  close  or  very 
ornamental  work,  2 to  2^  surfaces. 

20.  Windows  to  be  measured  each  surface  over  full  size  of 
opening  for  painting  frame  and  sheets,  or  else  the  frames  counted, 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


437 


and  the  sheets,  if  large  squares,  counted  ; but  if  in  small  squares 
(as  old-fashioned  crown-glazing),  then  count  the  squares  instead 
of  the  sheets. 

21.  Fancy  or  ornamental  painting  to  be  measured  in  detail, 
with  lengths  of  mouldings  picked  out,  gilt,  &c.  All  work  in  parti- 
colours  to  be  kept  separate  from  plain  work. 


Plumber  and  Glazier. 

1.  The  lead  to  be  reduced  to  weight,  and  the  different  kinds  of 
work  kept  separate,  as  gutters,  flashings,  valleys  and  ridges,  and 
flats ; the  work  requiring  solder,  as  cisterns  and  cesspools,  dressing 
over  finials,  and  other  fancy  work ; allow  proper  lap,  as  specified, 
to  flashings,  drips  and  rolls;  the  net  quantity  of  lead,  as  fixed, 
only  to  be  measured. 

2.  All  water-supply,  service,  waste,  or  other  pipes  to  be  given 
in  lineal  feet,  with  the  weight  per  foot  of  thickness ; the  dimensions 
stated  to  mean  in  all  cases , whether  specified  or  not , the  clear  internal 
lore.  The  price  to  include  all  soldering  and  forming  joints,  wall- 
hooks  and  fixing. 

3.  No  allowance  to  be  measured  for  sockets  and  joints  in  iron 
piping,  down-spouts,  &c. ; but  state  whether  flanges  or  holdfasts 
are  to  be  included. 

4.  If  pipes  are  to  be  laid  in  trenches  in  the  ground,  state  so> 
and  how,  and  whether  plumber  is  to  do  the  excavator’s  work. 

5.  Count  all  traps,  and  also  all  bends  and  shoes  to  down-spouts 
or  soil  pipes,  spitters  from  cesspools  to  spouts,  rain-water  heads, 
taps,  plugs,  overflows,  wastes  with  plug  and  washer,  water-closet 
and  bath-fitting  (the  pipes  thereto  and  therefrom  measured  with 
the  other  piping),  wash-basins,  urinals,  hot- water  cisterns,  and 
other  special  fittings,  and  in  all  such  instances  give  a clear,  un- 
mistakable description  of  what  is  required,  or  the  price,  exclusive 
of  fixing. 

6.  Iron  gutters  and  down-pipes  to  be  measured  in  lineal  yards ; 
no  allowance  for  joints,  but  elbows,  stopped  ends,  &c.,  to  be  counted 
and  described. 

7.  The  different  descriptions  of  glass,  with  thickness  or  weight 
per  foot,  to  be  given  in  superficial  feet,  assorting  each  into  different 
average  sizes,  and  keep  bent  sheets  separate.  Curved  or  other 


438 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


special  edges  to  be  measured  lineal,  tbe  glass  being  first  measured 
the  size  such  special  shape  has  to  be  cut  from.  Special  descriptions 
of  work,  such  as  lead  lights,  &c.,  to  be  described. 

8.  Pointing  to  flashings  to  be  measured  lineal  and  described. 

9.  Making  good  and  leaving  all  perfect  at  conclusion  of  works, 
as  an  item. 

Ironfounder. 

1.  The  most  suitable  method  is  to  reduce  each  description  of 
work  to  weight,  keeping  columns  separate  from  beams,  small  cast- 
ings from  large,  and  intricate  ones,  as  railing,  grids,  &c.,  separate 
from  plain  ones ; the  cost  to  include  pattern  making ; any  fancy 
work  to  be  specially  mentioned,  and  the  castings  from  each  such 
pattern  kept  separate  from  others ; the  metal  to  be  taken  at  40  lbs. 
per  foot  super.  1 inch  thick. 

2.  State  whether  price  to  include  fixing.  ( Vide  No.  45  in  Car- 
penter.) 

3.  Special  labour,  as  turning  columns,  coupling  boxes,  &c.,  to  be 
given  in  detail. 

4.  State  whether  beams  are  to  be  tested,  and  if  at  contractor's 
expense  and  risk. 

5.  Bolts  and  other  ’small  fittings  to  be  counted  and  described, 
with  the  labour  necessary  in  preparing  for  and  fixing  them. 

6.  State  whether  lead  or  other  material  is  to  be  found  for  run- 
ning lugs,  &c.,  and  indicate  the  number  of  them. 

7.  Long  bolts,  tie-rods,  &c.,  to  be  measured  lineal,  with  allow- 
ance for  head  and  nut,  and  count  the  number  of  nuts,  and  screwing, 
and  washers. 

8.  Swing  sheets,  gates,  &c.,  and  their  fittings,  hangings,  and 
fastenings  to  be  fully  described  and  counted,  both  for  materials 
and  labour. 

9.  In  measuring  wrought-iron  beams  and  frame-work,  ascertain 
the  weight  of  metal  in  plates  and  other  shapes,  adding  the  rivets 
and  bolts,  with  the  labour  separate  on  any  particular  forgings  or 
cuttings. 

10.  All  wrought-iron,  rolled  or  built  girders  to  be  fully  described 
and  given  in  lineal  lengths,  with  section. 

11.  If  painted  before  fixing,  to  be  measured  in  full. 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


439 


Slater  and  Tiler. 

1.  State  size  and  description  of  slates  or  tiles,  nails  and  battens, 
and  whether  and  how  pointed  underneath,  and  amount  of  lap. 

2.  The  usage  varying  with  respect  to  allowances  at  eaves  for 
double  course,  and  hips  and  valleys  for  waste,  the  Manchester 
Society  of  Architects  purposes  to  measure  slating  net  as  finished, 
and  to  give  the  length  of  eaves  for  extra  price  of  double  course, 
and  the  length  of  each  bevelled  edge  at  hips  and  valleys,  &c.,  for 
“ single  bevel  cutting  and  waste,”  and  also  the  bevel  cutting 
where  so  done  to  land-gutters,  &c.  All  openings  of  100  feet  to  be 
deducted  entirely,  and  any  others,  but  allowing  for  labour  as 
“ hollows,”  below  that  amount  down  to  6 feet  super.,  below  which 
no  deductions  to  be  made.  Any  special  cutting,  as  close  hips,  &c., 
to  be  separately  mentioned  and  described. 

3.  In  tile  roofs,  hips  and  valleys  to  be  measured  lineal,  and 
fitting  included. 

4.  Ridge  tiling  to  be  fully  described  and  given  in  lineal  yards, 
and  state  how  to  be  bedded  and  pointed. 

5.  Pointing  to  overhanging  eaves  or  gables,  in  lineal  feet. 

6.  Sweeping  and  cleaning  out  gutters,  leaving  all  clean  and 
perfect. 

7.  Circular  slating,  fancy  courses,  slating  to  spires,  or  other 
special  work  to  be  kept  separate,  and  fully  described. 

Sundries. 

Floor  or  wall  tiling,  paper  hanging,  cooking  and  heating 
apparatus,  bellhanging  and  gasfitting,  are  generally  matters  ot 
separate  arrangement  with  the  tradesmen.  If  requisite  to  include 
the  'two  latter,  bellhanging  may  be  given  at  so  many  bells  with  1 
pull,  and  so  many  with  2,  the  furniture  being  described  and 
counted ; gasfitting  at  so  much  per  position,  exclusive  of  meter, 
for  piping,  and  brass  bits,  or  else  measured  in  detail  as  for  water 
piping. 

In  the  foregoing  paper  there  are  a few  items  worthy  of  remark. 

Generally. — These  clauses  are  framed  to  meet  the  arrangement 
of  separate  tenders  for  each  trade. 


44o 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Excavator , Clause  2. — Excavation  measured  3 inches  beyond 
outer  edge  of  footings,  instead  of  6 inches,  as  in  London  practice. 

Briclcsetter , Clause  1 . — The  reduction  of  the  brickwork  to  super- 
ficial yards  of  9 inches  thick. 

Clause  2. — The  deductions  of  openings.  (The  clear  external 
aperture  only.)  The  way  the  work  is  usually  treated  being  to 
make  an  item  in  feet  superficial  of  “ labour  to  openings,”  but 
this  only  applies  to  apertures  not  exceeding  100  feet  superficial 
each. 

Allowance  of  “ labour  to  openings  ” to  sills,  strings,  cornices,  &c 

Measuring  lineal  dimensions  of  flues  for  extra  labour  forming 
and  pointing. 

Clause  4. — The  allowance  of  3 inches  for  gable  cutting  is 
not  recognised  in  London  practice,  but  is  measured  as  raking  cut- 
ting to  facing,  which  deals  with  4J  inches  inwards  from  face  of 
wall.  The  remainder  of  thickness  of  wall  being  measured  as 
rough  cutting. 

Clause  5. — Measuring  over  openings  for  pointing.  Only  the 
net  quantity  measured.  London  practice. 

Clause  9. — “ Hollows  for  extra  labour  over  common  work  ” 
unknown  in  London  practice. 

Clause  10. — Cavity  walling  measured  in  London,  including  the 
cavity,  and  no  allowance  made  for  “extra  labour  and  extra 
materials  for  bond  forming  cavity  walls.” 

Clause  17. — Numbering  trimmer  arches — measured  by  the  foot 
superficial  in  London  practice. 

Mason , Clause  5. — Unusual  in  London  practice,  the  various 
heights  of  hoisting  being  stated,  the  means  are  left  to  contractor’s 
choice. 

Clause  6. — Allowance  of  1 inch  each  way,  unknown  in  London 
practice. 

Carpenter , Clauses  1,  2 and  3. — Labour  and  nails  never  mea- 
sured for  bills  of  quantities  in  London  practice. 

Clauses  4 and  5. — Unknown  in  London  practice. 

Clause  7. — These  distinctions  only  observed  in  London  practice 
when  timbers  are  unusually  small  or  unusually  large. 

Clause  11. — Trimmings  never  counted  in  London  practice. 

Clause  16. — Hip  and  valley  boarding  measured  superficial  in 
London. 


NORTHERN  PRACTICE. 


441 


Clause  19. — Mitred  margin  usually  included  in  description  of 
floor,  and  the  latter  measured  in  feet,  in  London  practice. 

Clause  23. — “ Hanging  to  be  counted  ” ; the  hanging  is  included 
with  the  door  in  London  practice  though  not  mentioned. 

Clause  24. — Grounds  are  always  separated  in  London  practice. 

Clause  41. — “ Stairs  (steps  ?)  in  ordinary  cases  to  be  counted  ; ” 
always  measured  per  foot  superficial  in  London  practice. 

Plasterer  and  Painter , Clauses  5, 17. — All  openings  deducted  and 
no  item  of  “ labour  to  openings  ” taken  in  London  practice. 

Clause  19. — Only  the  actual  surface  painted  if  measured  in 
London  practice. 

Clause  20. — All  counted  in  London  practice. 

Plumber  and  Glazier , Clause  1. — Not  so  many  distinctions 
observed  in  the  labours  on  sheet  lead  in  London  practice. 

Clause  2. — Branch  joints  always  taken  in  London  practice. 

Slater , Clause  2. — The  allowance  for  cutting  to  eaves  is  well 
defined,  and  labour  to  hollows  is  unknown  in  London  practice. 

A few  instances  of  items  as  they  would  appear  in  a bill  to 
accord  with  the  foregoing  system  are  as  follows : — 


Yards 

ft. 

11,200 

- 

supl. 

278 

»» 

149 

- 

>» 

No. 

2 

2 

5» 

25 

. 

11 

2 

1800 

cube. 

100 

run 

100 

100 

» 

Squares 

2 

supl. 

31 

yy 

Brickwork  in  mortar  reduced  to  one  brick 

length 

Labour  only  to  openings  or  “ hollows  ” 

reduced  to  one  brick  length  

Extra  for  forming  $ " cavity  in  thickness  of 
wall  and  filling  with  White’s  Hygeian 

Rock  Composition  

One  story  flues  parget  and  core 

Two  story  ditto  

Making  good  tiling  around  ventilating 

trunks,  12"  X 12"  

Ditto  skylights,  4'  0"  X 6'  0"  

Fir  converted 

Sometimes  labour  and  nails  do  not  appear, 
and  in  such  case  a heading  is  made  thus, 
and  the  number  billed  in  order  of  scant- 
lings with  description. 

Work  in  Roofs  and  Floors. 

4|"  X 3"  plates  

7"  X 2^"  floor  joists  

5£"  X 3"  ditto,  &c 

Labour  and  nails  to  plates  and  ground  joists 
Ditto  to  naked  flooring  with  joists  notched 
and  framed  to  beams 


£ 8. 


d 


442 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Squares 

ft. 

£ 

s. 

dJ 

33 

8Upl. 

Ditto,  with  joists,  plates,  and  beams  part 

fitted  and  fixed  to  iron  

19 

50 

Labour  and  all  materials  in  3"  framed  and 

braced  partition,  with  4£"  x 3"  heads  and 
sills,  3"  x 2£"  quarters  and  braces,  and 

3"  x 2"  interties 

No.  5,  extra  to  forming  doorways. 

36 

it 

Labour  and  all  materials  in  3"  x 2±"  ceiling 

joists,  15"  from  centre  to  centre,  and 
framed  to  roof  timbers  

80 

it 

Labour  and  all  materials  to  3"  x 2£"  rafters, 

15"  from  centre  to  centre,  and  labour  and 

nails  only  to  roofs,  with  purlins,  plates, 
ridge  and  collars  

No. 

3 

Labour  and  nails  in  framing,  hoisting  and 

fixing  truss  24'  0"  x 8'  0"  and  the  ridge 
30  ft.  from  ground  

»> 

2 

Extra  for  trimming  joists  for  trap-door 

a 

5 

Ditto,  roof  for  chimney-stack  

» 

2 

Ditto,  large  skylight  

Yards 

» 

2 

Ditto,  joists  for  stairs  11'  0"  X 3'  0"  on  plan 

190 

- 

supl. 

Render  float  and  skim 

l 180 

-II 

Lath  plaster,  float  and  skim 

In  the  North  builders  prefer  to  have  timbers  stated  in  lineal 
dimensions  with  the  particular  labour  stated. 


J 


443 


CHAPTER  XII. 

EXAMPLES  OF  COLLECTIONS. 

A collection  of  excavation,  brickwork,  &c.,  see  “ Examples  of 
Taking  off.” 

In  the  case  of  a collection  for  a provision,  show  its  detail 
thus : — 

Stoves  and  Chimneypieces,  Exclusive  of  Setting. 

For  setting  and  fixing  see  Col.  J O. 

Stove.  Chy.-piece. 


Dining-room 

..  £10 

£15 

Drawing-room  . . 

10 

20 

Library,  &c. 

4 

4 

£24 

£39 

Provide  for  three  stoves  and  three  chimneypieces,  exclusive  of 
fixing,  63 1. 

A Collection  of  damp  proof  courses . 


IB. 

U B. 

2B. 

Column  3 

140 

0 

20 

0 

9 

0 

„ 4 

18 

3 

54 

0 

29  6 

6 0 

„ 6 

20 

0 

10 

2 

10  2 

„ 7 

9 

9 

18 

6 

8 6 

188 

0 

111 

8 

1 O 

188 

0 

9 

111 

8 

1 

2 

54 

2 

1 

6 

i 

Damp  proof  course  thick 
of  best  Seyssel  asphalt. 


444 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Collect  timbers  in  the  following  manner : — 

Possibly  several  sizes  of  joists  may  occur  on  one  floor,  9"  X 3", 
7"  x 2J",  &c.  Commence  with  the  7"  X 2J"  thus : — 


Trimmer  Ex.  for  T.  H.B.S.  R.Y.C. 


ft.  in.  ft.  in.  ft.  iu.  ft.  in.  ft.  in. 

Bed-room  3.— 6/10  0 = 60  0 
3/8  0 = 24  0 

2/  20=40  49  20  0 10  0 2 


Bed-room  4.— 6/11  0 = 66  0 
3/  9 0 = 27  0 

2/  20=40  49  22  0 10  0 2 


185  0 9 6 42  0 20  0 4 


185 

0 

7 

2\ 

9 

6 

7 

3* 

42 

0 

7 

1 

20 

0 

V 


22  6 

1 7 

2 1 
20  0 

4 


Fir  frd.  in  floors. 


Joists. 


Add.  Trimmers. 


Add.  Ex.  for  trimmers. 

2"  x 1"  herring-bone  strutting  spiked  to  7" 
joists. 

Rough  York  corbels  9"  x 9"  X 3"  and 
building  in. 


Proceed  to  collect  the  other  sizes  in  a similar  manner. 

Where  there  are  a number  of  quarter  partitions,  a collection  in 
some  such  form  as  follows  is  a considerable  saving  of  labour,  and 
each  dimension  may  nevertheless  be  easily  identified. 

The  letter  placed  against  each  dimension  will  be  found  an 
assistance,  as  H for  head,  S for  sill,  &c. 


Head,  Sills, 
P osts. 


Interties 
and  braces. 


Quarters. 


South  of  \ 4/11  0 = 44  OP  801  2/11  0 = 22  0 

bath-room.  | 2/  8 0 = 16  0H&S  90B  2/40=80 


North  of  \ 4/11  0 = 44  OP  901  3/11  0 = 33  0 

bed-room  9.  / 2/  9 0 = 18  0 H & S 10  0 B 4 0 


122  0 


36  0 


67  0 


122  0 
4 
4 


COLLECTIONS. 


445 


36 


67 


0 

4 

2* 


13 

3 

4 


7 


0 


4 


Fir  framed  in  quarter  partition. 


A Collection  of  Skirtings. 

See  the  plan,  Illustration  No.  42. 

In  good  work,  make  the  distinction  for  skirting  with  grounds 
plugged  or  fixed  with  wall  hooks. 


Skirtings. 

Skirting.  Mitres.  Irreg.  M.  F.E.  H. 


Drawing-room. — 5 6 
5 6 
18  9 
15  1 
25  9 


6 4 2 2 


Dining-room. — 16  8 

14  11 
2/1  11  = 3 10 

15  11 

14  11  8 2 10 


136  10 

136  10 

136  10 


14/  14 

’ 4/  4 

V 4 

12/  12 


14  4 4 12 

Deal  moulded  skirting  in  three  pieces,  the  lower  part 
of  1£"  torus  moulded  6"  high  tongued  to  floor  ; the 
middle  part  of  1",  the  moulding  girth,  all 
tongued  together ; 13"  high  in  all,  including  groove 
in  pitch-pine  floor  and  the  necessary  grounds  and 
backings,  as  sketch. 

Tongued  and  mitred  angles. 

Irregular  ditto. 

Fitted  ends. 

Housings. 


Some  surveyors  measure  the  skirtings  across  the  openings, 
deducting  a length  when  measuring  the  joinery  to  such  opening. 
They  maintain  that  this  is  the  more  convenient  course  in  view  of 
possible  omissions. 

In  a large  building,  doors  of  uniform  size  and  finish,  but  in 


446 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING, 


walls  of  various  thickness,  may  sometimes  with  advantage  be 
collected  as  follows  : — 


Linings. 


Room  1. 


6" 


1 

1 

1 


11" 

1 

1 


15"  R.F.S.  L.P.F.S. 


2 2 
2 

12  2 
2 6 


3 

8/3  0 
7 0 

168  0 

8/  1/  8 

8/  1/  8 


2 3 10 


2"  four-panel  mo.  b.s.  door. 

Pairs  3 W.  I.  butts. 

6"  mortise  lock  and  brass  furniture. 


6 


7 0 
7 0 
3 0 
5 


3/  17  5 
6 

26  2 

2/  17  5 
11 

31  11 

3/  17  5 
1 3 

65  4 


8/  2/  18  5 

294  8 


8/  2/  19  1 

305  4 

10/  3 6 

7 3 

253  9 


6/  3 6 

7 3 


17  5 


1|"  double  rebd.  jamb  linings  tongd.  at 


l£"  do.,  cross  tongd. 


3"  x 1"  framed  and 


4/3"  = 

splayd.  grounds. 

4/2"  = 


17  5 
1 0 

18  5 

18  5 
8 

19  1 


2"  x 1£"  moulded  architrave  and  mitres. 


Ddt.  R.  F.  and  S.  Walls, 
and 

Paper  at  2s. 


Ddt.  L.  P.  F and  S.  partns., 
and 

Paper  at  2s. 


152  3 


COLLECTIONS. 


447 


A Collection  of  Plastering  and  Papering  of  Walls. 
Select  the  rooms  which  are  of  the  same  height. 

R-  F.  & S.  L.  P.  F.  & S.  Angle.  Do.  Splay. 

Bed-room  3. — 2/14  0 = 28  0 

2/12  0 = 24  0 2 


Bed-room  4.— 2/14  0 = 28  0 
12  0 


12  0 


92  0 


12  0 


92  0 
10  0 


12  0 
10  0 


4/9  6 
9 6 


920  0 B.  F.  & S.  walls 
and 

Paper  at  2s.  per  piece. 

120  0 L.  P.  F.  & S.  partns. 
and 

Paper  at  2s.  per  piece. 


38  0 Keene’s  cement  angle  and  two  2"  returns. 


9 6 K.  C.  splay  3"  wide  and  two  2"  returns. 


Then  proceed  with  those  of  differing  heights  in  a similar  manner. 
Sometimes  in  attics  a limited  range  of  heights  will  frequently 
recur,  and  may  be  collected  as  follows : — 


R.  F. 

&S. 

Arris. 

L.  P. 

F.  & S. 

Arris. 

3' 

0" 

4'  0" 

7'  0" 

3'  0" 

4'  0" 

7 0" 

Room  1. — 4 

0 

4 0 

5 0 

7 0 
7 0 

4 0 

5 0 

6 0 

6 0 
6 0 

Room  2.-5 

0 

4 0 

4 0 

4 0 

5 0 

6 0 

5 0 

4 0 

4 0 

9 

0 

8 0 

9 0 

23  0 

10  0 

10  0 

10  0 

16  0 

9 

0 

3 

0 

27 

0' 

8 

0 

4 

0 

32 

0 

9 

0 

7 

0 

63 

0, 

R.  F.  & S.  walls. 


448 


10  0 
3 0 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


10 

0 

4 

0 

10 

0 

7 

0 

30  0 
40  0 
70  0, 


L.  P.  F.  & S.  partns. 


23  0 
16  0 


39  0 

39  0 K.  C.  arris  and  two  2"  returns. 


39  0 


A Collection  of  Cornices. 

Mitres.  Irreg.  do. 


Bed-room  3. — 52  0 8 

Bed-room  4. — 52  0 8 1 


104  0 16  1 

104  0 

104  0 P.  Mo.  Cornice  or  P.  P.  C.,  6 in.  girth 

and 

Twice  distemper. 

16/  16  Mitres  6 in.  cornice. 

1 / 1 Ditto,  irregular. 

Then  collect  other  similar  heights  in  the  same  manner. 


A Collection  of  Flashings. 

It  will  generally  be  expedient  to  collect  all  the  general  flashings 
to  a roof  in  one  collection,  omitting  those  to  chimneys. 

S.  F.  Apron.  Flash g. 


Eastern  and  western 
gable 

South  of  dormitory  10  0 

S.E.  angle  of  main!  . „ 

roof  / 46 


2/20  0 = 40  0 


3 0 


21  0 
5 

8 9 

44  6 
1 0 

44  6 


4 6 10  0 


5 lb.  lead 

Flashings. 


5 lb.  lead 


21  0 


Steppd.  flashing. 


COLLECTIONS. 


449 


10  0 

1 0 

— 10  0 


31  0 


44  6 


31  0 


44  6 


5 lb.  lead 


Apron. 


R.  O.  & P.  flashing  with  Ct. 
and 

Lead  wedging. 

R.  O.  & P.  S.  F.  with  Ct. 
and 

Lead  wedging. 


10  0 
21  0 

31  0 


A Collection  of  Labour  and  Materials  connected  with 
Chimney-gutters , Flashings , &c. 


Flashg. 

Apron. 

S. 

F. 

Gutter. 

T.  F. 

Roll. 

Stack  over) 
B.  R.  4 j 

[ 2 

5 

2 

5 

4 

9 

2 5 

2 5 

1 

4 

9 

S.  W.  stack 

2 

5 

2 

5 

6 

0 

2 5 

2 5 

1 

6 

0 

S.  E.  stack 

2 

5 

9 

6 

2 

5 

9 

6 

4 

10 

9 

8 

40 

6 

4 10 

4 10 

2 

4 10 
5 


9 

8 

1 

0 

40 

6 

1 

0 

4 

10 

2/ 

4 

10 

2 0 


5 lb.  lead 


9 8 5 lb.  lead 


Flashg. 


Apron. 


40  6 5 lb.  lead 

Steppd.  flashg. 

4 10  1 in.  deal  gutter  boards  and  bearers  6 in.  wide  average. 

2 Short  lengths  of  1£"  deal  roll. 

4 10  Deal  tilting  fillet. 


Width  = 6 in. 
Turns  up  = 6 in. 

9 in. 

21 


4 10 

Ends  4/9  in.  = 3 0 
Roll  2/6  in.  = 1 0 


8 10 


2 G 


45° 


Q UANTITY  SUR  VE  YING. 


8 10 

1 9 

15  6 6 lb.  lead  gutter. 

2/2/  4 Bossed  end  to  rolls. 


14  6 

14  6 R.  O.  & P.  flashings  with  Ct. 

and 

Lead  wedging. 

40  6 

40  6 R.  O.  & P.  S.  F. 

and 
L.  W. 


Flashings  4 10 
Apron  9 8 

14  6 


A Collection  of  Rain-water  Pipes. 


Rain-water  Pipes. 


r.W.p. 


Heads 
& C.  W. 
Covers. 


Shoes. 


Plinth 

bends. 


Swan 
necks 
41  projn. 


Cutting 
bk.,  string, 
/fee.,  6 in. 
high. 


Cutting 
string 
3 in. 
high. 


North  of  dining-room 
N.  E.  of  ditto 
East  of  ditto 


24  0 1 1 

30  0 1 1 

30  0 1 1 

30  0 1 1 


1 2 
1 1 3 

1 


3 

2 

2 

2 


114  0 

114  0 


4/  4 


4/  4 

2/  2 

2/  2 

5/  5 

9/  9 


114  0 4 4 2 2 5 9 

4 in.  C.  I.  R.  W.  P.  with  ears  oast  on  and  fixing  with 
rose-headed  nails  to  and  including  oak  plugs  in  brick- 
work. 

Heads 

and 

Strong  copper  wire  covers  to  R.  W.  P.  heads. 

Shoes. 

Plinth  bends,  extra  for. 

Swan  necks  in.  projn.,  extra  for. 

Labour  cutting  brick-moulded  string  6 in.  high  for 
passage  of  R.  W.  P.  & M.  G. 

Ditto  3 in.  high. 


Collect  eaves  gutters  in  a similar  manner. 


COLLECTIONS. 


45 1 


A Collection  of  Bells. 

Bells. 

Lever  pulls. 

Ceiling 

pulls. 

Sunk 

plate  pulls. 

Bed-room  3 

1 

2 

„ 4 

1 

2 

Room  6 

1 

Dining-room 

1 

2 

Drawing-room 

1 

2 

Landing  (call  bell) 

1 

1 

Front  entrance 

1 

1 

Servants’  ditto 

1 

1 

8 

6 

4 

2 

8/  8 Bells  with  six  lever  pulls,  four  ceiling  pulls,  and  two 

plate  pulls. 

(A  sum  elsewhere  provided  for  the  pulls.) 

Provide  for  six  lever  pulls,  four  ceiling  pulls,  and  two  sunk  plate 
pulls  and  fixing  £ 


45  2 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


Excavation  and  Brickwork, 
Fig.  42  shows  a plan  and  section  of  wall  of  a 
NORTH 


dwelling-house 


WEST 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


453 


40 

0 

42 

0 

Beyond  base 

l 2 

0 

2 

0 

of  wall. 

f 2 

0 

2 

0 

46  0 

44 

0 

46 

0 

44  0 

— 2024  0 Excavation  12  in.  deep  to  surface  and  wheeling  and  deposit- 

ing where  directed  on  the  site  at  an  average  distance  of 
two  runs,  and  including  separating  vegetable  soil. 

(Main  Block.) 

21  4 
9 10  0 

11  6 2 0 

2 6 2 0 


14  9 35  4 

35  4 
14  9 

• 521  2 Add. 

Offices. 


External  Walls. 

Assumed  to  be  carried  up  uniformly  to  first  floor  level.  Measure 
eacb  wall  to  its  extremity.  If  this  course  is  always  adopted,  the 
surveyor  will  never  be  in  doubt  as  to  how  far  he  has  measured. 

In  the  case  of  a rectangular  building  of  1^  brickwork  and 
50'  X 30'  external  dimensions,  the  front  and  back  wall  would  be 
taken  from  outside  to  outside,  and  the  end  walls  in  clear,  thus : — 

50  0 
50  0 
27  8 
27  8 


155  4 


South  of  drawing-room 

..  ..  17 

0 

South  of  porch 

..  ..  9 

6 

9 

South  of  library 

..  ..  17 

0 

Western  wall  

..  ..  53 

7 

Northern  wall 

..  ..  20 

ii 

East  of  larder 

..  ..  2 

6 

North  of  butler 

..  ..  10 

0 

East  of  ditto  

..  ..  12 

3 

North  of  dining-room 

..  ..  10 

8 

Eastern  wall  

..  ..  37 

8 

190 

4 

190 

4 

3 

3 

1 

0 

618  7 Excavation  to  surface  trenches,  wheeling  and  depositing 
as  before, 

and 

Concrete. 


454 


QC/ANT/TY  SURVEYING. 


Note— Things  intended  to  be  separately  abstracted  should 
begin  on  a fresh  line,  as  shown  in  the  foregoing  item. 

2 0 

Ddt.  surface  digging  1 0 

1 0 

190  4 
3 3 
1 0 

618  7 Excavation  to  surface  trenches  P.  F.  I.  and  R.,  the  re- 
mainder wheeled  and  deposited  as  before. 


190  4 
9 

1 42  9 2*  B. 


190  4 
14  6 

2759  10  H B. 


2 B. 

2£  B. 

3 B. 

3)7^ 

2£  Bk.  av. 


Footings. 

12  0 
1 3 
1 3 

14  6 


From  foots  to  first  floor  level. 


Internal  Walls t 

Assumed  to  be  carried  down  to  the  same  level  as  external 
walls  with  12  inches  of  concrete  and  two  courses  of  footings. 


South  of  larder 7 6 

South  of  scullery  and  butler 29  0 

South  of  kitchen  and  dining-room  . . . . 39  8 

North  of  library 15  10 

North  of  vestibule  9 6 

East  of  scullery 13  3 

West  of  butler.  Colld 10  9 

West  of  dining-room.  Colld 18  8 

East  of  western  entrance 8 0 

East  of  library 12  6 

West  of  drawing-room  21  3 


185  11 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAX/JVG  OFF. 


455 


185 

11 

2 

6 

1 

0 

464 

10 

185 

11 

2 

6 

1 

0 

464 

10 

185 

11 

6 

93 

0 

185 

11 

14 

9 

2742 

3 

and 

Concrete. 


464  10  Excavation  P.  F.  I.  and  R.,  &c.  a.  b. 


Foots. 


To  first  floor  level. 


The  collection  forming  the  basis  of  the  foregoing  dimensions 
has  been  made  on  the  principle  of  measuring  the  horizontal  lines 
first  and  afterwards  the  vertical  ones,  and  does  fairly  well  for  a 
small  work  ; but  in  the  case  of  a large  building  this  would  confuse 
the  majority,  and  such  a plan  as  the  following  is  better : assume 
that  the  work  is  divided  into  two  sections  by  the  wall  south  of 
kitchen  and  dining-room,  measure  this  wall  first,  and  proceed  as 
before ; measuring  next  the  walls  north  of  the  latter  and  then 
those  south  of  it. 


South  of  kitchen  and  dining-room  . . . . 39  8 

South  of  scullery  and  butler 29  0 

South  of  larder 7 6 

East  of  scullery 13  3 

West  of  butler  10  9 

West  of  dining-room 18  8 

North  of  library 15  10 

North  of  vestibule  ..  ..  9 6 

East  of  western  entrance 8 0 

East  of  library 12  6 

West  of  drawing-room  21  3 


185  II 


The  bay  window  is  assumed  to  go  no  higher  than  the  ground 
floor,  and  is  best  taken  immediately  after  the  deduction  of  opening 
leading  into  it.  In  a case  where  a bay  goes  up  several  stories,  its 
foundations  and  brickwork  would  be  collected  with  the  general 
collection. 

For  chimney  breasts  and  stacks  see  “ Order  of  Taking  off. 


456 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Deduction  of  Openings  3'  X 6*  in  clear  in  1 bk.  and  1^  bk.  Walls 
respectively . 


A. 


Fig.  43. 

Fig.  44. 

6 

0 

6 0 

3 0 

half  reveal 

3 

4£  half  the  reveals. 

6 

U 

6 3 

3 4£ 

A.  3 4 
6 1 

20  3 Ddt.  1 bk.,  or  in  two  dimensions  as  B. 

B.  3 0 
6 0 

18  0 Ddt.  i bk. 

3 9 
6 3 

23  5 Ddt.  1 bk. 


Deduction  of  a Window  Opening  in  a Hollow  Wall. 


The  following  is  a deduction  of  a square-headed  window  opening 
3'  0”  X 7'  0"  externally,  with  4J"  reveal  in  a hollow  wall  of  two 
thicknesses  of  9"  and4J"  respectively,  with  2£"  cavity  (15j"in  all). 
The  solid  work  on  each  side  of  opening  would  be  alternately  4^" 
and  9",  average  7"  to  add  to  width,  two  courses  below  the  oak  sill 
and  about  three  above  the  lintel,  equal  21" ; i.e.  five  courses  of 
brickwork  15";  height  of  soffit  of  lintel  above  external  soffit  3"; 


be  added  to  the 

height. 

Width. 

3 0 

Height. 

7 

7 0 

7 

1 9 

4 2 

8 9 

4 2 
8 9 


Ddt.  16"  hollow  wall  as  described, 
and 

Add  If  B.  solid. 


36  6 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


457 


3 0 
7 0 

21 

3 9 
7 3 

27 

3 0 

3 

3 0 
5 

1 

3 6 
1 0 
3 

1 0 

3 

1 1 

2 

3 0 
7 0 
21 


0 

2 

0 

3 

6 

6 

2 

0 


17  0 
5 

• 7 1 

3 5 

3 5 

2/  2 


1/  1 

8/  8 

4 6 
11 
3 

' 1 0 

1/  1 


Ddt.  £ B. 

Ddt  1|  B. 

Centering  4£"  flat  soffit. 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  gauged  arch  in  second 
malms  set  in  putty. 


Ddt.  facing  as  described. 
Skewback  cutting  to  facing. 

Ddt.  facing  as  described. 


Facing. 


3 0 
7 0 
7 0 


17  0 


Eeveals. 


9"  x 4"  York  window  sill,  rubbed,  sunk,  weathered  and 
throated. 

Fair  ends, 
and 

M.  G.  facings  to  ends  of  window  sill. 

Frame  B.  & P. 

Wright’s  fixing  blocks,  9"  x 4£"  X 3". 


Fir  lintel. 

Extra  labour,  cutting  and  waste  to  relieving  arch  5'  0"  x 
1J  B.  x 1 B. 

4 


6 0 

6 0 
2 0 

12  0 5 lbs.  lead,  and  building  in  as  gutters  over  lintels. 


tO  Oi  05 


458  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

Facings. 

See  also  remarks  in  section  on  “ Billing.” 


A Window  with  Brick  Dressings  (Fig.  45). 

The  deduction  of  brickwork  having  been  taken  with  general 
brickwork.  Assumed  depth  of  reveal  4J  inches, 

General  facings,  picked  stocks ; dressings,  red  bricks. 


3 0 
9 
9 


q4  I Length  of 
lli  j Quoins. 


4 6 
6 0 


2/12 

6 0 


2/  4 

1 0 


4 6 3)27 

Average  9 

27  0 Deduct  facings  of  picked  stocks,  as  described. 

Average  of  face  9 
Reveal  4| 

13£ 


14  0 Facings  of  red  bricks,  as  described,  finished  with  a neatly 
struck  joint. 

Jambs 

average. 


8 Add 


and 


Ddt.  picked  stock  facings  at  skewbacks. 


3 1 intrados. 

4 2 extrados. 


2)7  3 


3 mean. 


3 8 Ddt.  picked  stock  facings  for  arch. 


3 8 J Rubbed  and  gauged  arch  in  red  bricks,  set  in  cement, 
I raked  out  and  pointed  to  match  facings. 

1 3 j 


Face  and  soffit. 


Skewback  1 0 
„ 1 0 
Extrados  4 2 


6 2 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


459 


2/ 


2/ 


6 2 
6 3 


3 5 

2/ 

7 0 


6 

2 

Circular  and  skewback  cutting  to  facings. 

12 

6 

Labour  cut  and  rubbed  moulding,  4-in.  girth  on  facings. 

Jambs. 

3 

5 

Ditto,  circular. 

Arch. 

2 

Mitres. 

14 

0 

Extra  labour  to  bonding  quoins. 

Jambs. 

or,  instead  of  last  item,  write  in  bricklayer’s  bill — 

“ All  the  red  facings  to  include  any  extra  labour  for  bonding 
with  the  general  facings.” 


3 6 
6 


3 6 
6 

4 0 
11 


1 9 |Bk. 


Oversail  for  sill  average. 


1 9 Ddt.  facings  of  picked  stocks. 
3 8 Red  facings  top  of  sill. 


460 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


4 0 
10 

3 4 Red  facings,  front  of  ditto  (girth). 

4 0 

4 0 Extra  labour  on  facings  for  two  courses  of  moulded  bricks, 

as  sill,  including  setting  out. 

2/  2 Returned  and  mitred  ends. 

See  also  modes  of  measurement,  “ Facings.” 


Facings  of  a Chimney  Stack  (Fig.  46). 

All  the  mouldings  to  be  cut  and  rubbed. 

Girth  of  shaft  13  2 
Ditto  cap  16  8 

2)29  10 

Mean  girth  14  11 

The  general  brickwork  of  the  shaft  measured  with  ordinary 
brickwork. 


14  11 
1 6 

22  5 |B  (averaged). 

Oversail  for  cap. 

12  J 2 

5 

5 1 ) Red  facing  as  described.  2/  3 9 = 7 6 

6/  y 9 I 4/12  = 48 


11 J 12  2 

Top. 

2/  5 3 = 10  6 
2/31=62 


16  8 16  8 
6 

8 4 Facings  a.  b. 

Above  cornice. 

6/  6 Extra  labour  on  facings  for  forming  pilasters  triangular  on 

plan  9 in.  wide  5 in.  projection  and  6 in.  high,  including 
cutting  to  chimney  shafts. 

14  11 
1 6 

22  5 Facings  a.  b.  Comice. 


14  11 

14  11 

10/  10 


Extra  labour  on  facings  for  moulding  18  in.  girth  in  short 
lengths  to  chimney  shafts,  including  setting  out. 

Mitres  to  18  in.  moulding. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


461 


6/  2/  12  Irregular  ditto. 

6/*/  9 

19  11  _ 

24  7 j Bk.  Projection  for  pilasters. 


13  2 
9 1 

119 


PLAN 

Fig.  46. 

2/  4 4 = 8 8 Necking  9 

2/  2 3 = 4 6 Shaft  7 6 

. Two  1 5 

Girth  of  shaft  13  2 mould gs.  f 5 

9 1 


Facings  a.  b. 


462 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/  13  2 
3 


2/  13  2 


2/  10/ 
2/  12/ 
6/9  3 


6/  1/ 


6 7 $ Bk. 

Projn.  of  mould  gs. 

26  4 Extra  labour  on  facings  for  moulding  one  course  high, 
including  setting  out  in  short  lengths  to  chimney  shafts. 
20  Mitres. 

24  Irregular  ditto. 

55  6 Extra  labour  on  facings  for  forming  pilasters  9 in.  wide 
5 in.  projn.  a.  b. 

6 Stopped  ends  to  ditto  on  moulded  face. 

2/  4 10  = 9 8 
2/  2 7 = 5 2 


14  10 

6 

7 5 * Bk. 


14  10 


Projn.  for  base  moulding. 

3 9 

3 9 
1 10* 
1 10* 

4 10 
4 10 
3 0 
3 0 


2) 26  11 


13  6 

V 

13  6 
1 4 


6/*/  9 

9 

6/2/*/  6 

9 


13  6 Lab.  to  moulding  16  in.  girth. 
4 Mitres. 

16  11  Facings  as  described. 

1 8 Ddt.  facings. 

2 3 Facings  as  described, 


13  5* 
Base  moulding. 
Base  moulding. 

Stoppings  of  pilasters. 

Sides  of  ditto. 

3 6 

Below  surface  of  roof  3 


3 9 


2/2  8 

3 9 


20 


0 


Add. 


Case. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 


463 


Mean  2 3 
3 

2/  4 6 2 6 

2 6 

22  6 Add. 

Ditto. 

In  the  measurement  of  the  carcass  of  the  building,  the  shaft 
would  be  measured  without  its  projections,  leaving  them  to  be 
taken  with  the  facings  as  in  the  foregoing  dimensions. 

Facings  of  a Chimney  Shaft  (Fig.  46). 

Alternative  Method. 

14  11 
1 6 


— 

22  5 

i B. 

Oversail  for  cap. 

12  2 
5 

— 

5 1 ; 

1 Red  facing  as  described. 

«/*/  9 

* 

1 

Top. 

11 1 

( 

16  8 
6 

— 

8 4 

Facings  a.  b. 

Above  cornice. 

6/ 

6 

Extra  labour  on  facings  for  forming  pilasters,  triangular  on 
plan  9"  wide  5"  projection  and  6"  high,  including  cutting 
to  chimney  shaft. 

14  11 

' 

14  11 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  facings  and  cut  and  rubbed 
moulding  18"  girth  in  short  lengths  to  chimney  shaft, 
including  setting  out. 

10/ 

10 

Mitres  to  18"  moulding. 

6/  2/ 

12 

Irregular  ditto. 

W 9 

10  11 

24  7 

} Bk. 

Projection  for  pilasters. 

Necking  9 

Shaft  7 6 

13  2 

8 3 

8 3 

— 

108  8 

Facings  a.  b. 

2/  13  2 

0 

6 7 

h Bk. 

Projn.  of  mouldings. 

2/  13  2 

26  4 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  labour,  moulded  bricks  and 
facing  for  1 course  moulded  bricks  in  short  lengths  as 
string,  including  setting  out  to  chimney  shaft. 

2/  10/ 

20 

Mitres. 

C5  <Q 


464 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/  12/  24 

6/9  3 

55  6 

6/  1/  6 

14  10 
6 

7 5 

13  6 

13  6 

4/  4 

m/  9 

9 

1 8 

<5/2/*/  6 

9 

2 3 

2/2  8 
3 9 

20  0 

2/4  6 
2 6 

22  6 


Ditto,  irregular. 

Extra  labour  on  facings  for  forming  pilasters  triangular  on 
plan  9"  wide  5"  projection,  including  cutting. 

Stopped  ends  to  ditto  on  moulded  face. 


Projn.  for  base  moulding. 

Extra  on  common  brickwork  for  facings  and  cut  and  rubbed 
moulding  16"  girth,  including  setting  out. 

Mitres. 


Ddt.  facings. 

Facings  as  described. 


Add. 

Add.  An  Inspection  Pit. 


The  following  work  in  S.  Q.  to 
inspection  pits. 


6 

9 

4* 

6 

9 

n 

6 


2 6 


6 9 5 9 


Fig.  47. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 


465 


6 9 

5 9 

1 0 

38  10  Cement  concrete  as  described. 

6 9 
5 9 

7 5 

287  10  Dig  and  cart,  extreme  depth  7'  6". 


21  6 
11 
6 5 

126  6 Ddt. 

and 

Add  Dig,  fill  and  ram. 


15  0 
6 


15  0 
5 11 


7 6 lfB.  inCt. 


88  9 1 B.  in  Ct. 


6 9 
6 9 
4 0 
4 0 

21  6 


2/  5 0 = 10  0 
2/26=50 


15  0 


Footings. 


Up  to  surface. 
1 5 

1 5 

2 10 


2 10 
6 


2 6 
2 2 


2 2 
2 9 


1 5 Ddt.  1 B.  in  Ct. 


Above  crown  of  arch. 


2/2  2 

10 


2 10 
9 


5 5 Centering  to  vault, 

and 

Rake  out  and  point  soffit  of  vaulting. 

6 0 Vaulting  in  two  half-brick  rings  in  cement. 
3 7 Ro.  cutting. 


Skowbacks. 


Back. 


2 H 


2 


2 Add. 


466 


1 4 

6 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/ 


1 4 

2/2/1  4 

5 4 

1/  1 


1/  1 


4 0 

4 0 

3/  3 

3/  3 

5/  5 

12  0 

12  0 

4/  4 

12  0 
3 9 

45  0 


7 8 

1 5 

10  10 

1/  1 


i B.  in  Ct. 


Oversail. 


Labour  rough  oversail  1 course. 

Bolding’s  (Grosvenor  Works,  Davies  Street,  W.)  cast-iron 
air-tight  cover,  with  flange  and  india-rubber  packing. 
Size  of  opening  24"  X 16",  and  fixing  and  bedding  in 
cement. 

Making  up  bottom  of  manhole  3'  6"  x 2'  6"  with  Portland 
cement  concrete  average  8"  thick  to  falls,  and  rendering 
with  Portland  cement  trowelled,  including  making  good 
to  channels. 

Winser’s  (Buckingham  Palace  Road)  4"  white  glazed 
channel  pipes,  and  bedding  and  jointing  with  cement. 

Extra  on  4"  straight  channel  pipe  for  4"  junction. 

4"  long  channel  bends,  and  bedding  and  jointing  with 
cement. 

M.  G.  drain  to  1 brick. 

Portland  cement  trowelled  skirting  8"  high  (averaged). 

Mitres. 


Joints  of  brickwork  struck  fair. 

1 4 

1 4 

2 6 
2 6 

7 8 


J oints  of  brickwork  struck  fair. 

Strutting  and  planking  to  hole  6'  9"  x 5'  9"  and  7'  6"  deep. 


A Stone  Pier  Cap  in  Two  Stones . 


...1 

1 1. 

PLAN 


1/ 


ELEVATIO N 


1 11 
1 11 

8 


Fig.  48. 


2 5 Box  Ground  stone. 


Pier  cap. 
Lower  stone. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


467 


1 11 
l 11 

3 8 Bed. 


1 11 

8 

1 3 Joint. 

4/  1 0 

3 

1 0 P.  F. 


V 8 

8 

1 9 S.F. 


Top  and  bottom. 


Two  sides. 


Sides. 


(The  whole  height  at  angles.) 


In  the  measurement  of  labour,  small  dimensions  like  the  fore- 


going must  be  liberally  treated. 


4/  1 0 = 4 0 
4/  8 = 28 


6 8 
5 

1 9 S.F. 

8/  7 

4 8 Mitre  to  splay. 

1 6 
1 6 
11 

2 1 B.  G.  stone. 


2 5 
1 6 

3 8 B.  and  J. 

4/  . 10 

3 

10  P.  F. 


V 


5 

11 


1 6 


S.  F. 


6 8 


Weathg. 


Upper  stone. 

Bed  1 6 
Joint  11 

2 5 


Sides. 


(The  whole  height  at  angles.) 

4/  10  = 3 4 
4/  5 = 18 


2 H 2 


5 0 


468 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


5 0 
8 

3 4 S.F. 

11 

11 

10  P.F. 

and 

Ddt.  half  bed. 

8/  8 5 4 Mitre  to  splay. 

2/  2 3"  X 1"  X 1",  slate  dowels,  mortises  and  cement. 


Top. 


An  Apex  Stone. 


1 2 

1 9 

2 7 
1 2 

2/  \/  2 7 
1 9 


2/12 

3 

2/  1 2 

1 7 


5 3 Box  Ground  stone. 


3 0 Bed. 


4 6 P.F. 


Sunk  joint. 


3 8 S.F. 

and 
R.  S. 

2/  \f  2 3 

1 2 

2 8 Sunk  work  stopped. 


2/2/1  7 
2/2/1  9 


.iVXL 

.4'  -4' 


Front  and  back. 


(Back  and  front.) 


6 4 Sunk  and  stopped  margin,  2 in.  wide. 


2/  2 

1 2 
1 2 

1 4 


7 0 Moulding  3 in.  girth  stopped. 
Mitres  to  3 in.  moulding. 


(Throat  and  chamfer.) 


Mo.  face. 


Roll. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


469 


A Stone  String  Course  in  a Brick  Wall. 

Exposed  for  a length  of  50  feet,  and  running 
into  wall  6 inches  at  one  end.  The  stones  alter- 
nately 4.J  and  9 inches  into  wall. 


Fig.  50. 


50  0 
6 


50  6 
11 

6 


23  2 


Ddt.  facings  as  described. 


Box  Ground  stone, 
and 

Ddt.  one  half  brickwork. 


50  6 

11 

46  4 Bed. 

17/  11 

6 

7 9 Joint. 

50  6 
6 

25  3 £ joint. 


4* 

9 

2)  13& 

„ . 

Projn.  4 
10£ 


String. 


Back. 


Note. — The  hack  is  often  left  rough,  in  which  case  no  labour 
need  be  taken  thereon,  or  a superficial  dimension  may  be  taken 
and  described  as  back. 


50  0 
1 0 

. 50  0 Mo.  F. 


Note. — This  includes  the  weathering.  Small  weatherings  are 
worth  as  much  and  are  often  measured  with  mouldings. 


2 6 
1 0 

2 6 Ddt.  Mo.  F. 

and 

Add  Mo.  F.  stopped. 

1/  1 Stopped  end  to  mo.,  12  in.  girth. 

6 
6 

3 \ joint. 


End  stone. 


470 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


RETURN  FRONT 

Fig.  51. 


Stone  Quoins  in  a Brick  Wall. 

Usually  averaged,  this  will  sometimes 
produce  a rather  larger  quantity  than 
squaring  each  stone,  but  is  close  enough, 
for  all  practical  purposes ; the  long  and 
short  dimensions  must  be  respectively 
added  together  for  the  average. 


7 

12 

9 

11 

7 

15 

10 

12 

4)  33 

4)  50 

-1 

I 

m 

l 


3 


l 

9 

9 


3 


Box  Ground  stone, 
and 

Ddt.  brickwork. 


4/11 

9 

3 3 Bed. 


1 10 

3 9 

6 11  \ joint 

and 
P.  F. 


Quoins  in  four  stones. 


1 1 

9 


1 10 


Faces  and  Backs. 


Stone  Quoins  in  a Brick  Wall.  Alternative  treatment. 

If  the  measurement  of  quoins  is  to  be  absolutely  correct,  some 
proportion  of  the  various  sizes  must  be  settled  before  measuring ; 
thus,  “ the  sizes  of  the  quoins  shall  be  as  follows : one  third 
12"  x 7"  x 12";  one  third  15"  x 7"  X 9";  one  third  9"  X 9"  X 15".” 
The  running  length  of  quoin,  i.e.  height  of  vertical  angle,  will 
then  be  measured  and  divided  by  3,  which  will  give  the  length  for 
quoin  of  each  size,  as  in  the  following  example: — 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF.  471 


12" 

3)  100  0 7" 


33  4 19" 


1 

7 

33 

4 

52 

9 

Ddt.  facing. 

1 

0 

7 

33 

4 

19 

5 

Stone, 

and 

Ddt.  brickwork. 

1 

7 

33 

4 

52 

9 

£ joint  (or  back) 

and 

P.F. 

33/  1 

0 

7 

19 

3 

Bed. 

1 

10 

33 

4 

— 

61 

1 

Ddt  facing. 

1 

3 

7 

33 

4 

24 

4 

Stone, 

and 

Ddt.  brickwork. 

1 

10 

33 

4 

61 

1 

h joint 

and 

P.  F. 

44/  1 

3 

7 

32 

1 

Bed. 

1 

6 

33 

4 

— 

50 

0 

Ddt.  facing. 

9 

9 

33 

4 

18 

9 

Stone 

and 

Ddt.  brickwork. 

1 

6 

33 

4 

50 

0 

h joint 

and 

P.  F. 

27/ 

9 

9 

15 

2 

Bed. 

472 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


A Stone  Balustrade  and  Entablature. 


5 9 
2 7 
8 

9 11 

5 9 
2 7 

14  10 

3/2  7 
8 

5 2 

8/  1 2 
3 


Portland  stone. 
Bed. 


Architrave  in  three  stones. 


Joint. 

Double  V joggle  pebbles  and  cement. 


<-!'  l"-X7"X-9"-> 


5 9 
8 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OPE. 


473 


3 10 

5 9 
7 

P.  F. 

Back. 

3 4 

5 9 

S.  F.  stopped. 

Front. 

5 9 

3 4 

Narrow  margin. 

Face  of  fillet. 

2/  1 1 = 2 2 
2/  7 = 12 

3 4 

3 4 

Ddt. 

and 

Add  narrow  margin,  sunk  and  stopped. 

1/  6 
5 9 

h in.  length  of  ditto,  with  one  external  and  one  internal 
mitre  to  each. 

Return  of  fillet, 

5 9 

3 4 

Narrow  sunk  margin. 

Under  side  of  fillet. 

3 4 

Ddt. 

and 

5 9 

Add  stopped. 

Narrow  margin. 

Upper  face  of  fillet. 

3/  3 

9 in.  length  of  narrow  sunk  margin  with  two  £ in.  returns, 
two  mitres,  and  two  stopped  ends  to  each. 

3/  3 

6 9 
1 5 
1 1 

Labour  to  guttse  9 in.  long,  1 in.  high,  £ in.  projection. 

10  4 

6 9 
1 5 

Portland  stone. 

Frieze  in  two  stones. 

n — 9 7 
1 5 
1 1 

Bed. 

3 1 

6 9 

1 1 

Joint. 

7 4 

£ joint 

1 1 

and 
P.  F. 

(Back  and  front.) 

3 3 

Joggle  and  cement  a.  b. 

474 

4/12 
1 1 


5 1 


6/11 
6 6 


3/  2/  1/  6 


3/  2/  1/  6 


5 9 
1 8 
7 

5 7 

5 9 

1 8 

9 7 

3/  1 8 
7 

2 11 

4/  10 

3 4 

5 9 
7 

3 4 

5 9 
10 

4 10 


3 4 

3 4 


6/ 

5 9 


7 6 
2 10 
9 


5 9 


15  11 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


S.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  P.  F. 

Between  triglyphs. 

Narrow  sunk  margin. 

Return  of  triglyphs. 
12  in.  lengths  of  arris  groove  £ in.  deep  1£  in.  wide,  stopped, 
and  with  one  splayed  stop  to  each. 

Channels  of  triplyphs. 
12  in.  lengths  of  stopped  chamfer  1 in.  wide,  with  one 
splayed  stop  to  each. 

Outer  edges  of  triglyphs. 


Portland  stone. 

Bed  mould  in  three  stones. 


Bed. 


Joint. 

Joggle  and  Ct.  a.  b. 


P.  F. 

Back. 


Mo.  F. 

7 

13 

13 

7 

40 


Labour  to  stopped  sinking  2 in.  wide  and  § in.  deep  in 
short  lengths. 

To  form  upper  fillet  of  triglyphs. 

^ in.  lengths  of  ditto,  with  one  external  and  one  internal 
mitre  to  each. 

Returns  of  do. 

Labour  to  dentil  course  4 in.  high,  the  blocks  2 in.  wide, 
3£  in.  high,  and  1 in.  apart. 


Portland  stone. 


Cornice  in  two  stones. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


475 


7 6 
2 10 

21  3 

2/  2 10 
9 

4 3 

7 6 

1 8 

12  6 

7 6 
8 

5 0 

7 6 
1 3 

9 5 

5 8 
5 

2 4 


7 6 
1 10 

13  9 

3/2  0 

6 0 

2 9 
1 4 

6 

1 10 


Bed. 

Joint. 

Sunk  bed. 

P.  F. 

S.  F. 

P.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  £ bod. 

Mo.  F. 

Joggle  and  Ct.  a.  b. 
Portland  stone. 


Under  side. 


Back. 


Weathering. 


Top. 

1 4 

1 4 

2 8 


Base  of  balustrade. 

2 


3 3 

1 4 

4 4 Bed  and  joint. 

•2  9 

2 9 2£  in.  plain  margin. 

2 9 
6 

15  P.  F. 


2 9 

1 0 

2 9 P.  F. 

and 

Ddt.  \ Bed. 


3 3 


Front. 


Back. 


Top. 


05 


476 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2 9 

2 9 Mo.  6 in.  girth. 

2 2 

1 8 

6 

1 10  Portland  stone. 


2 8 

1 8 

4 5 Bed  and  joint. 

2 2 
6 


11  P.  F. 


1 10 


1 10  2£  in.  margin. 


2/ 

6 

— 

1 

0 

2£  in.  ditto,  sunk. 

1 10 

— 

1 

10 

Moulding  6 in.  girth. 

2/ 

6 

-1 

1 

0 

Ditto,  stopped  in  short ' 

2/ 

2/ 

4 

Mitres  to  6"  mo. 

2/ 

5 

1 0 

— 

10 

P.  F. 

and 

Ddt.  § Bed. 

3/ 

9 

— 

2 

3 

Joggle  and  Ct.  a.  b. 

V 

6 

6 

1 5 

— 

1 

5 

Portland  stone. 

4/ 

6 

6 

— 

1 

0 

Bed. 

4/  4/ 

6 

1 5 

— 

11 

4 

P.  F. 

Base  to  pedestal. 
2 

2 8 


Back. 

Front. 

U 

4* 

6 

Returns. 

Front. 

Returns. 


Top. 


Balusters. 


Preparatory  faces. 


05  tC 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 


477 


V 

1 1 
1 5 

or 

4/ 

4/ 

2/ 

Mo.  F.  circular  continuous  to  balusters. 

Turning  and  labour  to  stone  balusters,  6"  x 6"  and  17" 
high,  instead  of  last. 

3 " x 1"  X l'7  slate  dowels,  mortises,  and  cement. 


Or  the  balusters  may  be  taken  as  follows : — 


4/  4 

1 11 
1 5 
1 5 


3 4 
1 5 


2/14 
1 5 


2/  2/  6 

1 5 


2/  6 

1 5 


2/  2/  3 

1 5 


2/  7 

1 5 


2/  2/  ,1  5 

2 8 

1 1 

5 


2 8 

1 1 


1 1 

5 


4 9 
3 9 
2 10 

1 5 

1 5 

1 8 

5 8 

1 2 

2 11 

5 


Portland  stone  and  labour  to  moulded  balusters  G"  x 6" 
and  17"  high. 


Portland  stone. 


Die  of  pedestal. 
Bed  1 11 
Joint  1 5 

3 4 


Bed  and  joint. 

(Top,  bottom  and  sides.) 


P.  F. 

Front  and  back. 


S.  F.  stopped. 

Sides. 


Plain  face, 
and 

Ddt.  £ Joint. 


S.  F. 

Prepy.  face  for  half  balusters. 


Mo.  F.  circular  stopped. 


To  balusters. 


Stopped  end  to  Mo. 


Portland  stone. 


Capping. 


Bed. 


Joint. 


478 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2 8 
4 

2 8 
8 


11 

9 


2 8 

2 8 

2 8 

1 1 

2 11 

2 1 
1 9 
5 


2 1 
1 9 

1 9 
5 

2 1 
4 


1 6 

3 8 


9 


8 


2 1 
1 5 

2 11 

2/  5 

8 


2 1 
4 

8 

2 1 

2 1 

2/  5 

10 

2/  2/  4 

2/  7 12 


P.  F. 

P.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  £ bed. 

Mo.  in.  girth. 

S.  F. 

Portland  stone. 

Bed. 

Joint. 

P.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  \ bed. 

S.  F. 

P.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  \ bed. 

P.  F. 

Moulding  6 in.  girth. 


Back. 

Soffit. 

Front. 

Top. 

Capping  to  pedestal. 

Front  part  of  top. 
Remr.  of  top. 

Soffit. 

Back. 
Front. 
Returns. 


Do.  6 in.  girth  stopped  in  short  lengths. 
Mitres. 

Joggle  and  Ct.  a.  b. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


479 


A Stone  Arch. 


10  5 
1 11 
10 

16  8 


11/  9 

1 11 

15  10 

11/  9 

1 11 

15  10 

10  5 
1 11 

20  0 


8 3 
1 7 

13  1 


Portland  stone. 
Bed. 

Sunk  bed. 
Circular  joint. 

S.  F.  circular. 


2/9  4 

1 1 


Extrados  = 10  5 
Intrados  =83 


Arch  in  eleven  stones. 


Extrados. 


Soffit. 
10  5 
8 3 


2)18  8 
9 4 


20  3 


Moulded  F.  circular. 


Faces  of  arch. 


480 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


l ll 

1 ll 
10 

3 1 

1 11 
1 11 

3 8 

1 11 
10 

1 7 

1 4 
4 

5 


4 1 11 

9 

5 9 


4/  4 

V if  11 

11 

1 8 


A Stone  Column. 


Portland  stone. 

Capital. 


Bed. 


Joint. 


P.  F. 
and 

Ddt.  i bed. 

Top. 


Mo.  F.  in  short  lengths  to 
caps  of  columns. 

Mitres  to  9 in.  mo. 


S.  F.  stopped. 


-r.sft 


Fig.  54. 


5 6 
7 

3 3 

4 8 
11 

4 3 


1 6 
1 6 
10  4 


(Angles  of  under  side  of  abacus.) 


Circular  sunk  joint. 


Prepy.  faces. 


Mo.  F.  circular  continuous  to  cap  of  column. 


Diar.  {}  l 


2 11 

1 5£  av. 


23  3 Portland  stone. 


Shaft  in  five  stones  (average  size). 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


481 


1 

6 

1 

6 

11 

3 

1 

6 

10 

4 

— 

31 

0 

4 

7 

10 

4 

47 

4 

Bed. 

Joint. 

Circular  S.  F. 


In  shaft  of  column. 

If  with  entasis  call  it  circular  S.  F.,  to  swelled  and  diminished 
shafts. 


2 1 
2 1 
10 


2 11 
2 1 


4/  2 1 
10 


3 7 Portland  stone. 


6 1 Bed  and  joint. 


6 11  P.F. 


6 7 
7 


3 10  Circular  sunk  joint. 


Base. 

2 1 
10 

2 11 


The  whole  height. 

2 1 
1 7 

3 8 


5 10 

11 

5 4 

V V 1 0 

1 0 

2 0 

6/  * 2/  12 


av.  diar.  1 10 


Mo.  F.  circular,  continuous  to  bases. 


To  bases. 


S.  F.  stopped. 

Top  of  plinth. 

3"  x 1"  X 1"  slate  dowels,  mortises,  and  Ct. 


A Traceried  Window  (Fig.  55.) 

6 8 
1 4 

1 0 

13  4 Box  Ground  stone 

and 

Ddt.  rubble. 


Sill  iu  two  stones. 
2 I 


482 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


|V 

|\ 


Fig  55. 


SECTION 


6 8 

1 4 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


483 


8 11  Bed. 

2/  1 4 

1 6 

4 0 Joint. 

1 6 

1 6 Double  V*joggle  pebbles  and  cement. 

Back  1 3 
Front  7 


6 8 
1 10 

12  3 

2/  8 

11 

1 3 


P.  F. 


Add. 


4 5 
6 

2 3 P.  F. 

and 

Ddt.  i bed. 


5 4 
1 2 

6 2 S.  F.  stopped 

and 

Rough  sunk. 


At  ends  of  front. 


Top. 


Front  weathering. 


Note. — The  length  of  the  foregoing  being  measured  from  A to 
A gives  sufficient  to  include  from  A to  B>  as  also  the  sunk  work 
to  stool  of  mullion. 


4 9 
4 

1 7 Sunk  F.  stopped. 

Splay  inside. 

2 7 1 4 

2 8 1 Labour  mitre  to  splay. 

6/  5 \ 

2 G 

- • 19 

1 7 
1 3 

1 10 
1 3 
1 7 
1 11 
1 9 


8)  12  11 
1 7J  av. 


2 I 2 


484 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


2/18 
1 4 
6 0 


26  8 B.  G.  stone 
and 

Ddt.  rubble. 


2/  8/  1 8 

1 4 


35  7 Beds. 


2/2  0 

6 0 

24  0 £ joint. 


2/17 
6 0 


19 

0 

P.  F. 

2/ 

6 

6 

0 

6 

0 

P.  F. 

2/ 

6 

10 

0 

10 

0 

S.  F. 

2/  4 

6 0 


and 

Rough  sunk  F. 


4 0 S.  F. 


5 

1 0 
6 0 


2 6 B.  G.  stone  scantling. 


2/10 

5 


10  Bed. 


Jambs  in  eight  stones. 


1 4 
8 


2 0 


Backs. 
Front  1 3 

Back  4 

1 7 


Outer  chamfers. 


Inner  chamfers. 


Mullion. 


1 

1 


2 10 


2 10 
6 0 

17  0 

P.  F. 

V 

4 

6 0 

8 0 

S.  F. 

2/ 

2/  4 

3"  x 

1"  x 1"  slate  dowels,  mortises,  and  Ot. 


Wtnoo 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


485 

The  stone  out  of  which  each  piece  of  tracery  is  obtained  is 
indicated  by  dotted  lines  on  the  illustration. 


2/  1 1 

1 4 

2 8 

2/  1 9 

1 4 

2 0 

2/  1 II 

1 4 

1 8 

2/  8 

1 4 
1 2 

2/  8 
1 4 

1 7 

2 0 
1 0 
2 3 

2/  2 1 
1 0 
1 1 


7 8 


9 4 


8 6 


2 1 


2 10 


4 6 


4 6 


B.  G.  stone. 


2/  */  5 10 
11  4 


70  1 


P.  F. 


Lowest  stone  of  arch. 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

© 

Front  and  back. 


The  foregoing  dimension  is  that  of  a triangle,  the  apex  of 
which  is  marked  a and  is  assumed  to  be  equal  to  the  surface  of 
the  head.  If  the  surveyor  is  doubtful  of  his  judgment  in  this 
manner  he  may  inscribe  a triangle  in  the  head  and  calculate  the 
segments  of  the  circle  forming  the  remainder,  as  sketch. 

14 

8 


Fig.  56.  10)92 


486 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/  10/  10 

1 4 

13  4 Sk.  joints. 


Collected  and  averaged. 
Stones  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

2/  5 = 10 

2/  11  = 22 
2/  7 = 14 


7)53 

n 

8 

1 0 


9 

4 

Sunk  joints. 

To  tracery. 

1 0 

5 

5 

Joint. 

Over  mullion. 

2/8  9 

1 4 

23 

4 

Circular  joint. 

Back  of  arch. 

14/ 

Slate  dowels,  mortises,  and  Ct.  a.  b. 

Width 

= 4 11 

Depth  of 


h/  a 7 

9 4 


26  1 


2/8  2 
6 

8 2 

3 6 
2 6 

8 9 


V 1 


5 7 


S.  F. 
and 

Ro.  sunk  F. 


Front  of  tracery. 


S.  F.  circular. 


Outer  splay  of  arch. 


Ddt.  S.  F.  stopped. 

The  lower  part  of  tracery  where  the 
thinner  stone  occurs. 

Labour  triangular  perforation  5"  x 5"  extreme  through 
12  in.  stone. 

Over  mullion. 


Head  of  light  4 2 

Eye  next  arch  2 11 

£ triangle  at  top 3 2 

£ eye  over  mullion  . . . . 8 


10  11 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


487 


2/  10  11 
1 0 

21  10  S.  F.  circular  part  stopped  in  tracery. 


14/  1 0 


14  0 Mitre  to  splay. 


12  in  stone. 


3 3 
3 
3 


22  0 S.  F.  stopped. 


17  0 
6 


12/ 


3 9 


Faces  of  cusped  circle. 


Labour  to  triangular  perfs,  3"  x 3"  extreme,  through 
6 in.  stone. 

Eyes. 


9 0 Mitre  to  splay. 


Eyes  6/  9=46 

Cusps  6/  2 1 = 12  6 


17  0 


8 6 S.  F.  circular  in  tracery. 


6 0 Mitre  to  splay. 


Points  of  cusps. 

Heads  of  lights  2/  4 8=9  4 

3 10 

Eye  over  mullion  2/  5 4 = 10  8 

11  0 
8 6 


43  4 


2/  43  4 

86  8 Circular  splay,  4 in.  wide  in  tracery,  part  stopped. 

Inside  and  outside. 


2/  14/  6 



14  0 

Mitre  to  splay. 

*' 

Average  of  long  and  short. 

2/6/2  0 

24  0) 

Circular  splay  as  last,  but  2 in.  wide. 

Eyes  in  foiled  circle. 

2/6/2  3 ( 

' 

'Ll  uj 

Foils. 

2/  6/  3/ 

36 

Mitre  to  2 in.  splay. 

Eyes. 

2/2  0 

4 0 

Stopped  rebate  5 in.  girth,  including  stops. 

On  sill. 

488 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/2  0 

4 0 

2/  1/  2 

2/2/61 

24  4 


2/4  2 

8 4\ 

1 5 

1 5 

2/3  0 

6 0 

6/2  1 

12  6 

6/  8 

4 0 

6 3 

6 3, 

2/4/2  1 ' 

16  8 

2/  4/  2/  16 

1/  1 

6/  6 

2/  2 1 

6 1 

25  4 


V 


2/ 


«/ 


tv 


2 

1 

1 

10 

6 

5 

7 

1 

3 

3 

4 

1 

6 

1 

6 

11 

11 

2 

2 

10 

3 


6 


6 


3 


1 

oJ 


Stopped  groove  1 in.  wide  and  £ in.  deep,  incg.  stops. 

For  condensation. 

| in.  perforations  9 in.  long,  as  eject. 

Groove  for  lead  lights 
and 

Pointing  both  sides  with  mastic  cement. 

Ditto,  circular  in  tracery. 


s"  X U galvanised  iron  saddle  bur. 

Mortises  for  saddle  bars  and  cement. 

King  18  in.  diur.  of  saddle  bar  as  before,  with  six  points. 
Mortises  and  cement  a.  b. 


Stout  lead  quarry  lights,  secured  with  strong  copper 
bands  to  saddle  bars,  and  glazing  with  rolled  cathedral 
glass  in  varied  tints  (to  be  approved),  with  border  of 
plain  white  glass. 


Ditto,  in  cusped  heads,  and  tracery  measured  square. 


If  the  stone  in  a traceried  head  is  all  of  one  thickness,  the 
stone  may  be  taken  in  one  dimension,  unless  the  tracery  is  un- 
usually open ; the  quantity  of  stone  resulting  from  this  method 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


489 


will  be  sufficiently  near  for  all  practical  purposes.  To  take  tho 
foregoing  as  an  example,  and  assuming  the  thickness  to  bo  12 
inches,  the  dimensions  would  be  as  follows : — 

J/  5 10 

1 0 
11  4 

33  1 B.  G.  stone  in  tracery. 


A Quarter  Partition. 


2/  2 14"  x 9"  X 3"  York  templates,  tooled  where  exposed. 

Partition  south  of  B.R.  4. 
2/  2 Ends  of  timbers  cut  and  pinned. 

' 20  0 

9 

9 


21  « 

8 

4 

4 9 Fir  framed  in  trussed  partition. 


21  6 


Tie  beam. 


490 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


38  6 
7 

4 

7 6 

2/  10  9 

5 
4 

3 0 

2/4  9 
4 
4 


1 1 


3 7 
4 
3 


2/  1/ 


Add. 


Add. 


Add. 


Add. 


Principals. 


Struts. 


Straining  piece. 


f-in.  W.  I.  bolt  17  in.  long,  with  head,  nut  and  washer, 
and  fixing  by  carpenter. 

Heel  bolts. 


2 0 
2 0 
4 


2/4  4 

8 8 

2/  1/  2 


4 4 

2"  x W.  I.  strap,  incg.  perforations,  and  fixing  by 
carpenter. 

Sets  of  W.  I.  gibs  and  keys. 

Posts  2/  11  6 = 23  0 
Intertie  20  0 

13  6 


Posts 


3 6 


50  0 
4 
4 


5 7 Fir  frd.  a.  b. 


122  0 
4 

8 6 


Add. 


50  0 


10/  11  6 = 115  0 
2/  3 6 7 0 


122  0 


Quarters. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


491 


A Circular  Bib  to  a Boof  Truss. 


14  3 
1 2 

16  8 

2/  12  3 

1 9 

42  11 

2/9  3 

1 7 

29  4 

2/7  4 
7 

8 7 

2/9  6 

2 1 

39  7 

«• 

2/5  6 

1 3 

13  9 


4-in.  fir  framed  and  wrought  in  circular  rib. 


4-in.  ditto  out  of  timber  21  in.  deep. 


4-in.  ditto  out  of  ditto  19  in.  deep. 


4-in.  fir  as  first. 


4-in.  ditto  out  of  25  in.  deep. 


4-in.  fir  as  first. 


Piece  A. 

B. 

C. 

D. 

E. 

F. 


Describing  the  timber  as  wrought  gives  an  excess  on  the  plan- 
ing, but  does  not  usually  increase  the  builder’s  price.  The  word 
wrought  can  however  be  omitted,  and  the  net  quantity  of  the 
planing  measured,  if  that  course  be  preferred. 


492 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Fig.  59. 


U 12  6 

1 9 9 

1 9 9 


32  0 

32  0 


3£  32  0 

Labour  stopped  groove  3£  in.  girth  in 
fir,  incg.  stops.  (Edge  of  rib  grooved 
into  collar  and  principal  rafter.; 


2/  32  0 

64  0 Labour  to  rebate  2£  girth. 


2/  11  4 


2/7  4 
2/  5 3 


22  8^ 


14 


10 


Between  A and  B = 3 10 
„ B and  0 = 3 6 

,,  C and  E = 4 0 


11  4 


Grooved  and  rebated  joint  and  dowelling  with  oak  dowels. 


Between  C and  D. 

Between  E and  F. 

2 4 
2 10 

2 7 
2 6 

3 1 
3 9 


6)  17  1 


2 10 


2/  6/ 

12 

2/  6/ 

12 

58  6 

— 

58 

2/  2/  25  3 

— 

101 

2/2/  2/ 

8 

f-in.  W.  I.  bolts,  average  2 ft.  10  in.  long  with  head,  nut 
and  washer,  and  fixing  by  carpenter. 

Labour  heads  of  bolts  let  into  fir  and  pelletted  or 
covered. 

Labour  circular  sunk  and  sawn  edge  to  4-in.  fir. 

Labour  to  stopd.  chamfer  2 in.  wide  circular. 

Splayed  stops. 


Doors . 

Doors  of  various  heights  or  widths  may  often  be  averaged  with 
advantage  where  one  of  the  dimensions  is  the  same  in  each  case ; 
thus  a number  of  doors  7 feet  high  and  of  various  widths  as 
follows : — 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 


493 


7/2  9 
7 0 

134  9 


7/  17  4 
6 

60  8 


Bedroom  No.  2 

2/ 

2 

6 = 5 

0 

Housemaid’s  closet 

= 3 

0 

Bedroom  No.  4 

2/ 

2 

9 = 5 

6 

„ No.  5 

2/ 

2 

10  = 5 

8 

7)  19 

2 

Av.2 

9 

2-in.  four-panel  sqr.  doors. 


7 0 
7 0 
2 9 
4/11  5 


17  2 

2/1"  2 horns. 

17  4 


1 J in.  double  rebated  jamb  linings, 
tongued  at  angles. 


17  2 
4/3"  = 1 0 


18  2 


7/  2/  18  2 

254  4 3"  x 1?"  moulded  architrave 

and 

3"  x 1"  framed  and  splayed 
grounds  plugged. 


Often  the  difference  in  length  between  grounds  and  architraves 
is  so  small  that  it  is  assumed  to  be  the  same,  and  they  are  taken 
together,  as  in  the  foregoing  dimensions. 


494 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Staircases. 

The  space  shown  on  a general  drawing  as  occupied  by  a stair- 
case is  from  outside  to  outside  of  strings. 

As  the  measurement  of  wreathed  lines  will  often  be  requisite 
in  dealing  with  handrails,  strings,  &c.,  and  may  perhaps  be 


puzzling  to  inexperienced  persons,  see  the  following  example; — 
Measure  the  length  on  plan  (say  3 feet)  and  find  the  rise  (say 
2 feet),  set  out  3 feet  as  the  base  of  a triangle,  and  2 feet  as  the 
perpendicular,  and  the  hypothenuse  will  be  the  required  length. 


S'.  0 


Although  the  length  of  the  treads  minus  the  strings  would  be 
a trifle  less  than  3 feet,  as  each  housing  would  be  less  than  ^ of 
an  inch,  it  is  usual  to  take  the  whole  length  as  follows : — 
Assuming  the  height  from  A to  B to  be  4 feet  6 inches. 

Each  riser  will  be  6 inches. 

Treads  { \ ® 

Risers  { 2 0 
Nosing  G/l"  6 


7 S 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF. 


495 


3 0 
7 8 


23  0 


l*-in.  deal  treads,  with  rounded  nosings  and  1-in.  risers 
glued,  blocked  and  bracketted,  all  tongued  together 
on  and  including  two  strong  fir  carriages,  and  pre- 
pared for  cut  strings. 

Fliers. 


9 0 


lf-in.  ditto,  eross-tongued  winders,  measured  net. 


Riser 

Nosim 


10  0 
7 


V 

3 0 


Treads. 
3 0 
3 6 
3 6 

10  0 


5 10 
1 

3 0 


Add. 

Risers. 

Extra  labour  and  materials  curtail  end  to  bottom  step 
and  veneered  front  to  riser,  the  step  3 ft.  6 in.  long. 


4"  x li"  rounded  nosing  and  tonguing  to  edge  of  floor. 

At  top. 

Or  the  fliers  may  be  measured  by  single  steps,  thus  : — 

Tread  10 
Riser  6 
Nosing  1 


17 


5/ 


3 0 
1 5 

3 0 
7 


21 

1 


Topmost  riser. 

The  way  first  described  usually  makes  fewer  dimensions. 

6/  6 Housings  of  steps. 

3/  3 Ditto  winders. 

4/  4 Mitred  and  returned  nosings  to  steps. 

2/  2 Ends  of  treads  notched  and  fitted  to  newel. 

3/  3 Ditto  winders. 

Square-headed  Sashes  and  Frames  in  14 -inch  Wall . 


496  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Begin  with  the  size  of  the  external  opening  “ 3'  0"  x 6'  0".” 


3 9 
6 3 

23  5 


4/  4 

3 9 

3 9 


1/  1 

2/  2 

2 10 
5 6 

15  7 


16  3 
5 

6 9 


16  11 

16  11 


17  3 

17  3 


6 

4 2 

2 1 

2/  2 


3 9 6 3 

Deal-cased  frames  O.S.  and  weathd.  sills,  1-in.  inside  and 
outside  linings,  1 l pulley  stiles,  f-in.  back  linings,  and 
2-in.  moulded  sashes  double  hung  with  best  No.  . . . 
flax  lines,  best  brass  axle  pulleys,  and  iron  weights, 
and  the  frame  grooved  all  round  for  finishings. 

Extra  for  moulded  horns  to  2-in.  sashes. 

li"  x i"  galvd.  W.  I.  tongue  in  white-lead, 
and 

Groove  in  oak, 

and 

Groove  in  York  stone. 

Strong  brass  spring  sash-fastening. 

Brass  sunk  sash  lifts. 


B.P.P. 

2 squares. 
Length  of  j 3 9 
outer  edge  > 6 3 
of  frame.  ) 6 3 

16  3 

1-in.  rebated  linings,  tongued  at  angles. 

16  3 
8 

2"  x U1 

" moulded  architrave  and  mitres. 

16  11 

16  3 
1 0 

3"  x 1" 

framed  and  splayed  grounds. 

17  3 

3 9 
2* 
2 * 

4 2 

li-in.  rounded  and  rebated  window  board  and  bearers. 
Notched,  returned  and  mitred  ends. 

Height  of  frame  6 3 
Width  of  one  ground  3 

6 6 

Width  of  frame  3 9 
and  grounds.  6 

4 3 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


497 


4 3 

6 6 

27  8 Ddt.  R.  F.  and  S.  walls, 

and 

Paper  at  2s.  per  piece. 


Fig.  G3, 


The  width  of  gutters  must  always  be  calculated,  as  they  are 
frequently  incorrectly  drawn;  when  the  distances  apart  of  the 
drips  are  equal,  long  lengths  may  be  taken  together,  and  the  width 
may  be  averaged,  but  not  otherwise,  for  when  the  drips  are  at 
unequal  distances  the  average  will  not  be  a true  one,  and  consider- 
able error  will  result ; nevertheless,  in  a large  number  of  gutters 
of  similar  character  the  probability  is  that  errors  will  neutralise 
each  other. 


First  find  out  the  increase  of  width  for  every  inch  of  rise  (see 
dotted  lines  on  diagram),  by  drawing  a section  of  the  roof  slope  to 
a scale  sufficiently  large  to  be  depended  on.  In  this  instance  the 

2 K 


498  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

rise  is  inch  in  10  feet,  and  the  increase  of  width  for  each  inch  of 


rise  3^  inches. 


Observe  that  lead  is  often  turned  up  as  much  as  12"  under  the 
roof  covering  (measured  from  the  sole  of  the  gutter). 


A.  10  1 
11 


B.  10  1 

1 9 


9 3 


17  8 


C. 


5 1 
2 5 


1-in.  deal  gutter-boards  and  framed  bearers. 


12  3 


9 

1 1 
2)1  10 
11 


1 7 
1 11 

2)3  6 

1 9 

2 4 
2 6 

2)4  10 

2 5 


2/ 

1/ 


Short  lengths  of  l|-in.  cross  rebated  drip. 

lJ-in.  deal  dovetailed  cesspool  9"  x 9"  x 6",  all  in  clear, 


A. 

10 

5 

2 

5 

— 25  2 

B. 

10 

6 

3 

3 

34  2 ) 


holed  and  fitted. 

10  0 
At  drip  3 

At  cesspool  2 

10  5 


6-lb.  lead  gutter. 


Sole  of  gutter  11 
Turn  up  } ® 

29 


At 


drip  | 


10  0 
3 
3 

10  6 


5 0 

Turn  up  9 

At  drip  3 


1 9 

9 

9 

3 3 

2 5 
9 
9 


6 0 


3 11 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


409 


C.  6 0 
3 11 


23  6 


10 

10 


3 1 
8 


1/ 

1/ 

V 

V 


2 1 


6-lb.  lead  gutter. 


Cesspool  bottom. 
6 
1 


3 0 


8 3 1 

Ditto  sides. 

Extra  labour  and  solder  to  cesspool. 

24  in.  length  of  socket  pipe  out  of  7-lb.  lead  all  bent,  one 
end  tafted  and  soldered  to  cesspool. 

Stout  copper  wire  cover  to  cesspool. 

Perforation  in  H Bk.  wall  for  socket  pipe,  and  making 
good. 


Measuring  from  the  last  Illustration  in  the  manner  used  when 
the  Drips  are  at  equal  Distances. 


Wider  end  2 

G 

25  0 

Narrower  end 

9 

Passings  2/1  2 

3 

3 

25  2 

1 

n 

25  2 
1 8 

41  10 


1"  gutter  board  and  bearers. 

It  will  be  seen,  by  comparison  with  the  former  dimensions,  that 
the  result  is  too  great. 


Alternative  for  Cesspool. 

Cesspools  are  often  of  one  rectangular  piece  of  lead  with  the 
corners  cnt  out. 

3 
0 
9 
6 
t; 


30 


39 


2 6 
3 3 


6 lbs.  lead. 


Cesspool. 

2 K 2 


500 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


A Balustrade  and  Cornice  in  Portland  Cement  and  Brick. 


4 9 
3 0 

14  3 1§  Bk.  in  Ct. 

Frieze  and  cornice. 


1 8 

6 

10 


1 2 
1 9 

2 1 


3 7 
3 

11 


1 11 

3 

6 


4 9 
6 

2 5 


4 9 
2 5 

11  6 


4 Bk.  in  Ct. 


Projection  base  of  pedestal. 


1?  Bk.  in  Ct. 


Pedestal. 


1 Bk.  in  Ct. 


Capping 


^ Bk.  in  Ct. 


Projection  for  pedestal. 


± Bk.  in  Ct. 


Projection  for  bed  mould  of  cornice. 


4-in.  rougli  York  core,  and  bedding  and  jointing  in  Ct. 

Cornice 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


2/ 


501 


4 9 

4 9 Roughly  splayed  edge  to  4-in.  York. 


2/4  9 
2/  2/  5 


4 9 
1 2 


9 6 1 Ro.  splay  one  course  of  bkwk. 

1 8) 


1 4 
1 9 


3 5 

4 


4 9 
1 6 


2 2 
5 


Capping  and  base  of  balustrade,  &c. 


5 7 3-in.  Ro.  York  core,  and  bedding  and  jointing  in  Ct. 

Soffit  of  architrave. 


All  in  Narrow  Widths. 

2 4 P.  F.  in  Portland  Ct.  on  brick. 

Back  of  pedestal. 
Back  of  capping. 


1 2 P.  F. 


7 2 P.  F 


3 P.  F. 


Back  of  base. 


Returns  of  pedestal  at  top. 


11  Weathering,  including  dubbing. 


1 4 
1 5 


1 11  Add. 


2 7 

1 1 


4 9 


2/  5 

V 


2 10  Add. 

4 9 Moulding  6-in.  girth. 

10  Ditto,  in  short  lengths. 

4 Mitres  to  6 in.  moulding. 


Top  of  pedestal. 


Ditto. 
4 9 
Ddt.  2 2 

2 7 


Top  of  capping. 

Front. 

Returns. 


1 5 
1 5 
1 4 


502 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


4 2 
l 5 

5 11 

4 9 

4 9 

2/  5 

10 

4/  4 


5 0 


3 


2/4  9 

9 6 

2/  4 

8 

V H 

2/3  5 

6 10 

2/  1 8 

3 4 

2/  1 5 

2 10 

2/  4 

8/ 


4 2 


P.  P. 

Front  and  returns  of  pedestal. 
Moulding  0 in.  g.  in  S.  L.  a.  b. 

Base  of  balustrade. 


Ditto,  in  short  lengths. 
Mitres  to  6-in.  moulding. 


Returns. 


4 9 


5 6 


P.  F.  a.  b. 


Base. 


Arris  part  in  short  lengths. 


Soffit  of  capping. 
Capping. 


Base. 

Vertical  to  pedestal. 


Note. — When,  as  in  the  above  case,  a distinction  is  necessary, 
but  the  difference  of  value  for  short  lengths  is  small,  say  “ part  in 
short  lengths.” 

4 9 
1 7 

7 6 Weathering  and  dubbing  a.  b. 

Cornice. 


1 10 
4 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF 


5°3 


7 

4 9 

4 9 

4 9 
2 G 

11  11 


4 9 

4 9 

4 9 
1 2 

5 7 

2/  2 

1/  1 


2 7 

2 7 

10/  10 


4 9 
1 9 

8 4 


4 9 

4 9 

4/  4 

2/  2 


Ddt.  do. 

For  base  of  pedestal. 


Arris. 


Moulding. 

Cornice  measured  from  top  of  frieze  to  edge  of 
weathering. 

Dentil  course  of  blocks  2 in.  wide,  3§  in.  high,  1 in.  apart, 
2 in.  projection. 


P.  F.  a.  b. 


Frieze. 

Cast  Doric  triglyphs,  10  in.  wide,  18  in.  high,  and  1 in. 

projection,  and  including  modelling,  fixing  and  m.  g. 
Half  do.  and  do. 

1 0 
1 0 
7 


2 7 


Moulding  3 in.  girth  in  short  lengths. 

Fillet  between  lower  part  of  triglyphs. 


Mitres. 


6 


1 3 


1 9 


P.  F.  a.  b. 

Fascia 

and 

Soffit. 

Arris. 

Cast  moulded  balusters,  6 in.  extreme  diameter,  and  17  in. 

high,  including  modelling  and  fixing  and  m.  g. 

Half  do.,  and  fixing  against  pedestal  and  m.  g. 


i 

An  Archway  in  Keene  s Cement  (Fig.  66). 


2/  4 0 

7 0 


56 


0 


Ddt.  R.  F.  and  S. 


5°4 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


2/  6 3 
9 


6 4 
9 


9 5 Keene’s  Ct.  F.  F.  in  N.  W. 

(The  width  usually  allowed  is  equal  to  thickness 
of  wall.) 


2/ 


2/2/6  0 


4 9 


1 6 


Do.  Circular. 

Junction  of  circular  and  straight. 


24  0 K.  C.  mo.  5 in.  girth 
and 

Bough  chamfer  on  bk. 


(The  latter  only  when  a chamfer  is 
required.) 


Fig.  66. 


2/  7 1 

14  2 


2/  2/  4 

2/  2/  4 


Do.  circular, 
and 

Rough  chamfer  on  brick. 

Junction  of  circular  and  straight  mo.  in  K.  C. 
Moulded  stops  to  5 in.  moulding. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


505 


A Cast-iron  Column  and  its  Base. 


Fig.  67. 


5°6 


5 6 
5 G 
1 6 


5 6 
5 0 
1 4 


4 0 
1 0 


3 0 

6 

1/ 


quantity  surveying . 


45  5 Concrete  as  desd., 
and 

Excavn.  and  carting  away. 


40  4 Excavu.  to  trenches  P.  F.  I.  aud  K.  and  remr.  carted 
away. 

4£  B. 
6 B. 


4 0 5£  bk.  (avd.)  in  cement. 


6 4 B. 

1 Tooled  York  base  3'  0”  x 3'  0"  x 9",  with  sinking  for  base 
plate  24"  x 24"  x 1"  deep. 


C.  I.  in  one  Column , and  fixing  at  Ground  Floor  Level. 

And  add  2£  per  cent,  for  featherings. 


2 0 
2 0 


2 6 
1 2 


2/,  a 


l±x 


2/ 

2/ 


li-in  C.  I. 

Base. 

1-iu.  do. 

Cap. 

1-in.  do. 

Flanges. 

1-in.  do. 

Brackets  averaged. 

1-in.  do. 

Ditto. 

11 

7 

2)18 

9 diar. 

EXAMPLES  OF  TAKING  OFF. 


5°7 


(Circum-  2 5 
ference.)  2 

5 2-in.  C.  I. 

(Circum-  2 5 
ference.)  1£ 

4 2-in.  C.  I. 


Moulding  of  cap. 


Moulding  of  necking. 

Diar.  at  bottom  — 8 

Do.  at  top  .=  7 


8 11 

8 11 


C.  I.  hollow  column  5£  in.  inti.  diar. 
(averaged)  1 in.  metal. 


2)  15 

U 


Last  item  abstracted  as  taken,  weight  per  foot  run  to  be  obtained 
from  published  tables.  See  Laxton,  Cast-iron  Cylinders,  Columns 
and  Pipes. 


2 Ddt.  1-in.  C.  I. 


4 Ddt.  li-in.  C.  I. 


(Circum-  2 8 
ference.)  1 0 

2 8 2-in.  iron. 


Cap. 


Base. 

Extl.  = 1 0 
Inti.  = 8 

2)  1 8 

av.  diar.  10 


Base. 


The  extra  thickness  of  iron  in  base  is  introduced  for  the  sake  of 
variety,  the  true  principle  in  cast  columns  is  metal  of  as  nearly  as 
possible  the  same  thickness  throughout. 


4/  4 


1-iu.  W.  I.  bolts  7 in.  long,  one  end  with  lewis,  the 
other  with  nut. 


Base. 


No  washers  required  to  bolts  for  ironwork. 


5°8 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


V 

V 

V 

V 

V 


4 Mortises  in  York  for  lewis  bolts,  and  lead  and 
running. 

4 Holes  rimed  out  in  l£-in.  C.  I. 

4 i-in.  W.  I.  bolts  4 in.  long,  with  head  and  nut. 

Cap. 

4 Holes  rimed  out  in  1-in.  iron. 

1 Pattern  to  hollow  diminished  column,  7$  in.  average 
diameter,  with  moulded  cap,  four  brackets,  and 
moulded  base,  10  ft.  2 in.  high  in  all. 


A Wrought-iron  Box  Girder  25  feet  in  length . 


2/  2 


2/  2 


2/  2 

25  0 

1 8 

41  8 


25  0 
1 8 

41  8 

2/  25  0 
1 104 

93  9 

4/  25  0 
6 

50  0 


2/  5/  1 11 

19  2 


York  templates  tooled  where  exposed,  27"  x 12" 
x 4". 

Stout  pads  24"  x 12"  of  boiler  felt,  16  oz.  to  the 
sheet. 

Ends  of  large  iron  girders,  cut  and  pinned. 


1-in.  W.  I.  in  riveted  box  girder,  with  angle  irons  and 
stiffeners,  and  hoisting  and  fixing  15  ft.  from  ground 
level,  including  holes  and  rivets. 

Top  flange. 


?-in.  ditto. 

Bottom  ditto. 


f-in.  ditto. 

Webs. 


5-im  ditto. 

Angle  irons. 

Add  parallel  T iron,  weight  7 * 5 lbs.  per  foot  run. 

Stiffeners. 

Add  5 per  cent,  for  rivets. 


EXAMPLES  OF  TAXING  OFF 


5°9 


Note. — If  it  should  be  necessary  to  take  out  the  rivets  separately, 
proceed  as  follows,  very  rarely  done : — 

Rivets  f iii.  diameter  for  the  preceding  plate  girder  (or 
girders),  and  driving,  as  follows. 


/ 

/ 


Rivet,  including  holes,  through  one  thickness  of  |-in. 
and  one  of  £-in.  iron. 

Angle  irons. 

Ditto,  one  thickness  of  £-in.  and  one  of  1-in. 

Ditto. 


/ Ditto,  one  thickness  of  4-in.  aud  one  of  f-in. 

Ditto. 


/ 


Ditto,  two  thicknesses  of  f"  iron. 


Stiffeners. 


Painting. 

For  dimensions  see  examples  for  measuring  doors  and  linings, 
p.  493. 


2/  134  9 

1 3 


60  8 
1 2 

254  4 
6 


336  11 


O 


and 

Grain  and  2ce  varnish. 


70  9 


127  2 


Or  if  abstracted  directly  from  dimensions  of  joiner  they  arc 
marked  as  shown  ; see  dimensions  of  doors,  “ Illustration  of  Aveiag- 
ing,”  p.  493. 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


5io 


CHAPTER  XIY. 

THE  PRESENT  SYSTEM  OF  ESTIMATING. 


It  may  be  interesting  to  note  the  manner  in  which  the  practice  of 
measuring  has  developed  into  the  existing  system,  the  which,  if 
pursued  to  its  legitimate  conclusions,  will  be  the  perfection  of 
analysis  and  synthesis. 

In  a work  of  this  character  an  exhaustive  account  of  the  process 
would  be  out  of  place,  a few  of  the  leading  facts  will  be  sufficient 
for  our  purpose.  The  student  to  whom  the  inquiry  may  chance  to 
be  interesting,  will  find  in  Rymer,  Dugdale,  Britton,  the  Archives 
of  the  Universities,  and  the  Record  Office,  interesting  facts  relating 
to  the  history  of  estimating  in  medieval  times. 

In  the  case  of  large  works  erected  in  ancient  times,  as  churches, 
abbeys,  colleges  and  cathedrals,  there  is  little  doubt  the  process 
adopted  by  the  ruling  body  was  to  obtain  from  its  own  domain  the 
stone,  timber,  &c.,  it  produced,  purchasing  such  other  material  as 
could  not  otherwise  be  obtained.  The  labour,  so  far  as  the  masonry 
was  concerned,  was  executed  for  the  most  part,  during  the  twelfth, 
thirteenth,  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries,  by  the  fraternity 
called  Freemasons,  who,  so  far  as  can  be  known,  were  paid  by  time. 
The  other  artificers  were  usually  paid  by  time,  the  rate  per  day 
being  often  regulated  by  Act  of  Parliament.  Occasional  instances 
are  to  be  found,  and  they  were  probably  frequent,  wherein  small 
contracts  were  made  with  an  individual  workman  for  particular 
items  of  work,  such  as  single  windows,  doors,  &c. 

The  next  advance  was  to  the  system  of  contracts  by  separate 
tradesmen  for  the  work  in  each  trade.  This  method  still  prevails 
to  a large  extent  in  the  Northern  counties.  And  in  all  parts  of 
the  country  where  a builder  is  ostensibly  a general  contractor,  it  is 
frequently  the  case  that  he  is  merely  representative  of  an  association 
of  the  several  tradesmen  who  will  do  the  work. 


SYSTEMS  OF  ESTIMATING. 


5ii 

The  division  of  responsibility  is  an  evil,  and  the  various  trades 
are  apt  to  spoil  each  other’s  work. 

“ In  the  seventeenth  century  the  existence  of  ‘ resident  sur- 
veyors,’ as  at  Wollaton  and  Holkham,  rendered  the  condition  of 
master  builder  precarious,  if  even  it  were  possible,  as  a monopolist ; 
but  in  the  eighteenth  century  there  was  a change  of  practice  on 
the  part  of  the  clients,  who  either  preferred  to  have  the  work 
measured  and  valued  (sometimes  on  a schedule  of  prices)  or  else 
employed  an  architect,  who,  as  in  the  case  of  Jupp  at  the  East  India 
House  in  1799,  made  his  design  and  submitted  an  estimate  upon 
which  he  obtained  advances  of  money,  making  with  his  tradesmen 
his  contracts,  which  with  the  receipts  he  produced  at  the  termina- 
tion of  the  works  to  his  client,  and  it  was  customary  for  the  latter 
to  make  a present  beyond  the  commission  if  the  works  were  exe- 
cuted within  the  estimate.  The  Irish  architects  so  late  as  1803 
practised  in  this  manner. 

“ Sir  W.  Chambers  was  a contractor  in  the  erection  of  Park’s 
Head  at  Eoehampton,  1767,  and  his  contracts  for  Pepper  Harrow, 
1775-6,  still  exist. 

“ As  the  building  trade  was  rapidly  falling  into  few  hands, 
capitalists  and  others  embarked  in  it,  especially  about  1815,  and 
then  the  system  of  competitive  contracts,  with  all  its  stratagems, 
came  into  full  force.” — ‘ Dictionary  of  the  Architectural  Society.’ 

The  practice  of  erecting  a building  and  having  it  afterwards 
measured  and  valued  by  a surveyor,  either  with  or  without  a 
schedule  of  prices  previously  deposited,  was  prevalent  about  the 
beginning  of  this  century.  When  it  was  decided  that  the  work 
should  be  measured  and  valued,  the  prices  for  a few  leading  items 
only  in  each  trade  were  arranged,  such  as  brickwork  per  rod  for  the 
bricklayer,  timber  per  foot  cube  for  the  carpenter,  and  the  value  of 
the*remaining  items  of  the  measurement  were  left  to  be  settled  by 
the  measurers  at  completion,  the  tradesmen  appointing  one  measurer 
and  the  architect  or  building  owner  the  other.  The  great  cost  o^ 
work  done  under  these  circumstances  has  led  to  its  gradual  disuse. 
The  client  seldom  knew  beforehand  what  amount  the  work  was 
likely  to  cost ; moreover  the  uncertainty  as  to  modes  of  measure- 
ment, and  want  of  definition  in  the  preliminary  arrangements,  was 
a frequent  source  of  litigation.  The  late  Mr.  Edward  Blore,  in  the 
erection  ofWorsley  Hall,  and  a building  for  the  Bridgewater  Irust, 


512 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


1839,  employed  a clerk  of  works  who  bought  the  materials  and  en- 
gaged and  paid  the  workmen.  A course  of  this  kind  is  probably 
the  most  expensive  one  that  it  is  possible  to  adopt.  The  desire  of 
the  building  owner  to  know  beforehand  the  amount  that  a work 
would  cost,  led  naturally  to  the  system  of  contracts  by  one  master 
builder,  who  either  prepared  his  own  quantities  or  paid  a surveyor 
for  their  preparation ; thus  each  builder  was  put  to  expense  which 
was  often  considerable.  The  increase  of  competition,  which  ren- 
dered this  trouble  and  expense  so  often  futile,  produced  the 
arrangement  by  which  the  builders,  upon  being  asked  to  tender, 
met  and  appointed  a surveyor  to  prepare  quantities,  arranging  that 
his  charges  should  be  paid  by  the  successful  competitor.  This 
arrangement  has  been  gradually  superseded  by  the  present  system,  , 
under  which  a quantity  surveyor  is  appointed  by  the  architect,  or 
in  the  case  of  unusually  large  works,  one  surveyor  by  the  architect 
and  another  by  the  builders,  in  which  case  it  is  popularly  supposed 
that  both  surveyors  take  off  the  dimensions. 

The  erection  of  a building  under  a schedule  of  prices  is  another 
way  which  has  its  advocates,  but  is  gradually  falling  into  disuse. 
There  are  sometimes  circumstances  which  render  any  other  course 
impossible ; the  objection  to  it  is  that  the  work  always  costs  more, 
however  well  the  schedule  of  prices  may  have  been  drawn,  and  if 
ill  drawn,  very  much  more. 

This  practice  bears  some  resemblance  to  that  of  the  modem 
French  architect.  The  method  adopted  for  the  erection  of  the 
Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  is  a fair  type  of  the  general  French 
system  of  estimating.  The  various  tradesmen  in  that  case  tendered 
at  certain  percentages  below  the  Serie  Prix-de-la-Ville-de-Paris,  the 
civic  schedule  of  prices  for  builders’  work.  When  the  work  is 
completed  it  is  measured  by  a surveyor  (“  metreur  ”)  employed  by 
the  tradesmen,  who  prepares  a careful  drawing  of  the  work  as  exe- 
cuted, and  the  tradesman’s  account.  These  are  both  forwarded  to 
the  architect,  who  causes  them  to  be  examined  by  his  surveyor 
(“  verificateur  ”).  The  scarcity  of  general  contractors  is  the  main 
reason  for  the  estimating  by  each  tradesman,  but  no  doubt  the 
system  of  working  under  a schedule  of  prices  has  found  favour  in 
the  eyes  of  architects  because  of  the  facilities  it  offers  for  the  modi- 
fication of  the  design  of  a building  during  its  erection  ; but  the 
effect  upon  the  architect  must  be  most  pernicious. 


SYSTEMS  OF  ESTIMATING. 


5i3 


Mr.  Francis  Hooper,  in  an  interesting  paper  read  before  the 
Architectural  Association,  “ Architectural  Education  and  Practice 
in  France,”  says : — 

“ In  public  works  the  architect  prepares  the  working-drawings 
and  details,  together  with  the  devis-descriptif  or  specification,  which 
comprises  a general  description  of  the  work  to  be  executed,  as  of 
the  materials  and  workmanship  to  be  employed,  and  these  are 
transferred  to  a verificateut , or  measuring  surveyor,  who  is  fre- 
quently one  of  the  permanent  staff  of  the  department — requiring 
the  work. 

“ In  private  enterprises,  the  architect  not  only  prepares  the 
plans  and  specifications,  but  also  the  bills  of  quantities,  when  such 
are  required  by  the  form  of  contract  adopted. 

“ There  are  many  methods  of  tendering,  as  in  England,  but  two 
only  are  in  general  use,  viz.  (1)  the  marche-a-forfait,  a lump  sum, 
based  on  the  plans  and  specifications  without  quantities  ; and  (2)  the 
marche-au-rabais,  a tender  based  on  bills  of  quantities  prepared  by 
the  architect  or  at  his  expense,  priced  according  to  a recognised 
serie  desprix , or  schedule,  by  the  architect  himself  or  the  verificateur , 
and  consisting  of  a uniform  percentage  either  above  or  below  the 
scheduled  prices.  In  the  former  method  viz.  the  marche-a-forfait , 
for  the  purpose  of  obviating  any  dispute  in  the  pricing  of  variations, 
the  architect  provides  in  the  “ Conditions  of  Contract  ” that  such 
prices  shall  accord  with  a published  schedule  cited  by  him,  and  upon 
which  the  contractor  tenders  his  percentage  either  in  excess  or  as  a 
discount ; whilst  in  the  latter,  viz.  marche-au-rabais , the  tender  is 
based  upon  bills  of  quantities  and  not  on  the  drawings,  so  that 
there  is  no  difficulty  in  arriving  at  a final  settlement,  the  work 
being  measured  as  it  proceeds,  and  vouchers  of  weight,  &c.,  trans- 
mitted to  the  architect  of  all  items  the  measurement  of  which 
would.be  impracticable  on  completion. 

“ These  systems,  which,  as  far  as  my  knowledge  goes,  are  rarely 
adopted  in  England  except  for  the  periodical  contracts  of  certain 
public  bodies,  appear  to  merit  some  attention,  as  they  afford  the 
architect  a basis  for  accurately  estimating  the  cost  of  any  altera- 
tions to  his  plans,  and  thus  of  constantly  checking  the  expenditure, 
whilst  the  contractor  is  saved  risk  in  respect  of  insufficient  quan- 
tities, or  clerical  errors  in  the  pricing  of  innumerable  items,  a care- 
ful examination  of  the  plans  and  specification  being  sufficient  to 


5 14  QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 

acquaint  him  with  the  general  character  of  the  work  for  which  he 
tenders. 

“ In  Paris  and  in  all  chief  French  provincial  towns,  schedules  of 
prices  are  drawn  up  and  revised  every  three  or  four  years  by  the 
municipal  architect  as  the  basis  of  all  the  municipal  contracts,  and 
these  schedules  are  available  for  private  work,  copies  being  sold  for 
the  use  of  municipal  contractors  and  others. 

“ The  final  settlement  of  accounts  is  arrived  at  by  the  “ metreur  ” 
or  estimating  clerk  of  the  contractor  who  meets  the  “ verificateurS 
or  measuring  surveyor  employed  by,  or  conjointly  with,  the  archi- 
tect. 

“ The  method  of  tendering  by  separate  trades  is  generally  adopted 
in  large  undertakings,  although  involving  considerably  increased 
responsibility  on  the  architect,  and  is  advocated  on  the  ground  that 
a contractor  with  a staff  of  men  belonging  to  a single  trade  is  more 
likely  to  be  proficient  in  his  work  than  one  who  undertakes  all 
trades  alike.  In  France,  too,  with  universal  suffrage,  there  is  more 
tendency  to  encourage  the  small  tradesmen  than  is  the  case  in 
England  whether,  however,  the  position  of  the  individual  crafts- 
man is  in  any  degree  bettered  by  such  a course  is  with  me  an  un- 
settled question.” 

The  Glasgow  system  of  obtaining  tenders  was  described  by  Mr. 
Honeyman  in  his  paper,  “ Bills  of  Quantities,  their  proper  relation 
to  Contracts,”  read  before  the  Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects, 
May  19th,  1879.  “In  Glasgow  the  schedules  have  superseded  the 
specification  altogether,  and  it  may  almost  be  said  that  a specifica- 
tion is  never  referred  to  in  the  contract  at  all.  The  architect  selects 
the  measurer,  who,  with  the  aid  of  the  drawings  and  specifications, 
or  such  substitute  for  that  as  he  may  get,  prepares  a detailed  schedule 
of  quantities.  Copies  of  this  are  issued  by  the  architect  to  selected 
tradesmen,  who  are  invited  to  tender  by  a certain  day.  These 
schedules  are  returned  to  the  architect  with  rates  filled  in  at  each 
quantity,  the  amount  extended,  and  the  total  summed  up  at  the 
end.  A letter  accompanies,  or  more  generally  is  attached  to,  the 
schedule,  in  which  the  builder  offers  to  execute  the  work  in  accord- 
ance with  the  drawings,  and  ‘ to  the  extent  of  the  schedule,’  for  the 
sum  brought  out  by  the  addition  of  the  extended  prices,  it  being 
further  provided  that  the  whole  of  the  work  shall  be  measured 
after  it  is  finished,  and  whether  it  turns  out  to  be  more  or  less  than 


SYSTEMS  OF  ESTIMATING. 


5*5 

estimated,  the  cost  shall  be  determined  by  the  rates  contained  in 
the  schedule ; or,  where  these  do  not  exactly  apply,  by  others 
strictly  in  proportion  to  them.  Having  considered  the  various 
offers,  the  architect  writes  on  behalf  of  the  proprietor  accepting 
the  one  which  is  preferred,  and  that  completes  the  transaction ; in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  there  is  no  more  formal  contract.  When  the 
work  is  in  progress,  and  when  it  is  finished,  the  measurer  measures 
it,  and  prepares  a final  measurement  applying  the  schedule  rates 
to  the  various  items,  and  so  bringing  out  the  total  sum  to  which 
the  contractor  is  entitled.  This  document  is  examined  by  the 
architect,  and  if  he  is  satisfied  that  it  is  compiled  in  accordance 
with  the  estimate,  he  signs  it  as  a final  certificate.  Half  of  the 
cost  of  the  original  schedule  and  subsequent  measurement  is 
deducted  from  the  contractor’s  accounts,  and  the  proprietor  pays 
the  full  amount — that  is  ostensibly  the  half,  but  in  reality  the 
whole.” 

The  practice  in  Edinburgh  is  thus  stated  : — 

“ The  Edinburgh  system  resembles  that  of  England  in  many 
respects,  the  principal  differences  being  these : Contractors  never 
have  anything  to  do  with  the  selection  of  the  surveyor  or  measurer, 
as  he  is  called,  who  is  always  employed  by  the  architect ; the  mea- 
surer is  paid  by  the  proprietor,  and  the  schedule  is  referred  to  in 
the  contract.  It  is  lodged  with  the  architect  with  the  various 
items  cashed  and  summed  up,  and  the  rates  contained  in  it  regulate 
the  cost  of  additions  or  omissions  which  may  be  ordered  in  the 
course  of  the  work.” 

Both  of  these  arrangements  compare  so  unfavourably  with  the 
London  practice  that  comment  would  be  superfluous. 

Some  architects  still  entertain  a strong  prejudice  against  the 
supply  of  quantities  by  a surveyor,  and  uniformly  endeavour  to 
obtain  tenders  without  them;  there  is  very  little  doubt  that  as 
builders  become  more  aware  of  their  true  interest  this  practice  will 
disappear.  It  is  surely  unjust  to  impose  upon  a number  of  builders 
the  trouble  and  expense  of  preparing  estimates  on  the  small  chance 
of  obtaining  a contract.  The  builders  whose  office  staff,  and 
pecuniary  position  best  qualify  them  to  have  quantities  prepared 
in  their  own  office,  either  refuse  to  tender  on  such  conditions  or 
employ  a surveyor  to  prepare  them,  adding  his  charges  to  their 
estimate.  The  smaller  men  who  are  invited,  prepare  their  own 

2 L 2 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


5i6 

estimates,  and  are  more  frequently  than  not  rewarded  by  loss  ; the 
builder  who  makes  the  greatest  mistake  in  the  way  of  omission 
being  usually  the  successful  competitor.  The  desire  of  the  average 
client  for  a larger  quantity  of  work  for  his  money  than  he  has  a 
right  to  have,  and  a fallacious  idea  of  saving  expense,  has  led  to 
this  extensive  trading  upon  the  incapacity  of  the  small  builder. 
But  though  the  architect  proposes  that  no  quantities  shall  be 
supplied,  it  is  frequently  disposed  in  another  manner.  If  the  work 
be  advertised,  quantities  are  in  most  cases  prepared  by  a surveyor 
ostensibly  acting  for  a builder  who  proposes  to  tender,  and  who, 
while  preparing  his  quantities,  takes  the  opportunity  of  offering 
them  to  the  other  builders  who  may  call  to  inspect  the  drawings, 
and  who  are  glad  to  avoid  the  trouble  of  preparing  their  own. 
Most  frequently  one  of  the  men  who  tenders  on  his  quantities 
is  successful,  and  in  the  result  the  building  owner  pays  much 
more  than  the  charges  of  a practitioner  employed  in  a regular  way, 
and  loses  many  of  the  advantages  which  a bill  of  quantities  pre- 
pared under  different  circumstances  would  have  afforded  him. 
There  is  much  need  that  the  duties,  obligations,  and  charges  of 
the  quantity  surveyor  should  be  authoritatively  formulated,  and 
this  could  be  best  done  by  the  Institute  of  Surveyors.  Although 
the  progress  towards  this  end  had  been  slow,  the  steps  which  have 
been  already  taken  are  well  calculated  to  effect  this  result. 

In  1871,  the  general  conference  of  architects  discussed  the 
existing  condition  of  quantity  surveyors  and  quantities,  and 
appointed  a committee  to  report  upon  various  questions  relating 
thereto.  They  circulated  the  following  list  of  questions  : — 


Employment  of  Surveyors. 

“1.  Is  it  desirable  that  the  practice  generally  adopted  in  the 
case  of  large  works  (whereby  a surveyor  is  appointed  to  represent 
the  employer  and  another,  the  builders — such  surveyors  being 
jointly  responsible  to  the  builder  for  the  accuracy  of  the  quantities) 
should  be  in  any  way  modified  ? 

“ 2.  It  was  suggested,  as  a convenient  course  for  general 
adoption,  that  the  quantities  should  be  prepared  by  a surveyor 
nominated  by  the  architect,  and  who  would  be  responsible  to  the 


SYSTEMS  OF  ESTIMATING. 


5i7 


employer  for  his  accuracy ; the  builder  being  relieved  from  any 
responsibility  in  regard  thereto. 

“ 3.  The  adoption  of  this  course  would  go  far  towards  discon- 
necting the  surveyor  from  the  builder,  and  making  him  the  agent 
and  adviser  of  the  employer  in  the  matter  of  quantities,  &c.  Would 
this  be  a system  advantageous  and  desirable  for  general  adoption  ? 

“ 4.  A suggestion  that  the  bills  of  quantities  should  form  part 
of  the  contract  was  well  received : architects  in  leading  practice 
mentioned  that  they  had  for  many  years  adopted  such  a course, 
and  found  it  to  work  well,  and  to  be  equitable  to  both  employer 
and  builder.  Are  there  any  valid  objections  to  the  introduction  of 
such  a system ; the  dimensions  on  which  the  bills  are  founded 
being,  in  such  a case,  placed  in  the  hands  of  both  architect  and 
builder  ? 

“ 5.  It  appears  to  be  not  unusual  for  some  architects,  especially 
in  the  provinces,  to  furnish  the  bills  of  quantities  for  works  to  be 
carried  out  under  their  own  superintendence.  However  conve- 
nient this  practice  may  be  in  some  instances,  are  not  special  pre- 
cautions necessary  ? Should  not  the  bills  in  such  instances,  invariably 
form  part  of  the  contract  ? And  from  whom  should  the  architect 
receive  payment  for  such  quantities  ? 

“ 6.  It  was  mentioned  as  being  an  ordinary  and  reasonable 
course  that  the  responsibility  for  the  accuracy  of  the  quantities 
should  be  thrown  upon  the  builder,  by  fixing  a time,  say  one  month 
from  the  acceptance  of  the  tender,  during  which  he  might  prove 
the  quantities,  but  after  which  no  objection  would  be  allowed. 
Might  not  great  injustice  be  committed  under  such  a system? 

“ 7.  It  would  be  desirable  to  secure  more  general  uniformity  of 
practice  with  regard  to  the  taking  out  of  quantities.  How  can 
this  be  best  attained  ? ” 

The  result  of  the  answers  to  these  questions,  and  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  committee,  was  the  following  valuable  report : — 


Employment  of  Surveyors  : Report  of  Special  Committee, 
14th  June,  1872. 

« The  wide  range  of  the  subject,  and  the  varied  opinions  which 
had  been  expressed  at  the  conference,  rendered  it  difficult  for  the 
committee  to  determine  how  best  to  proceed ; after  having  collected 


5i« 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


a certain  amount  of  information,  they  prepared  a series  of  inquiries 
which  were  circulated  in  the  profession  throughout  the  country, 
and  to  which  sixty  replies  were  received : these  replies  evince  a 
wide  diversity  of  opinion,  arising  from  local  circumstances  and 
individual  varieties  of  practice,  and  have  satisfied  your  committee 
that  for  the  present  it  will  not  be  practicable  to  lay  down  any  fixed 
rule  for  the  guidance  of  the  architect  in  dealing  with  ‘ quantities.’ 
Each  case  must  be  governed  by  local  or  personal  considerations, 
and  the  committee  have  therefore  deemed  it  expedient  to  make 
their  recommendations  and  expressions  of  opinion  so  general  as  to 
meet  these  varying  conditions. 

“ The  object  to  be  attained  by  the  employment  of  surveyors  to 
take  out  the  quantities  of  a building  is  to  afford  the  builders  who 
are  to  tender  one  uniform  basis  for  competition ; and  to  define 
more  exactly  and  accurately  than  can  frequently  be  done  by  the 
general  drawings  and  specification,  the  exact  amount  and  nature  of 
the  work  to  be  executed.  As  no  employer  should  desire  to  obtain 
from  his  builder  more  work  or  greater  value,  and  should  not  obtain 
less,  than  was  included  in  the  estimate,  while  on  the  other  hand  he 
should  have  the  greatest  facility  to  secure  due  allowance  in  the  case 
of  omission,  it  would  appear  reasonable  that  the  bills  of  quantities, 
which  should  express  in  an  exact  form  the  intentions  of  the  archi- 
tect as  set  out  in  his  general  drawings  and  specification,  ought  to 
form  a part  of  the  contract,  and  be  dealt  with  as  a recognised  ex- 
position of  the  responsibilities  of  both  employer  and  builder. 

“ The  established  practice  in  London  in  the  case  of  large  and 
public  works,  by  which  one  surveyor  is  nominated  by  the  architect 
to  represent  the  employer,  and  another  by  the  builders  to  act  for 
them,  giving  the  construction  of  the  work  and  the  elucidation  of 
the  architect’s  ideas  the  advantage  of  the  experience  of  two  pro- 
fessional men,  who  consider  each  question  from  different  points  of 
view,  has  apparently  for  many  years  worked  well ; though  in  many 
cases  the  advantage  derived  from  the  engagement  of  two  can  only 
be  considered  nominal.  There  is  an  understanding  that  the  sur- 
veyors so  employed  are  responsible  to  the  builder  for  the  sufficiency 
of  the  quantities  supplied,  and  the  general  drawings  and  specifica- 
tion prepared  by  the  architect  being  sufficient,  the  employer  is 
guaranteed  against  any  excess  of  cost,  and  the  builder  is  held  safe 
against  loss  from  errors  of  quantity.  On  this  system  your  com- 


SYSTEMS  OF  ESTIMATING. 


5i9 


mittee  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  make  further  remark,  although 
some  objections  have  been  made  to  it  by  leading  members  of  the 
profession,  who  prefer  to  adopt  the  course  next  mentioned. 

“ Many  eminent  architects  have  adopted  the  course  of  nomi- 
nating a surveyor  who  shall  prepare  the  quantities  on  his  own 
responsibility,  and  as  far  as  the  builder  is  concerned  such  quan- 
tities become  practically  a part  of  the  contract.  Your  committee 
thoroughly  appreciate  the  great  advantages  which  the  architect 
(and  no  less  the  employer)  may  derive  from  the  empk^ment  of  a 
surveyor  acquainted  with  all  the  details  of  design  peculiar  to  the 
architect  and  with  his  general  manner  of  proceeding,  and  also  how 
such  an  arrangement  facilitates  proceedings,  when  time  is  insuffi- 
cient for  the  preparation  of  drawings  and  specification  in  such  full 
detail  as  would  be  necessary  if  a stranger  were  employed  as  a sur- 
veyor. They  are  therefore  of  opinion  that  this  system  may  in  such 
cases  be  advantageously  adopted,  provided  always  that  the  builder 
be  relieved  from  any  responsibility  as  regards  the  quantities,  and 
that  the  bills  be  considered  as  representing  the  work  to  be  done. 
The  successful  working  of  such  a system  must  depend  entirely  on 
the  ability  and  position  of  the  surveyor  employed,  his  relation  to 
the  architect,  and  the  extent  of  the  confidence  which  the  builders 
tendering  may  repose  in  him. 

“ It  appears  to  be  an  ordinary  custom  in  the  provinces  for  the 
architect  to  supply  the  quantities  for  the  carrying  out  of  his  own 
designs ; where  this  is  done,  it  should  be  with  the  knowledge  and 
concurrence  of  the  employer,  and  the  quantities  should  form  a part 
of  the  contract.  The  architect  accepts  the  duty  of  providing  the 
quantities,  and  should  not  attempt  to  evade  his  responsibility  by 
throwing  on  the  builder,  as  is  sometimes  done,  the  labour  and  risk 
of  checking  them,  a course  which  your  committee  believe  to  be 
unsatisfactory,  and  in  some  cases  likely  to  lead  to  great  injustice. 

“ Your  committee  are  of  opinion  that  the  practice  of  making 
the  bills  of  quantities  part  of  the  contract  has  not  been  fully  con- 
sidered. Recognised  or  not,  the  quantities  should  be  invariably 
referred  to  as  the  interpretation  of  the  general  drawings  and  speci- 
fication, and  in  all  cases  where  they  are  supplied  to  the  builder  by 
the  architect,  or  by  a surveyor  in  whose  nomination  the  builder 
has  had  no  part,  and  who  is  not  responsible  to  the  builder,  they 
should  form  part  of  the  contract.  At  the  same  time,  when  once  it 


520 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


is  admitted  that  these  documents  are  to  form  part  of  the  contract, 
the  necessity  for  the  employment  of  more  than  one  surveyor  in 
their  preparation  vanishes. 

“ The  more  general  adoption  of  quantities,  the  extension  to 
country  work  of  the  system  of  measurement  usual  in  London,  the 
gradual  modification  of  local  terms  and  usages,  and,  not  least,  the 
discussions  consequent  on  such  meetings  as  the  conference,  will  all 
tend  towards  uniformity  of  practice ; and  as  builders  become  more 
familiar  with  the  London  system  of  measurement,  and  the  public 
better  acquainted  with  the  nature  and  bearings  of  the  questions, 
as  to  the  employment  of  surveyors,  and  both  recognise  when  such 
acquaintance  increases,  the  special  advantages  to  be  derived  from 
the  adoption  of  one  or  the  other  system  of  employing  them,  archi- 
tects and  surveyors  will  find  it  to  the  interests  of  their  employers 
to  adopt  a uniform  practice. 

“ H.  CURREY,  “ W.  PAPW0RTH, 

“ C.  Fowler,  “ Arthur  Cates,  \ Acting  Secs,  to 

“ J.  Jennings,  “ T.  M.  Rickman,  $ Committee.” 

“ J.  T.  Knowles, 

Various  discussions  have  since  occurred  at  the  Royal  Institute 
of  Architects,  at  the  Architectural  Association,  and  at  the  Institute 
of  Surveyors,  at  which  last  the  discussion  on  the  interesting  paper 
read  by  Mr.  Saunders,  “ On  Quantities  and  Quantity  Practice,”  is  of 
great  interest  both  to  architects  and  surveyors.  The  paper  by 
Mr.  Rickman,  on  “ Building  Risks  and  their  incidences,”  and  by 
Mr.  F.  Turner,  on  “ The  Law  affecting  Quantity  Surveyors,”  may 
also  be  consulted  with  advantage.  The  list  of  propositions  read 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Cates  embodies,  in  the  writer’s  opinion,  a very  just 
view  of  the  relations  of  the  quantity  surveyor  so  far  as  they  are 
at  present  established. 

One  of  the  questions  which  has  much  exercised  the  professional 
mind  may  be  here  briefly  referred  to.  Shall  the  architect  take  out 
his  own  quantities?  A few  considerations  relating  thereto  may 
tend  to  settle  the  wavering  mind. 

The  student  should  first  decide  whether  he  will  be  an  expert 
architect  or  an  expert  surveyor,  the  average  man  cannot  be  both. 

The  standard  of  attainment  in  all  professions  is  steadily  rising, 
and  all  are  tending  in  the  direction  of  division  into  special  branches. 


SYSTEMS  OF  EST/MATMVG. 


521 


The  varied  knowledge  and  accomplishments  in  which  the  capable 
architect  should  excel,  leaving  out  those  parts  of  the  work  of  the 
profession  which  are  gravitating  in  the  quantity  surveyor’s  direc- 
tion, are  very  extensive,  and  calculated  to  heavily  tax  the  powers 
of  the  finest  minds. 

Further,  an  expert  quantity  surveyor  is  the  result  of  long 
training  and  diligent  attention,  such  attention  as  the  majority  of 
architects  cannot  afford  to  devote  to  that  branch  of  the  work,  and 
it  is  worth  the  consideration  of  the  profession  how  much  of  the 
success  of  our  leading  architects  is  referable  to  the  fact  of  their 
association  with  capable  quantity  surveyors  in  whose  ability  and 
rectitude  they  have  trusted,  and  thus  left  themselves  free  to  carry 
on  the  more  essentially  architectural  parts  of  their  work ; it  is  a 
coincidence  worth  notice  that  the  rising  importance  of  quantity 
surveyors  has  been  accompanied  by  a notable  improvement  in  the 
artistic  quality  of  our  buildings. 

Various  considerations  have  been  adduced  as  arguments  in 
favour  of  the  architect’s  taking  out  his  own  quantities.  One,  that 
it  is  such  good  practice  for  young  architects,  and  probably  it  is ; 
the  object,  however,  of  a bill  of  quantities  is  not  to  give  young 
architects  practice,  but  to  save  building  owners  and  builders  loss. 
“ That  it  will  teach  him  construction.”  The  architect  should 
learn  construction  thoroughly  before  he  commences  to  take  off 
quantities. 

“ That  an  architect  knows  what  he  requires  in  a building  much 
better  than  any  quantity  surveyor  employed  by  him  can  know.” 
To  this  it  may  be  answered  that  the  cleverest  architects  frequently 
repeat  themselves,  and  that  a quantity  surveyor  who  is  used  to  a 
certain  architect’s  methods  of  procedure  can  interpret  his  intentions 
with  surprising  accuracy. 

The  architect  who  professes  to  take  out  his  own  quantities,  in 
the  majority  of  cases  does  not  do  so,  he  leaves  it  to  a clerk,  not 
always  with  happy  results ; and  the  uncertainty  as  to  these  results 
in  some  cases  leads  him  to  introduce  eccentric  clauses  into  the  bill 
which  shall  protect  him  from  possible  consequences. 

If  the  architect,  however,  prefers  to  prepare  his  own  quantities, 
he  at  least  owes  it  to  all  the  parties  concerned  that  they  shall  be 
workmanlike  and  just,  and  that  they  shall  really  be  what  they 
profess  to  be,  i.e.  a complete  schedule  of  the  materials  and  labour 


522 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


of  every  kind,  and  of  every  element  of  the  contract  which  affects 
the  price,  and  he  will  avoid  such  clauses  as  the  following,  which 
have  been  extracted  from  quantities  prepared  by  architects. 

“ One  month  will  he  allowed  the  builder  to  examine  the  quan- 
tities, and  after  the  expiration  of  that  time  no  question  will  be 
allowed  as  to  their  accuracy.” 

“ The  drawings  and  specifications  are  open  to  the  inspection  of 
the  builder,  who  may  check  the  accuracy  of  the  quantities,  but 
after  the  tender  has  been  accepted  no  question  in  respect  of  the 
quantities  will  be  allowed  to  be  raised.” 

“ The  quantities  are  condensed  as  much  as  possible,  and  allow- 
ance must  be  made  in  price  for  all  minor  matters  and  appurtenances, 
and  no  claim  shall  afterwards  be  made  on  account  thereof,  or  for 
any  mistake  or  variation  therein,  as  the  builder  must  include 
sufficient  for  the  works  to  be  finished  complete,  the  quantities 
being  net.” 

“ Laying  on  water  from  main  to  cistern,  pipes,  ball  cock,  &c., 
complete,  and  all  fees.” 

“ The  contractors  are  referred  to  the  specification  and  drawings 
for  more  full  explanation.”  Part  of  the  “more  full  explanation” 
was  the  fact  that  the  whole  of  the  joinery  described  in  the  bill  as 
deal  was  described  in  the  specification  as  pitch  pine. 

“ Reduced  brickwork  of  hard  approved  stocks,  including  all 
cutting,  splays,  arches,  external  and  internal,  and  every  item  of 
labour.” 

“ Supply  centering  throughout  ” (a  building  estimated  at  over 

8000Z.). 

Such  instances  might  be  multiplied,  but  they  are  sufficient  to 
illustrate  a kind  of  practice  which  is  not  uncommon,  and  which  is 
preferred  by  some  on  the  ground  that  it  helps  them  “ to  dispense 
with  unnecessary  detail.” 


APPENDIX 


Since  the  revision  of  the  earlier  pages  of  this  book,  disputes  in 
the  building  trade  have  been  settled  by  the  raising  of  the  rates  of 
wages  of  mechanics  in  various  trades,  the  following  list  alters  the 
list  of  wages  on  p.  365. 


Trades. 

Rate  of 
pay  per 
hour. 

Hours  of  Labour 
per  Week. 

Rate  of  Pay  for  Overtime. 

o 

a 

0 

d 

Winter — 

12  Weeks  alter 
second  Monday 
in  November. 

Week-days  (except 
Saturdays). 

Saturdays. 

% 

Three 

Weeks 

at 

begin- 
ning and 
three 
weeks 
at  end. 

Six 

middle 

weeks. 

Until 
8 p.m. 

8 p.m. 
until 
10  p.m. 

After 
10  p.m. 

Until; 
4 p.m. 

After 
4 p.m. 
and 

Sundays, 
Xmas 
Day  and 
Good 
Friday. 

Carpenters 

Joiners  

Bricklayers  

Plasterers  

Masons  . . 

Masons  (fixing) 

Masons  (granite  work) 
Smiths,  fitters,  &c 

Plumbers 

Paviors  

Gas  fitters 

Trying  up  machine  . . 
Vertical  spindle 

Band  saw 

Tenoning  machine 
Joiner’s  saw  bench  .. 

Cross  cut  saw  

Universal  moulding  ma- 
chine   

Small  four-cutter  machine 
Rope  feed  bench  machine 
Mortising  machine  . . 

Wiremen  

d. 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

101 

10* 

9 to  10 

11 

9 to  10 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

1 10 
11 

11 

10 

7£  and  8 
8£  to  9£ 

56J 

50£ 

44 

41i 

48 

44 

INDEX 


Abbreviations,  list  of,  235 
Ability  and  judgment  required  to 
asses  8 prices,  357 
Abstracting,  239 

— abbreviating  descriptions  in,  244 

— cube  brickwork,  245 

— day  works,  348 

— definition,  6 

— difficulties  of  beginners,  241 

— examples  in,  248 

— form  of  excavator’s  and  bricklayer’s 

abstract,  4 

— instructions  in,  241 

— ironwork  with  bricklayer’s  work, 

245 

— items  in  wrong  place,  241 

— necessity  of  adhering  to  exact 

description,  244 

— one  trade  at  a time,  239 

— order  of,  243 

— rules  for,  241,  243 

— use  of  number  of  column  in,  241 
Abstracts,  correcting  dimensions  in, 

241 

— preparation  for  billing,  247 

— reducing  to  be  done  on,  245 

— suggestions  for  checking,  240 

— — for  reducing,  247 

Account,  form  of  final  statement  of, 
350 

Accounts,  adjustment  of,  312,  338 

— disputed,  351 
Addenda  bill,  293 

Additions,  transfer  to  omissions  ab- 
stract, 311 

Adjustment  of  accounts,  312,  338 
Advantages  of  taking  off  by  trades,  12 
Air  bricks  and  setting,  measurement  of, 
79 

Allowance  beyond  girth  of  cornice 
mould,  204 

— for  bedding  plates,  58 

— for  waste  on  old  lead,  383 

— in  length  of  tenons,  131 
Alteration,  examples  of  items  of,  308 


Alteration,  items  of,  how  abstracted,  244 

— of  patterns  for  castings,  measure- 

ment of,  209 

Alterations,  example  to  preamble  of 
bill  of,  263 

— measurement  of,  344 

Altering  dimensions,  precautions  in, 
10,  23 

Alternative  estimate,  bill  of,  287 

restorations,  306 

Anaglypta,  measurement  of,  227 
Analogy  of  prices  to  be  preserved,  382 
“ And  including,”  257 
Angle  in  Portland  cement,  207 

— be  ad  in  Portland  cement  207 

— plates  to  slate  slabs,  125 
Angles  of  battering  facing,  86 

— tongued  and  mitred,  155 

mitred  and  screwed,  162 

Anomalies  which  should  be  reconciled, 

234 

Apertures,  centering  to,  138 

Apex  stone,  example  of  taking  off,  468 

— tiles,  measurement  of,  128 
Appointment  of  Quantity  Surveyor, 

512 

Approximate  cost  of  buildings,  360 
Apron  linings,  measurement  of,  179 
Aprons,  measurement  of,  189 
Arch  in  stone,  example  of  taking  off, 
479 

Arches,  example  of  abstracting,  219 

— gauged,  measurement  of,  82 

— rough  segmental,  measurement  of, 

72 

— trimmer,  measurement  of.  72 
Architect,  responsibility  of,  403 

— shall  he  take  out  his  own  quantities, 

520 

Architraves,  measurement  of,  162 
Archway  in  Keene’s  cement,  example  of 
taking  off,  503 

Area  gratings,  measurement  of,  79 

— sectional,  a basis  for  pricing,  380 
Areas  of  circles,  238 


526 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


r 


Argument  for  tenders  by  separate 
trades,  423 

Arrangements,  special,  between  archi- 
tect and  surveyor,  401 
Arris  in  Portland  cement,  measurement 
of,  206 

— in  plaster,  measurement  of,  203 

— joggle  to  stone,  101 

Article,  designation  of,  to  follow  size, 
256 

Artistic  wrought-iron  work,  provision 
for,  209 

“ As  before,”  16 
“ As  last,”  saves  repetition,  16 
“ As  pattern,”  257 
“ As  provision,”  how  used,  42 
Ashlar  masonry,  measurement  of,  106 
Asphalte  paving,  measurement  of,  71 
Association  of  architect  and  surveyor, 
521 

Attendances,  181 

— how  arranged,  42 

A ttics,  collection  of  plastering  in,  33 
Averaging,  a saving  of  labour,  13 

— depths  of  trenches,  50 

— examples  of,  248 

— footings,  62 

— items  that  permit  of,  242 

— lengths  of  bolts,  217 

— methods  of,  242 

— mitres,  &c.,  100 

— on  waste,  13 

— rules  for,  13 

Avoidance  of  repetition  of  dimensions, 
15 


Back  flaps,  measurement  of,  183 
Back  joint,  measurement  of,  100 

— linings,  measurement  of,  164 
Backing  to  stonework,  measurement  of, 

57 

— to  joinery,  measurement  of,  150 
Backs  and  elbows  to  w<  c.  seats, 

measurement  of,  173 
Ball  cocks,  measurement  of,  195 
Balusters  of  iron,  measurement  of,  213 

— of  wood  and  iron,  measurement  of, 

179 

Balustrade  and  cornice,  example  of 
taking  off,  500 

— iron,  measurement  of,  213 

— stone,  example  of  taking  off,  472 
Bar  heated  and  dipped  in  oil,  229 
Bars,  chimney  and  bearing,  measure- 
ment of,  214 

Bases,  stone,  measurement  of,  104 


Basketting,  measurement  of,  46 
Bath,  cradle  to,  196 

— fittings,  measurement  of,  174 

— valves,  measurement  of,  195 
Baths,  cubic  price  of,  363 
Battening  for  slating,  measurement  of, 

138 

— to  walls,  measurement  of,  141 
Battering  face  on  brickwork,  83 
angles  of,  86 

— walls,  62 

Bead  in  plaster,  measurement  of,  203 
Beam  filling,  measurement  of,  76 
Bearing  bars,  measurement  of,  214 
Beckett  on  Quantities,  386 
Bed  and  point  frames,  measurement  of, 
46 

Bedding  eaves  of  tiling  in  cement,  128 

— edge  of  flashings  in  white  lead,  190 

— plates,  allowance  for,  58 

Beds  and  joints,  measurement  of,  95 

proportion  of,  90 

Bellhanger,  attendance  on,  221 

— example  to  preamble  to  bill,  285 
Bell  hanging,  provision  for,  220 
Bell-boards,  measurement  of,  220 
Bell-pulls,  usual  provision  for,  220 
Bells,  collection  of,  451 

Bending  glass,  measurement  of,  224 
Bends  to  lead  soil  pipes,  measurement 
of,  194 

Bib  cocks,  measurement  of,  105 
Bill  of  alterations,  separate,  258 

— of  quantities,  form  of,  295 
function  of,  293 

— of  variations,  form  of,  348 
pricing  of,  311,  343 

— preliminary,  written  from  specifica- 

tion, 15 

Billing  day  works,  348 

— definition  and  paper  used,  7 

— dimensions  of  scantlings,  256 

— direct.  239 

— example  of  Northern  practice,  441 

— order  of,  255 

— rules  for,  255 

— variations,  348 
Bills,  heading  of,  258 

— reading  of,  292 
Binding  papers,  order  of,  11 
Birdsmouth,  measurement  of,  73 
Boarding  to  flats,  measurement  of,  138 

roofs,  measurement  of,  137 

Boiler  felt,  measurement  of,  142 
Bolts,  averaging  lengths  of,  217 

— espagnolette,  measurement  of,  185 

— example  of  abstracting,  254 


INDEX. 


527 


Bolts  flush,  measurement  of,  185 

— measurement  of,  185,  218 
Bonding  new  walls  to  old,  measurement 

of,  75 

Bossed  ends  to  rolls,  measurement  of, 
191 

Bosting  for  carver,  measurement  of, 
107 

Boundary  walls  in  cube  estimate,  359 

• keep  dimensions  separate,  10 

Box  girders,  example  of  taking  off,  508 
Boxing  shutters,  measurement  of,  164 
Braeketting  to  cornices,  measurement 
of,  145 

Branch  joints,  measurement  of,  194 
Breweries,  cubic  price  of,  363 
Brick  copings,  measurement  of,  85 

— cores  to  columns,  measurement  of, 

75 

— cornices,  measurement  of,  83 

— paving,  measurement  of,  70 

— quoins,  measurement  of,  82 

— sewers,  measurement  of,  63 
preamble  to  bill,  266 

— sills,  measurement  of,  86 
Bricklayer,  example  of  preamble  to  bill 

of,  275 

— form  of  bill,  296 

— general  directions  for  measurement, 

55 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  245 
Bricklayer’s  specification,  354 

— tables,  use  of,  379 

— work,  measurement  of,  333 
Brick-nogping,  measurement  of,  69 
Bricks,  extra  large,  57 

— size  of,  affects  stonework,  57 
Bricksetters,  Northern  practice,  425 
Brickwork,  allowance  for  bedding 

plates,  58 

— averaging  of  footings,  61 

— circular  measurement  of,  62 

— cube,  57 

— cutting  and  bonding,  57 

— deducted  for  stone,  58 

— dedqctions  for  flues,  58 
for  openings,  59 

— division  into  sections,  36 

— examples  of  abstracting,  248 
of  taking  off,  452 

of  valuation,  379 

— expedient  for  keeping  down  cost, 

379 

— extra  heights  kept  separate,  57 

— general  rules  for  measuring  walls, 

56 

— hollow  walls,  measurement  of,  62 


Brickwork  in  backing  to  masonry,  mea- 
surement of,  57, 

— in  raising,  on  old  work,  57 

— in  shellac  for  carving,  82 

— in  underpinning,  57 

— measurement  of,  56 

— piers  and  projections,  measurement 

of,  60 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of, 

379 

— price  of,  378 

— rules  for  abstracting,  245 

— sometimes  measured  by  foot  cube,  57 

— vaulting,  measurement  of,  62 

— when  to  measure  extra  thicknesses, 

56 

British  Museum,  cubic  price  of,  362 

— polished  plate  how  specified,  286 

thickness  of,  224 

Bubbles  in  glass,  225 

Builders’  claims,  346 

— estimate,  errors  in,  312 

— profit,  358 

— refusal  to  tender  without  quantities, 

2,  515 

— selection  of,  for  tender,  294 
Building,  cost  of  various  classes  of,  360 

— contracts,  average  solicitor  not 

familiar  with,  386 

— cubic  content  as  check  on  approxi- 

mate estimate,  361 

— in  blocks,  dimensions  kept  separate,  9 

— owner  liable  for  surveyor’s  charges, 

397 

“ Building  risks  and  their  incidences  ” 
Rickman  on,  520 

Buildings  in  carcase,  points  to  observe, 
24 

— of  London  School  Board,  cubic  price 

of,  362 

Burnell  v.  Ellis,  401 
Burning  in  flashing,  190 
Butts,  measurement  of,  183 


Callipers,  dividers  used  as,  194 
Canvas  and  battens,  measurement  of, 
227 

Caps  to  columns,  &c.,  in  plaster,  206 
Carpenter,  example  of  preamble  to  bill 
of,  281 

— form  of  bill,  298 

— ironwork  to,  234 

— Northern  practice,  431 

— rules  for  abstracting,  246 

— specification,  354 
Carpentry,  measurement,  of,  333 


528  QUANTITY  SURVEYING . 


Carpentry  and  joinery,  distinction  be- 
tween, 130 

— valuation  of,  381 

Carriage  of  materials,  charge  for,  346 
“Carried  to  summary,”  use  of  words, 292 
Carting,  estimate  for,  378 
Carving,  measurement  of,  107 
Casement  fastenings,  measurement  of, 
186 

— ironmongery,  measurement  of,  183 
Casement  and  solid  frames,  measure- 
ment of,  162 

— of  iron,  measurement  of,  218 

Cast  and  wrought  iron  kept  separate, 
209 

— iron  column  and  base,  example  of 

taking  off,  505 

example  of  abstracting,  252 

— lead  traps,  measurement  of,  194 
Casting  and  checking  accounts,  pre- 
cautions, 343 

Cates  on  Quantities,  403 
Ceiling  joists,  measurement  of,  136 

— ribs,  measurement  of,  205 

— setting  out  for  panels  of,  205 
Cement  filletting,  measurement  of, 74, 79 

— floated  face  or  screed,  measurement 

of,  69 

— paving,  measurement  of,  69 

— skirting,  measurement  of,  207 
Centering,  measurement  of,  138 

— to  gauged  arches,  kept  separate,  139 
Centres,  re-use  of,  140 

Cesspools,  example  of  taking  off,  499 
Cesspools,  deal,  measurement  of,  146 

— rain-water  tanks,  &c.,  measurement 

of,  79 

Chamfer  and  splay,  distinction  between, 
150 

— in  plaster,  measurement  of,  203 

— on  brick,  measurement  of,  73 

— on  fir,  measurement  of,  146 

— on  stone,  measurement  of,  100 
Chamfered  angle  in  Portland  cement, 

207 

Channel  pipes,  measurement  of,  55 
Charge  when  tendering  without  quan- 
tities, 2 

Charges  of  surveyor  paid  by  building 
owner,  397 

— on  building,  preliminary,  376 
Chase,  cut  and  parge,  measurement  of, 

/ 5 

— for  pipe,  measurement  of,  75 
Checking  abstracts,  suggestions  for,  240 

— taking  off,  desirable,  11 
Chimney  bars,  measurement  of,  214 


Chimney  pieces,  collection  of,  443 

stone  and  slate,  measurement  of. 

105  * 

— pots,  measurement  of,  79 

— stack  facings,  alternative  method  of 

taking  off,  463 

example  of  taking  off,  460 

Church  fittings,  measurement  of,  182 
Churches,  cubic  price  of,  363 

— price  per  sitting,  364 

— restoration  of,  305 
Circles,  area  of,  238 

Circular  and  semicircular  deductions, 
59 

— and  skewback  cutting  to  facings,  86 

— brickwork,  measurement  of,  62 

— circular  face  on  stone,  measurement 

of,  99 

— joinery,  measurement  of,  149 

— rib  to  roof  truss,  example  of  taking 

off,  491 

trusses,  measurement  of,  143 

— work,  description  of,  338 
measurement  of,  150 

Cisterns  and  their  supplies,  treatment 
of,  192 

— calculation  of  contents,  1 95 

— complete  list  of,  192 

— deal,  measurement  of,  174 

— denoting  by  letters,  355 

— slate,  measurement  of,  1 25 

— wrought-irou,  measurement  of,  195 
Claim,  builder’s,  346 

— exorbitant,  in  day  accounts,  347 
Clay  puddle,  measurement  of,  46 

— puddling,  51 

Clean  up  groove  for  lead  lights  in 
terra-cotta,  87 

Cleats  of  fir,  measurement  of,  148 
Close  cut  and  mitred  hips  to  slating, 122 
Closing  up  bottoms  of  flues,  308 
Coal  plates,  measurement  of,  212 
Cock,  gas  main,  220 
Cocks,  brass,  measurement  of,  195 
Coffer  dams,  measurement  of,  85 
prices  of,  265 

Collars  of  lead  to  pipes,  measurement 
of,  194 

Collection  of  bells,  example  of,  451 

— of  chimney-gutters,  &c.,  449 

— of  cornices,  448 

— of  dnors  and  linings,  446 

— of  flashings,  &e.,  449 

Collection  of  items  of  provisions,  ex- 
ample of,  443 

— of  papering  and  plastering,  447 

— of  quarter  partitions,  444 


INDEX . 


529 


Collection  of  rain-water  pipes,  450 

— of  skirtings,  445 

— of  timbers,  444 

— of  trade  circulars  essential,  357 

— of  walls,  56 

Collections,  same  may  serve  for  several 
kinds  of  work,  13 
Coloured  inks,  use  of,  9,  240,  341 
Column,  cast-iron,  example  of  taking 
off,  505 

— stone,  example  of  taking  off,  480 

— wood,  measurement  of,  177 
Columns,  cores  to,  measurement  of,  75 

— iron,  examples  of  abstracting,  252 
Common  precautions  in  checking,  343 
Compare  plans  of  floors,  56 
Comparison  of  measuring  books,  341 
Compass,  points  of,  useful  in  descrip- 
tion, 9 

Complex  joinery,  measurement  of,  344 
Concrete  buildings,  279 

example  of  preamble  to  bill  of, 

279 

measurement  of,  89 

— example  of  taking  off,  453 

— valuation  of,  378 

Concrete  casings  to  iron,  measurement 
of,  52 

— measurement  of,  51 
Condensation  fillets,  157 
Conditions  of  contract,  259 

— of  tender  under  schedule,  317 
Cone,  surface  and  cubic  content  of,  1 4 
Connection  of  gas  main  with  meter,  220 
Constants  of  labour,  example  of  use  of, 

369 

remarks  on,  368 

Contract,  quantities  part  of,  387 
Contractor  liable  for  surveyor’s  charges, 
397 

Contracts  by  separate  trades,  510 
Coping,  brick  on  edge,  measurement  of, 
'85 

— stone,  measurement  of,  110 
repair  of,  305 

Copper  clips  and  brass  screws,  measure- 
meht  of,  225 

— cramps  to  stonework,  measurement 

of,  103 

— lids,  measurement  of,  176 

— nailing,  measurement  of,  190,  194 
Coppers,  setting,  measurement  of,  78 
Corbels,  stone,  measurement  of,  104 
Core  rails,  measurement  of,  216 
Cores  to  columns,  measurement  of,  75 
Cornice  in  Portland  cement,  example 

of  taking  off,  500 


Cornice,  proportion  on  ceiling  and  wall, 
102 

Cornices,  allowance  beyond  girth  of 
mould,  204 

— and  string  courses  in  brickwork, 

83 

— collection  of  plaster,  448 

— in  deal,  measurement  of,  182 

— plaster,  measurement  of,  204 
Correction  of  dimensions  in  abstract, 

240 

— of  lithographic  transfers,  293 

— of  specification,  356 

— to  be  checked,  241 

Cost,  approximate,  of  buildings,  360 

— of  brickwork,  expedients  for  keeping 

down,  379 

— of  work  done  in  country,  368 
Counterlathing,  measurement  of,  145 
Country  houses,  cubic  price  of,  362 
Court,  special,  for  building  cases,  386 
Cover  stones,  measurement  of,  110 
Covers  to  cesspools,  measurement  of, 

191 

Coves,  plaster,  measurement  of,  204 
Cowls  to  lead  pipes,  measurement  of, 
194 

Cradle  to  bath,  measurement  of,  196 
Cradling  of  deal,  measurement  of,  145 
Cramps,  copper,  measurement  of,  103 

— galvanised  iron,  measurement  of,  103 
Creasing,  tile,  measurement  of,  85 
Credits,  233 

Credits  bill,  form  of,  291 

suggestions,  290 

Cross  garnet  hinges,  measurement  of, 
183 

“ Cross  grain,”  152 
Crown  glass,  test  for,  225 
Cube  brickwork,  abstract  of,  245 

— of  building  to  commence  set  of  di- 

mensions, 16 

— stone,  measurement  of,  91 

Cubic  content  as  basis  for  pricing  stone, 
380 

— price  of  well-known  buildings,  361 
Cupolas,  firring  to,  measurement  of, 

143 

Curbs,  stone,  measurement  of,  110 
Customs,  legal  value  of  trade,  386 
Cut  and  pin  ends,  measurement  of,  78 

— ends  of  rafters,  measurement  of,  218 
Cut  to  shapes,  glass,  223 

Cutting  and  bonding  brickwork,  mea- 
surement of,  75 

new  walls  to  old,  measure- 
ment of,  75 

2 M 


53° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Cutting  and  pinning  edges,  measure- 
ment of,  74 

— birdsmouth,  73 

— openings  in  old  work,  308 

— rough,  on  brickwork,  73 

— squint  quoin,  73 

D-traps,  measurement  of,  104 
Dado,  measurement  of,  158 
Damages,  claim  for  liquidated,  347 
Damp-proof  oourse,  measurement  of,  73 

— courses,  collection  of,  443 
Danger  of  mixing  papers,  1 1 
Day  accounts,  abstracting,  348 
examination  of,  344 

rate  of  wages  usually  allowed  in, 

365 

retail  prices  allowed  in,  385 

when  to  allow,  347 

— works,  billing,  348 

Deal,  example  of  valuation  of,  382 
“ Deduct  ” and  “ add,”  how  used,  20 
Deduction  of  openings,  example  of 
taking  off,  456 

Deductions,  distinction  between 
“ voids  ” and  “ wants,”  7 
Deficiencies  in  quantities,  treatment  of, 
387 

Deficient  quantities,  surveyor’s  liability 
for,  403 

Deposited  estimates,  checking  of,  313 

— priced  bill  of  quantities,  2 
Description  of  mouldings,  152 
Detached  buildings,  dimensions  kept 

separate,  10 

Details  of  taking  off  should  be  pre- 
served, 9 

— when  surveyor  should  make,  43 
Diapers  of  brick,  measurement  of,  83 
Digging,  extra  depths,  47 

— for  drains,  measurement  of,  50 

— measurement  of,  47 

— to  trenches,  measurement  of,  47 
Dimensions,  alteration  of,  10,  23 

— copy  supplied  to  builder,  294 

— dictating  of,  19 

— form  of  heading  to,  16 

— how  written  to  indicate  two  opera- 

tions of  abstracting,  15 

— “in  clear,”  15 

— indexing,  19 

— keep  clear  and  distinct,  8 

— method  of  writing  for  various 

figures,  15 

— notes  on  how  written,  19 

— numbering  columns  or  pages,  1 1 

— of  scantlings,  order  of  writing,  256 


Dimensions  of  stone,  order  important, 
90 

— on  plan  should  be  preferred,  7 

— of  several  blocks  to  be  kept  distinct, 

9 

— reference  by  letters  to,  16,  311 

— short  ways  of  squaring,  238 

— should  be  collected,  10 
taken  in  one  order,  7 

— ticking  bottoms  of  columns,  241 

— to  avoid  repetition  of,  15 

— to  commence  with  cube  of  building, 

16 

— voids  and  wants  to  be  distinguished, 
7 

Disadvantages  of  taking  off  by  trades, 
12 

Disclaimer  of  responsibility  for  quanti- 
ties, 387 

Discount,  exorbitant,  346 

— trade,  on  drain  pipes,  378 

on  gas  pipes  and  fittings,  384 

on  glass,  384 

on  ironmongery,  383 

on  paper,  385 

on  plumber’s  brass  work,  383 

on  pottery,  378 

on  sanitary  goods,  383 

on  stoves  and  ranges,  384 

on  terra-cotta,  379 

Discussion  on  surveyor’s  and  survey 
practice,  520 
Disputed  accounts,  351 

— prices,  343 

Distempering,  measurement  of,  208 
District  surveyor’s  fees,  42,  260 
Domes,  firring  to,  143 
Door  frames,  measurement  of,  170 
Door,  example  of  taking  off,  493 
Doors,  measurement  of,  166,  168 

— proportion  of  size  to  that  of  opening, 

166 

Dotting  on,  description  of,  12 
Double  course  of  slates  to  verge,  122 
Drain  plan,  53 

Drain  pipes,  dimensions  of,  271 
Draining  boards,  measurement  of,  176 
Drains,  measurement  of,  53 
Drawings,  alterations  of,  9 

— examination  of,  8 

— figure  before  taking  off,  9 

— in  pencil,  objections  to  taking  off 

from,  21 

— insurance  of,  21 

Dredging  and  removing,  measurement 
of,  44 

Dressers,  measurement  of,  87 


INDEX. 


53i 


Dressing  lead  over  fillet,  measurement 
of,  190 

Drips  in  gutters  at  equal  distances,  499 

— measurement  of,  146 

Driving  piles,  44 
Dry  rubbish,  measurement  of,  52 
Dubbing,  when  measured,  201 
Dwelling  house,  cubic  price  of,  362 


Earth,  increase  of  bulk,  46 
Eaves  boards,  measurement  of,  142 

— fillet,  measurement  of,  146 

— gutter,  measurement  of,  210 
painting  of,  229 

— of  tiling  bedded  in  cement,  128 
Edges  of  landings  cut  and  pinned,  74 

nosings  to,  179 

Edinburgh  system  of  estimating,  515 
Electric  bells,  form  of  bill  for,  221 

form  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  285 

Elements  which  modify  cost  of  build- 
ing, 359 

“ Elsewhere  taken,”  19 
Embossing  glass,  measurement  of,  224 
Employment  of  surveyors,  list  of 
questions,  516 

report  of  committee,  517 

Enamelling,  measurement  of,  224 
Enclosure  to  water  meter,  196 
Endorsement  of  bill,  304 
Ends  cut  and  pinned,  measurement  of, 
78 

Engineer,  attendance  on,  232 
Engraved  corners  of  glass,  measure- 
ment of,  225 

Enrichments  in  plaster,  measurement 
of,  204 

Entablature  and  balustrade,  example  of 
taking  off,  472 

Errors,  discovery  of,  by  abstractor, 
.240 

— sources  of,  7,  17 

Espagnolette  bolts,  measurement  of, 
185 

Estimates,  alternative,  287,  306 

— errors’ in,  312 

— preliminary,  359 

— suggestions  for  separate,  286 
Estimating,  Edinburgh  system  of,  515 

— Glasgow  system  of,  514 

— medieval  system  of,  510 

— present  system  of,  510 
Examination  of  drawings,  8 
Examples  of  collections,  443 
Excavation,  abstracting,  suggestions 

for,  245 


Excavation,  allowance  for  slopes  in, 
47 

— averaging  depth,  50 

— example  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  273 
of  taking  off,  452 

— form  of  bill,  295 

— if  on  site  of  old  building,  49 

— Northern  practice,  424 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of, 

377 

— specification  of,  354 

Existing  buildings,  alterations  to, 
308 

work  to,  305 

Exorbitant  claims,  347 

— discounts,  346 

Expansion  boards,  measurement  of,  52 
External  plumbing,  measurement  of, 
188 

— walls,  example  of  taking  off,  453 
“ Extra  for  ” and  “ extra  only,”  20 
Eyelets,  measurement  of,  80 


Facing  for  carving,  measurement  of, 
83 

Facings,  example  of  abstracting,  249 
of  taking  off,  458 

— expedients  for  keeping  down  cost  of, 

379 

— measurement  of,  81 

— of  brick,  general  instructions,  81 

— points  to  observe  in  valuing,  379 

— repairs  to  old,  305 

— separation  of,  in  abstract,  245 

— to  chimney  stack,  example  of  taking 

off,  460 

rubble  walls,  118 

Faience,  measurement  of,  88 
Fair  both  sides,  walls,  62 

— cut  and  rubbed  birdsmouth  and 

squint  quoins,  measure- 
ment of,  86 

splay,  measurement  of,  86 

Fares,  when  chargeable,  368 
Fascias,  measurement  of,  144 
Feather-edged  springer,  measurement 
of,  147 

Fees,  district  surveyor’s,  260 
Felt,  measurement  of,  142 

— pads,  measurement  of,  218 
Fences,  measurement  of,  140 
Fibrous  plaster,  measurement  of,  209 
Figure  drawings  before  taking  off,  9 
Fillets,  sets  of,  to  skylights,  157 
Filletting  in  cement,  measurement  of, 

74 


2 M 2 


532 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Filletting  and  counterlathing  to  parti- 
tions, measurement  of,  145 
Filling  in  and  ramming,  measurement 
of,  49 

— in  brickwork,  57 

— in  openings,  309 

Final  statement  of  account,  form  of, 
351 

Finger  plates,  measurement  of,  187 
Finished  sizes  of  joinery,  150 
Fir  fitted  to  iron,  measurement  of,  134 
Fir  in  lintels,  measurement  of,  133 
plates,  measurement  of,  133 

— wrought  and  framed  all  round, 

example  of  abstracting,  250 
Fire  bends  to  lead  pipes,  measurement 
of,  194 

— places,  deduction  for,  59 
Firrings  to  cupolas  and  domes,  mea- 
surement of,  143 

Fittings,  measurement  of,  182 
Fixing  only  ironwork,  abstract  of,  246 
Flannel  and  wood  behind  silvering, 
224 

Flashing  boards,  measurement  of,  142 
Flashings,  collection  of,  448 

— labour  and  material  connected  with, 

449 

— measurement  of,  189 

Flats  and  gutters,  measurement  of, 
188 

Flatting,  measurement  of,  230 
Fleclie,  measurement  of  lead  to,  188 
Flint  facings,  measurement  of  119 
Flitch  plates,  measurement  of,  214 
Floor  tiling,  measurement  of,  71 
Floors,  covering  with  sawdust,  282 

— fir  framed  in,  measurement  of,  133 

— measurement  of,  153 

— wood  block,  measurement  of,  154 
Flues  at  an  angle,  soot  doors,  58 

— deductions  for,  58 

— parge  and  core,  measurement  of,  77 
Flush  bolts,  measurement  of,  185 
Flyers,  measurement  of,  178 
Footings,  averaging,  61 

— London  Building  Act,  61 
Foreman’s  time,  when  chargeable,  344  J 
Forged  ends,  measurement  of,  217 
Form  of  a bill  of  credit,  291 

quantities,  295 

variation,  348 

schedule  of  prices  for  day  work, 

287 

summary,  288 

tender,  289 

on  schedule  of  prices,  328 


Form  of  tender,  signature  of,  a legal 
contract,  312 
Foundation  plan,  48 
Founder  and  smith,  example  of 
abstracting,  251 

example  of  preamble  to  bill 

of,  284 

suggestions  for  abstracting, 

247 

— — smith’s  work,  measurement  of, 

209 

valuation  of,  384 

Framed  iron  work,  definition,  215 
Frames,  bed  and  point,  measurement 
of,  77 

— door,  measurement  of,  170 

— painting,  measurement  of,  230 
Framings,  description  of,  151 

— dwarf,  152 

— measurement  of,  151,  172 
Freeholder’s  permission  to  build,  24 
French  paper,  size  of,  226 

— polishing,  measurement  of,  230 

— system  of  estimating,  512 

“From  banker”  and  “from  bench,” 
344 

Function  of  bill  of  quantities,  293 

Gas  brackets,  measurement  of,  219 

— fitter,  clause  at  end  of  bill,  285 
example  to  preamble  to  bill  of, 

285 

form  of  bill,  302 

— fitting,  points  to  observe  in  valuation 

of,  384 

provision  for,  219 

specification  of,  355 

trade  discount  on,  384 

— main  cock,  220 

connection  of  pipe  with,  220 

— meter,  measurement  of,  220 

number  of  lights  supplied  by, 

219 

shelf  for,  175 

usually  hired,  220 

— pipes,  measurement  of,  219 
Gates,  measurement  of,  169 
Gauged  arches,  centering  to,  139 
measurement  of,  81 

General  alterations,  examples  of  items, 
308 

Girders,  example  of  abstracting,  252 
of  taking  off,  508 

— fir  in,  measurement  of,  133 

— rivetted,  measurement  of,  214 
Glasgow  system  of  estimating,  514 


INDEX. 


533 


Glass  cut  to  shapes,  224 

— example  of  abstracting,  255 

— expedients  for  reducing  cost  of,  385 

— plate,  tariffs,  385 

— to  distinguish  kinds  of,  225J 

— trade  discount  on,  248 
Glazier,  clause  at  end  of  bill,  28G 

— example  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  28G 

— form  of  bill,  303 

— Northern  practice,  437 

— rules  for  abstracting,  247 

— specification,  355 
Glazing,  measurement  of,  223 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of,  384 
Graining,  measurement  of,  230 
Granite,  example  of  preamble  to  bill, 

280 

— measurement  of,  112 

— separate  contract  for,  280 

Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  method  of 
estimating  for,  512 

Granolithic  stone,  measurement  of,  120 
Gratings,  cast-iron,  measurement  of, 
212 

Grease  traps,  measurement  of,  53,  79 
Groin  point,  extra  for,  138 
Groined  roofs  of  stone,  measurement  of, 
10G 

Groove  in  fir,  measurement  of,  14G 

slate,  measurement  of,  124 

stone  for  flashings,  &c.,  101 

Ground  joists  and  sleepers  of  fir, 
measurement  of,  133 
Grounds,  measurement  of,  1 5G 

— skeleton,  156 

Guard-bars,  measurement  of,  21 G 
Gully  traps,  measurement  of,  53 
Gutter  boards  and  bearers,  measure- 
ment of,  14G 

— example  of  taking  off,  497 

— lead,  measurement  of,  188 
Gtfyther  v.  Gaze,  398 


Half-sawing,  measurement  of,  92 
Half-timbering,  measurement  of,  137 
Handrails,  iron,  measurement  of,  215 

— measurement  of,  179 

Heading  for  measurement,  example  of, 
216 

— judicious  use  of,  256 

— of  dimensions,  example  of,  15 
Heads  of  rain-water  pipe,  measurement 

of,  191 

Headway  of  staircases  to  be  observed, 
178 

Hearths  of  stone,  109 


Herring-bone  strutting,  measurement 
of,  147 

Hinges,  measurement  of,  183 
Hinges,  ornamental,  strap,  184 
Hip  and  ridge  rolls,  measurement  of, 
147 

— hooks,  measurement  of,  130 

— knobs,  fir,  measurement  of,  148 

— rafter,  to  measure,  15 

— lolls,  measurement  of,  147 

— tiles,  measurement  of,  130 
Hips,  lead  to,  measurement  of,  189 

— measurement  of,  189 
Hoisting  and  fixing  roof  trusses,  148 
bath,  19G 

cistern,  1 95 

— heavy  ironwork,  height  to  be  stated, 

209 

— iron  joists  and  girders,  height  to  be 

stated,  209 

Holes  rimed  out,  measurement  of,  217 
Hollow  walls,  measurement  of,  62 
Honeyman  on  Glasgow  system,  514 
Hood  and  straps  of  lead,  measurement 
of,  191 

Hooper  on  French  systems  of  estimat- 
ing, 513 

Hoop  iron,  example  of  abstracting,  248 

measurement  of,  76 

Hospitals,  price  per  bed,  363 
Hot  water  supply,  measurement  of,  1 98, 
199 

system,  198 

Houses  of  Parliament,  cubic  price  of, 
3G2 

modes  of  measurement  pre- 
scribed for,  330 
Hudson  on  quantities,  389 

In  Position,  labour  on  iron,  209 
Incised  plastering,  measurement  of, 
203 

Indexing  dimensions,  1 1 

— measuring  books,  340 
Inks,  use  of  coloured,  9,  241 
Inspection  pits,  designate  by  numbers 

or  letters,  31 

example  of  taking  off,  4G4 

measurement  of,  54 

Insurance  of  drawings  recommended, 
21 

Internal  plumbing,  measurement  of, 
192 

— walls,  examples  of  taking  off,  454 
Invoices,  production  of  original,  345 
Iron  articles,  billing  of  small,  25G 


534 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Iron  balustrades  and  newels,  measure- 
ment of,  213 

— casements,  measurement  of,  218 

— cisterns,  stock  sizes  cheaper,  384 

— cramps  to  stonework,  measurement 

of,  103 

— dowels  and  mortises  in  stone, 

measurement  of,  103 

— hooping,  measurement  of,  76 

— roof  trusses,  measurement  of,  217 

— wrought  and  cast  kept  separate,  209 
Ironfounder,  Northern  practice,  438 
Ironmonger,  example  of  preamble  to 

bill  of,  282 

Ironmongery,  measurement  of,  183 

— provision  for,  183 

— to  casements,  measurement  of,  163 

— trade  discount  on,  383 

— when  decoration  a separate  contract, 

230 

— when  to  be  measured,  152 
Ironwork,  fixing  only,  246 

— framed,  definition,  215 

— in  straps  and  bolts,  measurement  of, 

134 

— painted  before  supply,  228 
Ironwork,  points  to  observe  in  valuation 

of,  384 

— to  carpentry,  134 

— with  bricklayer’s  work,  245 
items,  all  of  value  included  in  bills,  3 

— measured  lineally,  abstracting,  243 

— preliminary,  prices  disproportionate, 

345 


Jamb  linings,  measurement  of,  171 
Japanese  paper,  measurement  of,  227 
Joggles  on  stone,  measurement  of,  101 
Joiner  and  ironmonger,  suggestions  for 
abstracting,  246 

example  of  preamble  to  bill  of, 

281 

— attend  plumber,  173,  174,  196 

— form  of  bill,  299 

— Northern  practice,  431 

— specification,  355 
Joinery,  adapting  old,  308 

— circular,  measurement  of,  149 

— collecting  dimensions  of,  149 

— finished  sizes  of,  150 

— measurement  of,  149 

— order  in  specification,  353 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of, 

382 

— scribing  of,  150 

— sketches  of,  149 


Joinery  when  lineal  measurement  better 
than  superficial,  153 
Jointed  ends  to  stone,  measurement  of, 
112 

Joints  and  beds,  measurement  of,  95 

— branch  to  lead  pipes,  measurement 

of,  194 

— to  long  lengths  of  stone,  95 
Joists,  ceiling,  measurement  of,  136 

— iron  and  steel,  method  of  abstracting, 

254 

measurement  of,  213 


Keene’s  cement,  measurement  of,  208 
Kerr  on  prices  of  buildings,  359 
Kind  of  glass,  to  distinguish,  225 
King  heads,  measurement  of,  212 
Knobs,  measurement  of,  187 


Labour  and  material,  value  of,  as 
foundation  of  prices,  357 
Labourers’  cottages,  cubic  price  of, 
362 

Labour  in  medieval  times,  510 

— items  to  precede  labour  and  mate- 

rials, 243 

— saved  by  averaging,  13 

— saving  expedients,  238 

Labours  on  ioiner’s  work,  measurement 
of,  152 

Labours  on  stone,  pricing,  380 
“ Labour  to,”  use  of  words,  151 
Ladders  to  traps,  measurement  of,  175 
Landings,  York  stone,  measurement  of, 
108 

Laps  to  fir  plates,  133 
Large  and  small  quantities  of  work, 
prices  for,  375 

— contracts  confined  to  small  number 

of  competitors,  358 

Lavatory  apparatus,  measurement  of, 
196 

— tops,  slate,  measurement  of,  125 
Law  as  it  aifects  quantity  surveyors, 

383 

Laxton’s  bricklayer’s  tables,  usefulness 
of,  379 

Lead  clips,  measurement  of,  225 

— example  of  abstracting,  250 

— in  sinks,  cisterns  and  safes,  measure- 

ment of,  194 

j — lights,  measurement  of,  224 

— old,  allowance  for  waste,  233,  383 


INDEX. 


535 


Lead,  old,  measurement  of,  233 

— pipes,  measurement  of,  194 
testing  weight  of,  383 

— plugs  and  mortises  in  stone,  mea- 

surement of,  104 

— plugs  in  slate,  125 

— size  of  sheet,  188 

— testing  weight  of,  383 

— traps,  measurement  of,  194 

— wedging,  measurement  of,  190 
Leading  item  of  trade  first  on  abstract, 

243 

Leadwork,  example  of  abstracting,  250 
Lengths  of  socket  pipes,  measurement 
of,  191 

Letters  used  as  reference  to  chimney 
stacks,  25 

— use  of,  saves  writing,  16 
Levelling  ground,  measurement  of,  53 

— old  walls  to  receive  new  work,  mea- 

surement of,  76 

Liability  of  surveyor  to  building  owner, 
403 

Liberality  of  surveyor  at  building 
owner’s  expense,  343 
Lighting  defective,  223 
Lights,  number  supplied  by  gas  meter, 
219 

Limewhiting,  measurement  of,  69 
Lincrusta-Walton,  measurement  of, 
227 

Linings,  apron,  measurement  of,  179 

— back,  measurement  of,  164 

— jamb,  measurement  of,  171 

— return,  measurement  of,  164 

— window,  measurement  of,  161 
Lintels,  fir  in,  measurement  of,  133 
Liquidated  damages,  claim  for,  347 
List  of  questions  circulated  by  general 

conference  of  architects,  517 
Litigation,  indefinite  preliminaries  a 
* frequent  source  of,  511 
Lithography,  correction  of  errors  in, 
293 

Locks,  measurements  of,  186 
Lodgings  for  workmen,  payment  for, 
347 

London  County  Council  list  of  wages, 
365 

Loss  by  stoppage  of  works,  claim  for, 
347 

Lucas  on  profits,  358 


Maintenance  clauses,  259 
Making  good  plastering,  206 


Manchester  Society  of  Architects, 
general  statement  of  methods  recom- 
mended, 423 

Mansions,  cubic  price  of  best,  363 
Manufacturer’s  name  in  bill,  21 
Marche-a-forfait,  513 
au-rabais,  513 

Margins  on  stone,  measurement  of,  101 
Martin’s  cement,  measurement  of,  208 
Mason,  example  of  preamble  to  bill  of, 
279 

— form  of  bill,  297 

— Northern  practice,  429 

— specification,  354 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  246 
Masonry,  beds  and  joiuts,  measurement 

of,  95 

— circular  beds  and  joints,  measure- 

ment of,  96 

work  on,  measurement  of,  98 

— general  directions  for  measurement 

89 

— half  bed  and  half  joint  on,  96 

— metal  articles  in,  measurement  of, 

104 

— moulded  work  on,  measurement  of, 

99 

— numbering  stones  of,  91 

— order  of  dimensions  important,  90 

— plain  face  on,  measurement  of,  94 
work  on,  measurement  of,  97 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of, 

379 

— preparatory  faces  on,  measurement 

of,  94 

— processes  of  working,  114 

— rough  sunk  work,  measurement  of, 

96 

Masonry,  schedule,  335 

— stopped  work,  measurement  of,  93 

— sunk  work,  measurement  of,  96,  98 
Materials,  description  of,  written  direct 

from  specification,  15 

— fluctuation  of  value  of,  357 

— surveyor  a judge  of,  235 
Measure  and  value  after  erection,  the 

system  of,  511 

a frequent  cause  of  litigation, 

511 

expense  of  work  done  under 

system  of,  511 

Measurement,  departure  from  usual 
order  to  be  stated,  256 

— for  bill  of  credits,  233 

— Manchester  Society  of  Architects,  3 

— modes  of,  prescribed  for  new  Houses 

of  Parliament,  330 


536 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Measurement  of  old  lead,  233 

— of  variations,  arrangements  prior 

to,  340 

— of  variations,  mode  of,  340 

— one  system  desirable  throughout  the 

country,  3 

— systems  different  in  various  parts  of 

the  country,  3 

Measurer  expert  produces  his  result 
with  few  dimensions,  1 0 
Measuring  book,  index  of,  340 

comparison  of,  341 

list  of  items  to  be  measured  to 

be  written  in,  339 
references  to,  240 

—  separate,  340 

size  of,  1 1 

— scales,  precautions,  8 
Mechanics,  hours  of  labour  per  week, 

365 

Medieval  estimating,  sources  of  informa- 
tion, 510 

Memory  not  to  be  trusted,  16 
Meter,  gas,  220 

Method  of  dictation  of  dimensions,  19 
Methods  of  reducing  an  estimate,  310 

— of  taking  off,  9 

— recommended  by  the  Manchester 

Society  of  Architects,  to  be  used 
in  taking  quantities,  423 
Miscellaneous  charges  in  day  accounts, 
347 

Mistakes,  qualified  surveyor  makes  few, 
387 

Mitre  to  splay  on  stone,  measurement 
of,  100 

Mitred  border  to  hearths,  measurement 
of,  154 

Mitres  to  chamfer,  measurement  of, 
102 

— to  mouldings,  measurement  of,  102 
Modelling  to  enrichments,  204 
Models  for  terra-cotta,  87,  278 
Modern  French  practice  of  estimating, 

513 

— system  of  taking  off,  superior  clear- 

ness of,  12 

Modes  of  measurement,  42 

prescribed  for  new  Houses  of 

Parliament,  330 

Modillions  in  plaster,  measurement  of, 
206 

Moon  v.  Guardians  of  Witney  Union, 
397 

Mortar  fll  letting,  measurement  of,  74 
Mortises  and  iron  dowels,  measurement 
of,  103 


Mortises  and  lead  or  sulphur,  measure- 
ment of,  102 

plugs,  measurement  of,  104 

slate  dowels,  measurement  of,  103 

— in  stone,  measurement  of,  102 
for  frames,  measurement  of, 

103 

Moulded  courses  of  brick,  measure- 
ment of,  85 

— work  on  stone,  measurement  of,  99 
Moulding  cut  and  rubbed  on  brick, 

measurement  of,  85 

Mouldings,  general  directions  as  to  tho 
descriptions,  152 

— in  cement,  measurement  of,  206 

— in  deal,  measurement  of,  147 

— on  solid,  152 

— surveyor  to  make  details  of,  42 

— undercut,  measurement  of,  99 


Name  of  work  to  be  written  on  each 
sheet  of  dimensions,  11 
Narrow  widths  in  Portland  cement,  206 
Needling,  measurement  of,  232 
Newels,  measurement  of  wood,  179 

— iron,  measurement  of,  213 

— and  balusters,  iron,  measurement  of, 

216 

New  River  Company’s  tariff,  377 
Northern  practice,  423 
Nosing  to  edges  of  landings,  measure- 
ment of,  179 

“ Not  exceeding  ” or  “ under,”  224 
Notching  for  joinery,  measurement  of, 
150 

— for  key  stones,  extra  on  centres  for, 

140 

Notes  in  dimensions,  how  written,  19 
Number  every  column  of  dimensions, 
11 

— of  column  against  each  item  of  ab- 

stract, 241 

Numbering  rooms  on  drawings,  9 

— small  articles,  149 

— stones,  91 

Nuts,  measurement  of,  217 


Oak  sills,  measurement  of,  170 
— wedging,  measurement  of,  190 
Office  for  clerk  of  works,  provision  for, 
268 

Oiling  and  rubbing,  measurement  of, 
230 

Old  building,  when  part  only  is  re- 
moved, 234 


INDEX, . 


537 


Old  buildings  sold  by  auction,  233 

to  dealer  in  old  materials, 

233 

— foundations,  grubbing  up  of,  50 

— materials,  credit  for,  233 
re-used,  234 

to  be  contractor’s  property,  233 

— wall  prepared  to  receive  new  work, 

measurement  of,  76 
“Omissions”  in  variations,  311 

— transfer  to  addition  sheet,  311 

— when  no  quantities,  341 
“ Omit  ” and  “ deduct,”  341 

“ On  Waste,”  averaging  should  be 
shown,  13 
example  of,  8 

Openings,  circular  and  semicircular, 
deduction  of,  59 

— cut  in  old  work,  305 

— deduction  of,  general  rules  for,  58, 

59 

— deductions  of  plastering  for,  201 

— examples  of  taking  otf,  456 

— filled  in,  309 

— marks  to  show  deductions,  1 1 
Order,  confusion  in  guise  of,  23 

— of  taking  dimensions  of  stones,  im- 

portant, 90 

off,  23 

off,  old  method,  420 

the  dimensions  of  scantlings,  256 

— to  be  maintained  in  deductions  of 

openings  and  dimensions  of  finish- 
ings, 10 

— take  off  dimensions  always  in  the 

same,  7 

Ornamental  balustrade  and  newels, 
measurement  of,  213 

— hinges,  measurement  of,  184 
Outer  strings,  measurement  of,  178 
Oversail  or  set  back  one  course, 

measurement  of,  75 

— rough,  measurement  of,  75 


Painter,  clause  at  end  of  bill,  286 

— example  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  286 

— Northern  practice,  435 

— form  of  bill,  230 

Painting,  example  of  taking  off,  509 

— expedients  for  keeping  down  cost  of, 

385 

— measurement  of,  227 

— taking  off,  509 

a check  on  other  work,  228 

Panels,  iron,  measurement  of,  212 


I Pan  tiling,  measurement  of,  130 
Paper,  abstractor  to  use  plenty  of,  241 

— example  of  abstracting,  255 

— scales  to  calculate  number  of  rafters, 

&c.,  130 

— table  of  number  of  pieces  to  cover 

walls  of  room,  375 

— trade  discount  on,  385 

Paperh auger,  example  of  preamble  to 
bill  of,  286 

— form  of  bill,  227 
Paperhanging,  collection  of,  447 

— measurement  of,  226 

— method  of  abstracting,  255 
Parget  and  core  flues,  measurement  of, 

77 

Parian  cement,  measurement  of,  208 
Partitions,  half-brick,  measurement  of, 
62 

— quarter,  example  of  taking  off,  489 
Patent  cement  pavings,  treated  as  a 

provisional  sum,  69 

— hinges,  measurement  of,  184 
Paterae  in  plaster,  measurement  of,  206 
Patterns  for  cast  iron,  measurement  of, 

209 

Pavement  lights,  measurement  of,  212 
Paving,  asphalte,  measurement  of,  71 

— brick,  measurement  of,  70 

— cement,  measurement  of,  69 

— tar,  measurement  of,  70 

— tile,  measurement  of,  71 

— Yorkshire  stone,  measurement  of, 

108 

Payments  to  contractor,  259 
“ P.  C.,”  definition  of  letters,  346 
Perforations  for  pipes,  example  of 
abstracting,  249 
measurement  of,  80 

— in  iron,  measurement  of,  217 

— in  slate,  measurement  of,  125 

— in  stone,  measurement  of,  1 02 

Pier  cap,  stone,  example  of  taking  off, 
466 

Pilasters,  wood,  measurement  of,  176 
Pile  driving,  measurement  of,  44 
Piling,  example  of  preamble  for,  265 

— measurement  of,  44 

Pipe  casing,  measurement  of,  157 

— to  measure  diameter  of,  194 

Pipes  and  cocks,  general  principles  ot 
measurement,  194,  195 

— copper,  measurement  of,  194 

— gas,  measurement  of,  219 

— laid  in  ground  to  be  kept  separate, 

194 

— lead,  measurement  of,  194 


53» 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Pipes,  soil,  measurement  of,  194 
Pitch  of  rivetting,  214 
Plain  face  on  stone,  measurement  of, 
9+ 

mullions,  tracery,  ,&c., 

measurement  of,  94 

Plan  of  foundations,  when  necessary, 
48 

— of  drains,  surveyor  should  make,  53 
Planing  on  fir,  measurement  of,  131 
Plans  of  floors  to  be  compared,  56 
Plaster  cornice,  short  lengths  of,  204 

— cornices,  measurement  of,  204 

— coves,  measurement  of,  2u4 

— fibrous,  measurement  of,  209 

— quirk,  measurement  of,  206 
Plasterer,  200 

— example  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  283 

— form  of  bill,  207 

— Northern  practice,  435 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  247 
Plastering,  circular,  measurement  of, 

201 

— collection  of,  447 

— examples  of  abstracting,  251 

— examples  of  valuation  of,  383 

— expedients  for  keeping  down  cost  of, 

383 

— external  separate  from  internal,  200 

— finished  in  gauged  stuff,  201 

— hacking  off  old,  measurement  of, 

201 

— incised,  measurement  of,  203 

— in  narrow  widths,  billing  of,  247 

— in  small  quantities,  measurement  of, 

201 

— measurement  of,  200 

— of  extra  thickness,  measurement  of, 

201 

— on  old  walls,  measurement  of,  201 

— to  ceilings,  measurement  of,  202 

— to  partitions,  measurement  of,  201 

— to  specially  high  stories,  201 

— to  walls,  measurement  of,  201 

— valuation  of,  383 

Plate  glass,  measurement  of,  224 

— racks,  measurement  of,  175 
Plates,  laps  to,  allowance  for,  133 

— fir  in,  measurement  of,  133 
Plinth  blocks,  measurement  of,  162 
Plinths  and  strings  of  stone,  measure- 
ment of,  92 

— extra  thickness  of  walls  for,  how 

treated,  56 

Plugging,  measurement  of,  150 

— where  measured,  150 
plumber,  clause  at  end  of  bill  of,  283 


Plumber,  example  of  preamble  to  bill 
of,  283 

— form  of  bill,  301,  197 

— Northern  practice,  437 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  246 

— specification  of,  355 
Plumber’s  work,  measurement  of,  334 
Plumbing,  external  and  internal  some- 
times kept  separate,  188 

— measurement  of,  187 

— valuation  of,  383 
Pointing,  measurement  of,  81 
Points  of  compass,  use  of,  8 

Poles  and  ends  (“  long  arms  ”),  measure- 
ment of,  159 

Portland  cement,  measurement  of,  206 
Position  of  items  to  be  clearly  described, 
8 

Post  holes,  measurement  of,  53 
Pottery,  trade  discount  on,  378 
Preamble  of  a mason’s  schedule  of  the 
War  Department,  335 
Precautions  in  casting  and  checking  an 
account,  343 

— in  pricing,  343 

— in  writiug  fractions,  343 

— when  dotting  or  timesing,  12 
Precis  of  correspondence,  351 
Prejudice  against  supply  of  quantities, 

364 

Preliminary  bill,  259 

mav  be  written  from  specification, 

15 

— charges  on  buildings,  376 

— estimates,  how  made,  353 

— items,  suggestions  for  abstract,  244 
Preparation  of  abstracts  for  billing,  247 

— of  quantities  should  not  be  imposed 

upon  builders,  515 
Preparation  of  walls  for  paper,  226 
Preparatory  faces  on  stone,  measure- 
ment of,  94 

Present  system  of  estimating,  510 
Price  books  not  to  be  relied  on,  376 
Priced  estimates,  correction  of  errors  in 
casting,  &c.,  312 

method  of  adjusting  errors  in 

casts,  &e.,  313 

— estimate,  method  of  correcting  errors, 

314,  315 

to  be  carefully  checked,  343 

Prices,  357 

— analogy  to  be  preserved,  382 

— extending  and  checking,  343 

— inconsistent,  314 

— of  preliminary  items,  dispropor- 

tionate, 345 


INDEX. 


Prices,  qualities  requisite  in  the  sur- 
veyor who  assesses,  357 

— schedule  of,  312 

— to  be  obtained  from  manufacturer, 

239 

Pricing  and  day  accounts,  385 

— bill  of  variations,  311 

— method  of  dealing  with  inconsistent 

or  absurd,  311 

— surveyor  should  observe  how  quan- 

tities have  been  prepared  before, 
376 

Priestley  v.  Stone,  389 
Prime  cost  book,  production  of,  by 
builder,  343 

meaning  of,  264 

Priming  coat  counted  as  one  oil,  229 
Principles  to  observe  in  taking  off,  19 
Profit,  358 

— least  on  work  offered  in  open  com- 

petition, 358 

— on  omitted  work,  claim  for,  346 

— on  provisions,  377 

— on  work,  remarks  on,  358 
Profits,  Mr.  Lucas  on,  358 
Progress  drawings,  340 

Proportion  of  cornice  on  ceiling  and  ! 
wall,  204 

— of  value  of  labour  to  materials  and 

plant,  364 

Propositions  by  Mr.  Arthur  Cates,  403, 
520 

“ Provide  ” or  “ allow,  258 
“ Proving  ironwork,”  284 
Provision  for  bell  pulls,  usual,  221 

— for  ironmongery,  183 
Provisions,  43 

— abstracting,  244 

— bill,  example  of,  295 

— how  dealt  with,  43 
# — in  bill,  264 

— position  on  the  abstract  of,  244 

— profit  on,  377 

— when  advisable,  43 

— when  to  put  in  body  of  bill,  244 
Prmdsional  amounts  how  headed  when 

adjusting  schedule  rates,  313 

— sum  for  lead  lights  and  glazing,  111 
works  of  restoration,  306 

— sums,  treatment  of,  345 
Pugging,  measurement  of,  201 
Pulling  down  in  day  accounts,  344 

part  not  always  reasonable,  309  1 

Pumps,  measurement  of,  195 

Purlins,  scarfings  to,  allowance  for,  134  ! 
Purpose-made  hip  and  valley  tiles,  127 
Pyramids,  area  of  surface  of,  14 


539 


Quadrant 

172 


corners,  measurement  of, 


Quality  of  work  and  detail  in  quanti- 
ties, 3 

Quantities,  absurdity  of  builder  check- 
ing, 387 

— and  quantity  practices,  Mr.  Saun- 

ders’ paper  on,  520 

— and  specification,  combining,  294 

— a part  of  the  contract,  386 

— architect  who  supplies,  deputes  the 

work,  521 

— arguments  for  supply  by  architect 

of,  520 

— deficient,  the  result  of  inexperience, 


— degree  of  elaboration  of  bill  of,  3 

— deposited  priced  bill  of,  an  advan- 

tage, 357 

— disadvantage  of  dispensing  with,  2 

— essential  to  good  work,  1 

— forming  part  of  contract,  justice  of, 

386 


— general  rules  to  be  observed  in  the 

preparation  of,  7 

— methods  recommended  by  Manches- 

ter Society  of  Architects,  423 

— most  frequently  adopted  as  basis  of 

settlement,  387 

— operations  in  the  preparation  of  a 

bill  of,  6 

— prejudice  of  architects  against  Iho 

supply  of,  515 

— preparation  of,  should  not  be  im- 

posed on  builder,  515 

— prepared  as  a speculation  by  sur- 

veyors, 516 

— quality  of  the  bill  of,  3 

— refusal  of  builders  to  tender  without, 

2 

— remarkable  clauses  in,  522 

— responsibility  of  architect  who  sup- 

plies, 403 

— shall  the  architect  take  out  his  own, 


520 

— should  be  just  and  complete,  521 

— should  be  so  clear  that  any  surveyor 

may  adjust  variations,  3 

— should  form  part  of  contract,  2, 

386 

— Sir  Edmund  Beckett  on,  386 

— surveyor’s  liability  for  deficient,  403 

— treatment  of  deficiency  in,  387 

— uniformity  of  practice  in  preparing 

bill  of,  3 

Quantity  surveying,  literature  of,  22 
surveyor,  appointment  of,  512 


54° 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Quantity  surveyor  expert,  the  fruit  of 
long  training,  521 

or  architect  ? 520 

qualifications  of,  6 

should  know  the  law,  386 

— surveyor’s  duties  authoritatively 

formulated,  516 

Quarry,  special  estimates  for  stone  from, 
380 

— worked  stone,  380 

Quarter  partition,  example  of  taking 
off,  489 

fir  framed  in  measurement  of,  136 

Queen  heads,  measurement  of,  212 
Queries,  sheet  of,  16 

— settlement  of,  24 
Quick  and  flat  sweep,  149 

Quoins,  fair  cut  and  rubbed  squint, 
measurement  of,  88 

— of  brick,  measurement  of,  82 

— of  stone,  repair  of,  measurement  of, 

305 

example  of  taking  off,  470 


Radius  of  circular  joinery,  description 
of,  149 

Rafters,  cut  ends  to,  148 
Rail,  painting,  measurement  of,  229 
Railway  clearing  house,  cubic  price  of, 
362 

Rain-water  pipes,  collection  of,  450 

of  lead,  measurement  of,  194 

of  cast  iron,  measurement  of,  211 

painting,  measurement  of,  229 

— tanks,  measurement  of,  79 
Raising  on  old  work,  brickwork  in,  57 
Raking  out  and  pointing  flashings,  mea- 
surement of,  74 

to  soffits,  69 

Rate  of  wages  London  County  Council, 
364 

Reading  the  bills,  292 
Rebate  ami  mouldings  on  stone,  mea- 
surement of,  100 

— in  fir,  measurement  of,  146 

— on  stone,  measurement  of,  100 
Rebated  joints  to  slate  slabs,  measure- 
ment of,  124 

Red  ink,  “ timesing  ” should  be  in,  9 

use  of,  in  abstracting,  240 

in  adjusting  accounts,  311 

in  squaring  dimensions,  238 

Reducing  abstracts,  definition,  7 

suggestions  for,  247 

Reducing  to  be  done  on  abstract  in- 
stead of  on  dimensions,  215 


Reference  by  lettor  to  chimney  stacks, 
25 

— by  letters  to  former  dimensions,  16 

— easier  if  same  order  be  maintained, 

10 

— on  abstract  to  remainder  of  descrip- 

tion, 244 

— precaution  as  to  witnesses,  347 

— preliminaries  to  be  settled,  347 

— to  dimensions  facilitated  by  use  of 

number  of  column,  241 

— to  dimensions  of  deductions  of  open- 

ings a check  upon  dimensions  of 
finishing,  10 

References  to  measuring  books,  how 
written,  241 

Refusal  of  builders  to  tender  without 
quantities,  2 

Reid’s  Young  Surveyor’s  Preceptor.  422 
Rejoinders  to  arguments  for  supply  of 
quantities  by  architect,  521 
Relieving  arches,  measurement  of,  72 
Remarkable  clauses  in  quantities,  522 
Remarks  on  methods  of  measurement 
recommended  by  Manchester  Society 
of  Architects,  439 
Repairs  to  old  facings,  305 

— to  stonework,  measurement  of,  306 
Repetition  avoided  by  words  “ as  be- 
fore ” and  “ as  last,”  16 

— of  words  “ deal,”  “ mahogany,”  &c., 

avoided,  256 

Report  of  Special  Committee  on  em- 
ployment of  surveyors,  517 

— to  building  owner  on  reduction  of 

estimate,  310 

Responsibility,  division  of,  in  erection 
of  a building,  235 

— for  error  to  be  taken  by  one,  when 

several  are  engaged  in  taking  off, 
17 

— for  quantities  disclaimed  by  archi- 

tect, 387 

— of  surveyor,  403 

Restoration,  clauses  for  preliminary 
bill  of,  307 

— example  of  items  of,  309 
Restorations,  305 

— measurement  of  stone  in,  305 

— method  of  treatment,  306 
Results  of  squaring  to  be  carried  into 

squaring  column,  239 
Return  linings,  measurement  of,  164 
Re-use  of  centres,  140 

— of  old  materials,  233 

Reveals  of  plastering,  measurement  of, 
203 


INDEX. 


54i 


Revolving  shutters,  166 
Rib,  circular  to  roof  truss,  example  of 
taking  off,  491 

Ribs,  circular,  measurement  of,  144 

— of  deal  in  thicknesses,  measurement 

of,  144 

— to  roof  trusses,  measurement  of,  143 
Richardson  and  Waghorn  v.  Beales  and 

others,  402 

Ridge  and  hips  of  slate,  measurement 
of,  122 

— tiling,  measurement  of,  12S 
Ridges,  lead  to,  measurement  of,  189 
Rise  of  wages  in  the  building  trade, 

Mr.  Brassey  on,  358 
Risers,  measurement  of,  178 
Rivets,  measurement  of,  219 

— percentage  to  be  added  for,  214 

Ri vetted  girders,  measurement  of,  214 
Ri vetting,  pitch  of,  214 
Rolled  iron  joists,  example  of  abstract- 
ing, 254 

measurement  of,  213 

Rolls,  hip  and  ridge,  measurement  of, 
147 

Roof  timbers,  painting,  measurement 
of,  229 

— truss,  circular  ribs  to,  example  of 

taking  off,  491 

— trusses,  circular  ribs  to,  143 

fir  framed  in,  136 

hoisting  and  fixing,  148 

(iron),  measurement  of,  217 

fir  framed  in,  measurement  of,  136 

Roofs,  fir  framed  in,  135 

Rooms,  designation  by  numbers,  9 
Rough  cast,  measurement  of,  203 
Rough  chamfer,  measurement  of,  73 

— cutting  on  brickwork,  measurement 

of,  72 

— oversail,  measurement  of,  75 

— relieving  arches,  measurement  of,  72 

— splay  on  brick,  73 

— sunk  face  on  stone,  measurement  of, 

53 

Rounded  and  other  edges  to  slate  slabs, 
measurement  of,  124 
Rounded  corners  to  slate  slabs,  mea- 
surement of,  125 

Royal  Exchange,  cubic  price  of,  362 
Rubbed  work,  description  of,  338 
Rubble  arches,  measurement  of,  118 

— facings,  measurement  of,  118 

- — foundations,  measurement  of,  118 

— rag  stone  facing,  measurement  of, 

119 

— walling,  measurement  of,  117 


Rubble  walling  with  brick  backing, 
measurement  of,  1 1 8 
— walls,  arches,  in  extra  for  measure- 
ment of,  118 

facings  to,  measurement  of,  118 

Rule  with  several  scales  on  it  not  to  be 
used,  8 

Rustic  groove,  cement  plain  faces  be- 
tween, measurement  of,  207 
in  stone,  measurement  of,  101 


Saddle  bars,  measurement  of,  215 

often  supplied  by  stained  glass 

manufacturer,  215 
Sand  found  on  site  of  building,  377 
Sash  centres,  measurement  of,  188 

— fastenings,  measurement  of,  187 
Sashes  and  frames,  measurement  of,  158 
square  headed,  example  of 

taking  off,  495 

Saving  of  labour  by  averaging,  13 
Sawing,  measurement  of,  94 
Scales,  paper,  for  measuring  timbers,  130 
Scantlings,  figures  of,  to  be  repeated  in 
billing,  256 

— of  all  timbers  to  be  stated  in  specifi- 

cation, 355 

Scarfings,  extra  labour  to,  measurement 
of,  148 

— to  purlins,  allowance  for,  134 
Schedule  of  prices,  287,  315 

adopted  by  public  bodies,  316 

example  of,  321 

form  of,  317 

method  of  preparing,  316 

Scheduleof  prices,  modes  of  aualysis,316 

report  upon,  317 

work  done  under,  costs  more, 

512 

Schedule,  tendering  under,  317 
Schools,  price  per  scholar,  364 
Screeds,  allowance  for,  284 
Scribing  of  joinery,  154 
Scrivener  and  another  v.  Pask,  402 
Seats  for  pedestal  closets,  measurement 
of,  173 

Sectional  area,  a basis  for  pricing,  380 
Segmental  arches,  measurement  of,  72 
Separate  billing  in  connection  with 
provisional  sums,  264 

— estimates  in  works  of  restoration,  306 
suggestions,  286 

— tenders,  235 

— trades,  argument  for  tenders  by,  423 
contracts  by,  510 

Serie  Prix  de  la  Villo  dc  Paris,  512 


542  QUANTITY 

Serrated  edges  to  lead,  measurement  of, 
190 

Sets  of  flashings  to  pipes,  measurement 
of,  191 

— of  heads,  nuts  and  washers,  measure- 

ment of,  217 

Setting  air  bricks  and  gratings,  mea- 
surement of,  79 

— copper,  measurement  of,  78 

— out  ceiling  in  panels,  205 

— stores,  measurement  of,  77 
Settlement  of  accounts,  quantities 

adopted  as  basis  of,  887 
Shall  the  architect  take  out  his  own 
quantities  ? 520 
Sheet  for  queries,  16 

— glass  cut  to  shapes,  223 
measurement  of,  224 

— lead,  measurement  of,  188 

— of  lead,  size  of,  188 

Shelf  edge,  painting,  measurement  of, 
229 

— for  gas  meter,  measurement  of,  175 
Shelves  of  stone,  measurement  of,  109 
Shoes  for  rain-water  pipes,  211 

Shop  sashes,  measurement  of,  79 
Shoring,  measurement  of,  232 
Shoring  to  adjoining  buildings  done 
by  puller  down,  233 
Short  lengths  of  pipe,  192 

should  be  billed  in  feet,  20 

Shutter  boxings,  measurement  of,  164 
Shutters,  boxing,  measurement  of,  165 

— lifting,  measurement  of,  165 

— measurement  of,  164 

— revolving,  measurement  of,  166 

— sliding,  measurement  of,  165 
Signing  form  of  tender  a legal  con- 
tract to  complete,  312 

Sill  bar,  measurement  of,  188 
Sills,  brick,  86 

— window,  measurement  of,  162 

bedded  hollow,  measurement  of, 78 

Silvering  glass,  measurement  of,  224- 
Sink  stones,  measurement  of,  101- 
Sinkings  for  mats,  154 

Sinks,  deal,  measurement  of,  174 

— stone,  measurement  of,  105 
Size  of  sheet  of  lead,  188 

Sizing  and  varnishing  wall  paper, 
measurement  of,  226 

— measurement  of,  230 
Skeleton  grounds,  156 
Sketches  of  joinery,  149 

— should  be  checked,  258 

— should  be  drawn  at  time  of  writing 

bill,  258 


SURVEYING . 

Skewback  and  circular  cutting  to 
facings,  measurement  of,  86 
Skirtings,  cement,  measurement  of,  207 

— collection  of,  445 

— measurement  of,  155 

— of  slate,  measurement  of,  125 
Skylight  bar  and  rail  painting,  mea- 
surement of,  229 

— curbs,  measurement  of,  158 
Skylights,  measurement  of,  157 
Slate  louvres,  measurement  of,  125 

— chimney  pieces,  measurement  of, 

126 

— cisterns,  measurement  of,  125 

— lavatory  tops,  measurement  of,  125 

— works,  numbered,  125 

— ridge  and  hips,  measurement  of, 

122 

— slabs,  measurement  of,  124 

notchingsin,  measurement  of,  125 

Slater,  Northern  practice,  439 

— and  slate  mason,  suggestions  for 

abstracting,  246 

Slating,  allowance  for  cuttings,  121 

for  cutting  to  hips  and  valleys, 

122 

for  eaves,  121 

— battens,  measurement  of,  138 

— close  cut  and  mitred  hip,  measure- 

ment of,  122 

— deductions  from,  121 

— double  course  to  verge,  measurement 

of,  122 

— example  of  valuation,  381 

— expedients  for  keeping  down  cost  of, 

381 

— measurement  of,  120 

— new  trades  rules  for  measuring, 

123 

— points  to  observe  in  the  valuation  of, 

381 

— to  steep  roofs,  120 

— trade  terms,  381 

— valuation  of,  381 

Sleeper  walls,  measurement  of,  62 
Slotted  screws,  measurement  of,  188 
Small  articles  of  joinery  should  be 
numbered,  149 

Smith  and  founder’s  work,  measure- 
ment of,  334 

Snow  boards,  measurement  of,  146 
Soakers  of  lead,  measurement  of,  189 
Socket  pipe,  measurement  of,  191 
Soffits,  raking  out  and  poiuting  to, 
69 

Soil,  if  stiff*  clay  or  rock,  46 

— nature  to  be  stated,  46 


INDEX. 


543 


Soil  pipes,  measurement  of,  194 
bends  to  lead,  measurement  of, 

194 

Soldered  angle,  measurement  of,  194 

— dots,  measurement  of,  191 

— joints,  measurement  of,  194 
Solder  to  cesspools,  measurement  of, 

191 

Solid  frames  and  casements,  measure- 
ment of,  1G2 
Soot  doors,  58 

Sound  boarding,  measurement  of,  141 
Spandril  steps,  58 

Speaking  tube  maker,  attendance  upon, 
223 

— tubes,  measurement  and  provision 

for,  222 

Special  arrangements  between  archi- 
tect and  surveyor,  401 
Specification  better  completed  before 
lithography  of  quantities,  352 

— convenient  way  of  writing,  352 

— correct  items  in,  from  dimensions, 

13 

— list  of  terms  to  be  observed  in  pre- 

paration of  a,  353 

— neutralising  clauses,  356 

— of  work  much  distributed,  353 

— often  written  by  surveyor,  352 

— read  through  after  taking  off,  16 

— read  through  before  commencing  to 

take  off,  8 

— should  commence  with  description 

of  top  or  bottom  of  buildings,  353 

— should  embody  every  particular 

upon  which  drawings  and  quanti- 
ties give  no  information,  352 

— surveyor  sometimes  to  write,  352 

— when  supplied  by  architect,  correc- 

tion of,  356 

Spheres,  solid  content  of,  14 
— .surface  of,  15 

Splay  and  chamfer,  difference  between. 
150 

— fair  cut  and  rubbed  on  brick,  mea- 

surement of,  86 

Spfay  6n  brick,  measurement  of,  73,  86 
Splayed  or  moulded  stops  on  stone, 
measurement  of,  102 
Sporting  items,  388 
Spring  hinges,  measurement  of,  184 
Sprockets  (fir),  measurement  of,  147 
“Square  framed,”  defined,  151 

— headed  sashes  and  frames,  example 

of  taking  off,  495 

Squares,  painting,  measurement  of, 
229 


Squaring  columns,  results  of  squaring 
carried  into,  239 

— dimensions,  238 

labour  of  abstracting  saved  by 

collection  in  the  taking  off,  10 

short  methods  of,  138 

suggestions  for,  1 38 

varying  order  of  factors,  138 

Squint  quoin,  measurement  of,  73 
Stables,  cubic  price  of,  363 

— price  per  stall,  363 
Staining,  measurement  of,  230 
Staircases,  example  of  taking  off,  494 

— headway  of,  178 

| Stepped  flashings,  measurement  of,  188 

— foundations,  measurement  of,  49 
Steps  of  stone,  measurement  of,  1 1 1 

— spandril,  measurement  of,  111 
Stevenson  v.  Watson,  389,  406 
Stipulation  that  surveyor  shall  be  liable 

to  building  owner  for  inaccuracies, 
260 

Stone  affected  by  size  of  bricks,  91 

— against  which  plastering  stops,  91 

— arch,  example  of  taking  off,  479 

— balustrade,  example  of  taking  off, 

472 

— column,  example  of  taking  off,  480 

— cube,  measurement  of,  91 

— in  small  quantities,  90 

— moulding  machine,  saving  by  use  of, 

380 

— not  exceeding  three  inches  thick, 

measurement  of,  91 

— pier  cap,  example  of  taking  off,  466 

— quarry-worked,  380 

— quoins  in  brick  wall,  example  of 

taking  off,  470 

— repairs  to,  305 

— slating,  measurement  of,  126 

— special  estimates  from  quarry  for, 

380 

— string  course,  example  of  taking  off, 

469 

— strings  and  plinths,  measurement  of, 

92 

— trade  terms,  380 

— waste  in  conversion  of,  92 
Stones,  back  of,  measurement  of,  93 

— inserted,  measurement  of,  306 

— state  how  many  in  one  dimension, 

92 

— to  be  numbered,  91 
Stonework,  see  “ Masonry  ” 

Stop-cocks,  measurement  of,  195 
Stoppage  of  work,  claim  i'or  loss  by, 

347 


544  QUANTITY 

Stopped  ends  to  copper  pipes,  measure- 
ment of,  ] 1)5 

to  moulding,  measurement  of,  55 

Stoves  aud  ranges,  trade  discount  on, 
384 

setting,  measurement  of,  77 

— collection  of,  443 

Strap  hinges,  measurement  of,  184 
Straps  ami  bolts,  measurement  of,  134 
Straps,  iron,  measurement  of,  214 
Stretchers  and  hangers,  measurement 
of,  136 

String  courses  of  brick,  measurement  of, 
83 

of  stone,  example  of  taking  off, 

469 

Strings  of  stone,  repair  of,  measurement 
of,  305 

Strutting  and  planking,  measurement 
of,  50 

— to  joists,  measurement  of,  147 

— to  stone  lintel,  140 

to  traceried  windows,  measure- 
ment of,  140 

Stucco,  measurement  of,  202 
Summary,  form  of,  288 
Sundries,  measurement  of,  Northern 
practice,  439 

Sunk  beds  and  joints,  measurement  of, 
96 

— edge  to  ribs,  measurement  of,  70 
Sunk  face  on  stone,  rough,  measurement 

of,  94 

— work,  description  of,  337 

— work  on  stone,  War  Department 

schedule,  336 

Superior  clearness  of  modern  system  of 
taking  off  in  the  event  of  variations, 
12 

Supervisor  taking  off  painting  as  a 
check,  17 

Supplies  from  cisterns,  measurement  of, 
193 

Supply  of  quantities  by  architect,  521 
Surface  digging,  measurement  of,  47 
Surfaces  and  solidities,  methods  of 
writing,  14 

Surveyor  acting  as  an  appraiser,  403 

— before  pricing  to  observe  way  quan- 

tities have  been  prepared,  376 

— preparing  quantities  as  a specula- 

tion, 2 

— properly  qualified,  makes  few 

mistakes,  387 

— qualifications  of  an  efficient,  6 

— responsible  for  deficient  quantities, 

403 


SURVEYING. 


Surveyor,  responsibility  of,  387 

— should  be  a judge  of  materials,  235 
Surveyors  and  survey  practice,  various 

discussions  on,  520 

— charges,  building  owner  liable  for, 

397 

contractor  liable  for,  397 

— responsibility  in  cases  of  repair,  305 
Swan  neck  projections,  measurement 

of,  211 

System  of  estimating,  present,  510 

Table  for  calculating  number  of  rafters, 
131 

Tables  and  formulae,  where  to  be  found, 

Tacks  of  lead,  measurement  of,  189 
Taking  off,  all  referable  to  one  of  threo 
categories,  12 

by  several  persons  liable  to  error, 

17 

by  trades,  modification,  420 

its  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages, 12 

order  of  procedure,  420 

: — points  to  be  observed  in,  420 

used  when  it  is  desired  to 

write  bills  forthwith,  12 

definition  and  paper  used,  6 

dimensions  should  be  divided  by 

headings,  19 

examples  of,  452 

from  pencil  drawings,  21 

marks  to  show  progress,  11 

old  method,  420 

oue  unvarying  order  desirable,  7 

openings,  mark  on  drawings 

w hen  dealt  with,  10 

order  of,  23 

oriels,  bays,  &c.,  9 

precautions  when  several  persons 

engaged,  16 

principles  to  observe,  23 

read  specification  through  after, 

16 

before  commencing,  8 

reproductions  of  the  drawings,  17 

should  be  checked,  7 

examined,  11 

suggestions  for  dictation,  19 

superior  clearness  of  modern 

system,  11 

supervision,  17 

various  methods  of,  compared,  12 

visit  to  the  building,  23 

Tanks,  rain-water,  measurement  of,  70 


INDEX. 


545 


Tar  paving,  measurement  of,  70 
Taylor  v.  Hall,  400 

Tee-pieces  to  copper  pipes,  measure- 
ment of,  195 

Templates,  stone,  measurement  of,  104 
Tender,  conditions  of,  under  schedule, 
317 

— form  of,  289 

— methods  of  reducing,  309 

— reduction  of  amount  of,  309 

— under  schedule,  form  of,  328 
Tendering,  selection  of  builders  for, 

Tenders  for  an  entire  work  preferable  to 
tenders  from  each  trade,  423 

— on  schedules  of  prices,  forms  of,  329 

— without  quantities,  294 
Tenons,  allowance  in  length  of,  1 31 
Terra-cotta,  clean  off  reveal  of  jambs,  87 
up  and  straighten  groove  in,  87 

— example  of  preamble  to  bill  of,  276 

— measurement  of,  86 

— modelling  for,  87 

— separate  contract  for,  87 

— vertical  joints  in,  87 
Thickness  of  iron  cisterns,  195 

— of  joiner’s  work,  change  in,  19 
Thresholds  of  stone,  measurement  of, 

112 

Throat,  measurement  of,  100 
Tick  at  bottom  of  column  of  abstract, 
292 

of  dimensions,  240 

Tile  creasing,  measurement  of,  85 

— paving,  measurement  of,  71 
Tiler,  clause  at  end  of  bill  of,  281 

— deductions,  127 

— measurement  of,  127 

— Northern  practice,  439 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  246 
Tiling,  allowance  for  cuttings,  127 

to  hips  and  valleys,  127 

eaves,  127 

— measurement  of  vertical,  127 

— ne\v  trade  rules  for  measuring,  129 

— purpose-made  hip  or  valley  tiles  to, 

127 

— to  roofs,  measurement  of,  127 

— to  walls,  measurement  of,  70 

— weight  of  hip  hooks,  130 

— work  measured  per  foot  run,  128 
Tilting  fillet,  measurement  of,  146 
Timber,  example  of  valuation,  372 

— points  to  observe  in  valuation  of, 

371 

— specified  sizes  of,  132 
Timbers,  collection  of,  444 


Timbers,  finished  sizes,  132 

— paper  scales  for  measuring,  131 

— scarfings  to,  measurement  of,  134 

— smaller,  of  greater  value  than  larger, 

382 

— specified  sizes  of,  132 

— under  two  inches  thick,  measurement 

of,  134 

— wrought,  measurement  of,  131 
“ Timesing,”  care  necessary  in,  12 

— description  of,  12 

“ Tongue  ” and  “rebate,”  150 
Touching  up  at  completion,  allowance 
for,  231 

Traceried  window,  example  of  taking 
off,  481 

— windows,  strutting  and  ribbing  to 

140 

Tracery  of  stone,  measurement  of,  106 
Tracing  to  be  made  of  any  alteration  in 
course  of  taking  off,  9 
Tracings,  substitute  for,  17 

— to  facilitate  work,  16 

Trade  circulars,  collection  of.  357 

— customs,  legal  value  of,  386 
Trade  discounts,  379-384 

Trading  on  incapacity  of  small  builder, 
516 

Transfer  of  dimensions,  method  of,  31 1 
Transfers,  lithographic,  to  be  checked, 
293 

Traps,  cast  lead,  measurement  of,  194 

— I),  measurement  of,'  194 

— grease,  measurement  of,  53 
Treads,  risers  and  flyers  of  staircases, 

measurement  of,  178 

— and  risers  of  stone,  measurement  of, 

109 

Trenches  very  close  together,  34 
Triangles,  how  to  measure,  13 
Triangular  shapes  measured  net,  108 
Trimmer  arches,  measurement  of,  73 
Trimmers,  centering  to,  139 
Trumpet-mouthed  waste,  measurement 
of,  194 

Twice-splayed  fillet  as  roll  for  zinc, 
measurement  of,  200 
Two  oils  before  and  two  oils  after  fixing, 
230 


Underground  conveniences,  cubic  price 
of,  363 

Underpinning,  brickwork  in,  measure- 
ment of,  57 

Unions,  brass  screw,  measurement  of, 


546 


QUANTITY  SURVEYING. 


Urinals,  measurement  of,  196 
Use  and  waste,  232 

— of  letters  in  omitting  dimensions,  311 
to  save  writing,  16 

— of  word  “ continued,”  292 

— of  words  “ and  including,”  257 

“as  before ” and  “ as  last,”  16 

“as  provision,”  42 

“ carried  to  summary,”  292 

“ deduct  ” and  “ add,”  “ extra 

for”  and  “ extra  only,”  10 
‘:not  exceeding”  and  “un- 
der,” 224 

“ omit  ” and  “ deduct,”  341 

“ prime  cost  ” (P.  C.),  346 

“ provide  ” and  “ allow,”  258 


Valley  boards,  measurement  of,  142 

— fillet,  measurement  of,  146 

— tiles,  measurement  of,  127 
Valleys,  measurement  of,  189 
Value  of  materials,  fluctuation  of,  357 

— of  small  quantity,  calculate  from 

larger,  376 

Valuation  of  brickwork,  points  to 
observe  in  the,  378 
example  of,  379 

— of  excavation,  points  to  observe  in 

the,  377 

— of  gas  fittings,  points  to  observe  in 

the,  384 

— of  glazing,  points  to  observe  in  the, 

384 

— of  ironwork,  points  to  observe  in 

the,  384 

— of  joinery,  points  to  observe  in  the, 

382 

— of  plumbing,  points  to  observe  in 

the,  383 

— of  plastering,  example  of,  383 

— of  slating,  example  of,  381 
points  to  observe  in  the,  381 

— of  timber,  points  to  observe  in  the, 

381 

example  of,  381 

Valves  and  cocks,  measurement  of,  195 
Vandyked  edges,  measurement  of,  190 
Variation,  when  not  expedient  to 
measure  a,  340 

Variations,  arrangements  prior  to 
measurement  of,  339 

— before  acceptance  of  tender,  309 

— billing,  312 

— mode  of  measurement  of,  341 

— order  of  original  bill,  to  be  followed 

on  bill  of,  312 


Variations,  pricing  bill  of,  312,  342 

— writing  saved  in  bill  by  reference  to 

original  bill,  242 

Varnishing,  measurement  of,  230 
Vaulting,  measurement  of,  62 
Ventilating  and  warming,  provision 
for,  232 

— flues,  numbering  in  specification, 

354 

Ventilation  and  warming,  232 
Vertical  tiling,  measurement  of,  127 
Visiting  site  of  proposed  work,  23 
Voids  and  waste,  distinguish  dimen- 
sions of,  7 


Wages,  London  County  Council  rate 
of,  365 

Waghorn  v.  Wimbledon  Local  Board 
of  Health,  399 

Walling  pieces,  measurement  of,  45 
Wall  battening,  measurement  of,  141 

— papers,  French,  size  of  pieces,  226 

— string,  measurement  of,  178 

— tiling,  billing  of,  72 

measurement  of,  70 

of  cuttings  on,  70 

Waller,  example  to  preamble  of  bill  of, 
275 

Walls  built  battering,  measurement  of, 
62 

— example  of  collection  of,  48 

— fair  both  sides,  measurement  of,  62 

— general  rules  for  measurement,  56 

— hollow,  measurement  of,  62 

— prepared  for  paper,  measurement 

of,  226 

— sometimes  better  measured  one  at  a 

time,  24 

“ Want,”  example  of,  8 
War  Department,  schedule  of,  335 
Warehouses,  cubic  price  of,  363 
Warming  and  ventilating,  provision 
for,  232 

Washers  and  wastes,  brass,  measure- 
ment of,  195 

— to  bolts,  measurement  of,  217 
Waste,  allowance  on  deal  for,  382 

— percentage  on  stone  for,  380 

— pipes  which  require  no  traps,  195 

— preventer,  measurement  of,  196 
Water  company’s  tariffs,  377 

— for  works,  377 

— meter,  no  waste  preventer  required, 

192 

— meters,  enclosures  to,  196 
measurement  of,  196 


INDEX. 


547 


Water  supply,  349 

by  meter,  377 

inquiries  before  measuring,  192 

order  of  taking  off,  193 

Water-closet  apparatus,  measurement  of, 

195 

set  in  order  by  manufacturer, 

196 

— fittings,  measurement  of,  173 
Weather  boarding,  measurement  of, 

142 

Wedging  to  flashings,  measurement  of, 
190 

Weight  of  ironwork,  what  it  comprises 
to  be  also  stated,  209 
Weights  of  pipes,  192 
Wells  and  large  cesspools,  measurement 
of,  80 

Welted  edge,  measurement  of,  190 
Wheeler  on  cost  of  dwelling  houses, 
361 

Whitening,  measurement  of,  208 
Winders,  measurement  of,  178 
Window,  a traceried,  example  of  taking 
off,  481 

— backs  and  elbows,  measurement  of, 

163 

— boards,  measurement  of,  161 

— Iining3,  measurement  of,  161 

— nosings,  measurement  of,  161 

— opening,  example  of  deduction,  456 

— sills  bedded  hollow,  measurement  of, 

78 

of  stone,  measurement  of,  112 

— with  brick  dressings,  example  of 

taking  off,  458 

Wood  block  floors,  measurement  of, 
154 

— bricks,  measurement  of,  133 

— columns,  measurement  of,  177 
.Work  done  under  schedule  of  prices, 

cost  of,  512 

— facilitated  by  tracings,  16 


Work  in  large  and  small  quantities,  375 
in  short  lengths  in  Portland  cement. 
206 

— in  small  quantities  should  bebill  d 

in  feet,  20 

— in  the  country,  cost  of,  3G8 

[ Workhouses,  cubic  price  of,  363 

— cost  per  inmate,  363 

Works  at  building,  how  dealt  with,  43 

— incomplete,  list  to  be  made  of,  340 

— on  the  site,  bill  of,  258 

! Worsley  Hall,  arrangements  adopted 
for  erection  of,  511 
Writing  closely  a cause  of  error,  8 

— fractions,  precautions,  343 

— measurement  of,  230 

— on  bell  boards,  measurement  of,  220 

— saved  by  use  of  letters,  16 

— short,  examples  of,  256 

— specification,  convenient  way  of,  352 
items  to  observe,  353 

j Wrought  face  on  a plate,  measurement 
of,  132 

on  fir,  measurement  of,  142 

Wrought  iron  box  girder,  example  of 
taking  off,  508 

examples  of  abstracting,  253 

strength  of,  284 

— timbers,  measurement  of,  131 


Yorkshire  stone,  edges  of  various 
kinds,  measurement  of,  110 

landings,  measurement  of,  108 

measurement  of,  107 

pavings,  measurement  of,  108 

Young  v.  Blake,  389,  406 


Zinc,  measurement  of,  199 
Zincworker,  example  of  preamble  to 
bill  of,  285 

— suggestions  for  abstracting,  247 


LONDON:  PRINTED  BY  WILLIAM  CLOWES  AND  SONS,  LIMITED, 
STAMFORD  STREET  AND  CHARING  CROSS. 


7 o /( 2_ 


